PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY.pptx

Obstetrical Nursing

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

2. ISTHMUS: During the first trimester, isthmus hypertrophies and elongates to about 3 times its original length. It becomes softer. With advancing pregnancy beyond 12 weeks, it progressively unfolds from above, downward until it is incorporated into the uterine cavity. The circularly arranged muscle fibers in the region function as a sphincter in early pregnancy and thus help to retain the fetus within the uterus

3. Incompetency of the sphincteric action leads to mid-trimester abortion and the encirclage operation done to rectify the defect is based on the principle of restoration of the retentive function of the isthmus.

4. Leukocytes and immune system Neutrophilic leukocytosis occurs to the extent of 8000/mm3 and event to 20,000/mm3 in labor The major change in the immune system is the modulation away from cell-mediated cytotoxic immune response toward increased humoral and innate immune responses .

5. CHANGES IN METABOLISM AND SKELETAL Increase demand of calcium by the growing fetus to the extend of 28g Daily requirement of calcium during pregnancy and lactation averages 1-1.5g

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