Physiology (physiology of motivation)

project

1. Kursk State Medical University Kursk 2014 Name :- Rathod vijay B . Group no :- 27 Subject :- Physiology Topic :-physiology of motivation

2. Motivation:-

3. Definition of Motivation Types of motivation and some notes about their meta types Function Of the motivation Theory About Motivation Achievement Of Motivation Review Of the Project

4. Motivation( Definition ):- Arosal of behavior involves whatever brings an organism to Action. It may Result from stimuli inside or outside the body .

5. Types of Motivation :- Homeostatic Motivation 2. Non-homeostatic Motivation 3. Learned or Social Motivation

6. Homeostatic Motivation Hunger Thirst Respiration Excretion

7. Let’s Talk About one type of Homeostatic Motivation and Take Hunger as example.

8. 8 Hunger When are we hungry? When do we eat? When there is no food in our stomach. When we are hungry. How do we know when our stomach is empty? Our stomach growls. These are also called hunger pangs.

9. 9 The Physiology of Hunger Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.

10. 2. Non-homeostatic Motivation Sex Curiosity about Environment Nest Building

11. Let’s Talk About one type of Non-Homeostatic Motivation and Take Sexual motivation as example.

12. 12 Sexual Motivation Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive.

13. 13 Hormones and Sexual Behavior Sex hormones effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior. Male Testes Testosterone (Small amounts of estrogen) Female Ovaries Adrenals Estrogen (Small amounts of testosterone)

14. Curiosity Desire for novelty Social affilication Approval 3. Learned or Social Motivation

15. Let’s Talk About one type of Learned or Social Motivation and watch a video about Affiliation motivation as example.

16. Video:-

17. Functions of Motivation Activates or energizes behaviour . Directs behaviour . Creates persistence in behaviour . Strength determines activation and direction in face of competing motives.

18. Theoris of Motivation:- Drive Reduction Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory Instinct theory Cognitive Dissonance Theory Holland’s Personality Type Theory

19. (1) Drive Reduction Theory

20. 20 Drive Reduction Theory A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need . Physiological Need Psychological Need

21. 21 Inner Pushes We are pushed by our need to eat (hunger) to reduce the tension by eating. The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis External Pulls We are pulled by incentives – positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us. Examples: The sight of an attractive person The threat of disapproval

22. Drive Reduction Theories:- Hunger, thirst, and sex were once considered drives, or activators of behaviour . The organism is led to reduce that drive by behaviour that is reinforcing. The drive produces discomfort that energizes the organism to action to reduce the drive and achieve equilibrium (homeostasis). The reduction of the tension is reinforcing so we tend repeat the behaviour in a similar situation.

23. Physiology of Reinforcement More modern approach to understanding “drive reduction.” Dopamine circuits in the brain are activated when we engage in reinforcing behaviour like eating or drinking, or in behaviour the permits these, such as barpressing or key pecking in research animals. Seems to strengthen the link between the perceptual system that detects the stimulus and the motor system that directs the response. Problems Implies that all human behaviour is motivated to reduce tension, and we sometimes seek it out. Many reinforcing activities do not reduce the drive; instead we want more! How do we measure drives, especially those like curiosity or excitement?

24. (2) Hierarchy of Needs

25. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:- We are motivated to achieve personal fulfillment. The ultimate goal is self-actualization , the achievement of personal goals and aspirations. We have many classes of needs that can be ordered in a hierarchy. We must achieve the lower order needs before we can move on to fulfill the later ones. Maslow has been influential in education and business but difficult to test empirically. For more about Maslow: http:// www.ping.be/jvwit/Maslovmotivation.html

26. Deficiency needs Survival Pre-requisite Survival Safety Belonging Self-esteem Being needs Endlessly renewed Whole person Intellect / achievement Aesthetics Self-actualization Maslow’s Hierarchy

27. (3)Instinct Theory

28. Instinct Theories:- These argued that instincts are the basis for all behaviour . Many, many instincts were identified (e.g., pleasure, curiosity, achievement, friendly, aggression) that could be combined to explain our motives for anything. Problems Don’t account for behavioural differences across cultures. Do they really explain anything?

29. (4)Cognitive Dissonance Theory

30. Video:-

31. (5)Holland’s Personality Type Theory

32. 33 Realistic Farmers, laborers, truck drivers Intellectual Careers in math and science Social Salesmen, teachers, counselors Conventional Clerks, secretaries, bank tellers Enterprising Managers, politicians, Artistic Occupations involving arts

33. Video:-

34. Achievement Motivation

35. 36 Achievement Motivation Achievement motivation is defined as a desire for significant accomplishment. Skinner devised a daily discipline schedule that led him to become the 20 th century’s most influential psychologist. Ken Heyman/ Woodfin Camp & Associates

36. 37 Achievement Motivation People with a high need to achieve tend to: choose tasks that allow for success, yet still require skill and effort, and keep persisting until success is achieved.

37. 38 Sources of Achievement Motivation Why does one person become more motivated to achieve than another? Parents and teachers have an influence on the roots of motivation. Emotional roots: learning to associate achievement with positive emotions. Cognitive roots: learning to attribute achievements to one’s own competence, thus raising expectations of oneself.

38.   REFRENCES :- Ellliot , Andrew J; Covington, Martin. "Approach and Avoidance Motivation". Educational Psychology Review  13  (2001): 2. Jump up to: a   b   Pardee , R. L. (1990). Motivation Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor & McClelland. A Literature Review of Selected Theories Dealing with Job Satisfaction and Motivation . Jump up^   Maehr , Martin L; Mayer, Heather (1997). "Understanding Motivation and Schooling: Where We've Been, Where We Are, and Where We Need to Go".  Educational Psychology Review   9  (44). Anderson, J. W. (1999). Henry A. Murray and the Creation of the Thematic Apperception Test. In L. Gieser & M. I. Stein (Eds.), Evocative Images: The Thematic Apperception Test, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association https://www.google.co.in/ search?q =Holland%E2%80%99s+Personality+Type+Theory&oq=Holland%E2%80%99s+Personality+Type+Theory&gs_l=serp.3...65708.70740.0.71545.30.13.0.0.0.0.136.1208.2j9.11.0.ehlst%2Chso%3Dtrue...0...1.1.64.serp..28.2.217.0.2u9kyWBxsrA https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2013/Affiliation_motivation

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