Pigeon Pea .ppt

Pigeon Pea Crop PPt

1. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586 Communication Series Shiv Singh Yadav Study – Banda University Of Agriculture and technology Bnada , Havenly Miss. Sapna Study- CSAUAT , Kanpur Pigeon Pea ( Arhar )

2. Pigeon Pea ( Arhar ) ( Cajanus cajan L. Millsp ) THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

3. PIGEON PEA BOTANICAL NAME Cajanus cajan FAMILY Fabaceae (Perennial legume ) CHROMOSOME NO. 2n= 22 ORIGN Peninsular India CULTIVAR GROUP MEMBERS Cajanus cajan var. bicolor Cajanus cajan var. flavus GERMINATION Cryptocotylor (hypogeal) FLOWER TYPE Zygomorphic

4. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Pigeon pea commonly known as red gram, arhar , Tur , congopea , gungopea , no eye pea etc is one of the most important pulse crop in India. It grown mostly as a rainfed crop in dryland areas . It accounts for about 11.8 percent of total pulse area and 17 percent of total pulse production of the country. It is a rich source of protein (21.7%). It is mainly eaten in the form of split pulse as ‘Dal’ . Seeds are also rich in iron and iodine. They are rich in essential amino acids like lysine, tyrocene , cystine and arginine. The outer covering of its seeds together with part of kernel provides a valuable feed for milch cattle. The husk of pods and leaves obtained during threshing constitute a valuable cattle feed. It is a legume crop and, consequently, possesses valuable properties as restorer of nitrogen to the soil. MAIZE THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

5. NUTRITIONAL VALUE Amount per 100 grams PRINCIPLE NUTRIENT VALUE ENERGY 343 Kcal CARBOHYDRATES 62.78 g PROTEIN 21.70 g TOTAL FAT 1.49 g CHOLESTEROL 0 mg DIETARY FIBRE 15 g NIACIN 2.965mg PYRIDOXINE 0.283mg SODIUM 17mg CALCIUM 130 mg MAGNESIUM 183 mg ZINC 2.76 mg

6. ORIGIN AND HISTORY Pigeon pea ( arhar ) has been cultivated in India for more than three thousand years. It has been reported to occur in wild state in Africa, in the upper regions of the river Nile and coastal districts of Angola. A few writers including Vavilov, consider India as its native home, but it has never been found in a wild state in India and ancient India literature has no reference to this pulse crop. The closest wild relative of pigeon pea Atylosia canifolia haines has been found in somewhere localities in east India. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION Pigeon pea is grown throughout the tropical and sub tropical regions and in the warmer temperate regions from 30N-30S. It is one of the most widely cultivated pulse crop of india next only to chickpea. It is grown over an area of 3.81 million hectare with a production of 3.07 million tonnes in India. The crop is extensively grown in Maharashtra,Uttar Pradesh, Madhay Pradesh, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. The state of Uttar Pradesh has an unique distinction of contributing about 20 % of the total arhar production in the country. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

7. RECENT DATA OF AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PIGEON PEA :- In World:- Area 5.4 million hectares Production 24.49 million tonnes Productivity 831Kg/ hec . LEADING COUNTRY IN PRODUCTION 1.India 2.Myanmar 3.Malawi Area 3.81 million hectares Production 3.07 million tonnes Productivity 806 Kg/ hac . IN INDIA:- THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

8. In world Crop name Area Production Pigeon Pea( Arhar ) ( Cajanus cajan L. Millsp ) Country name Rank Country name Rank India 1 India 1 Malari 2 Malari 2 Uganda 3 Uganda 3 THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

9. In india Crop name Area Production Pigeon Pea( Arhar ) ( Cajanus cajan L. Millsp ) State Rank Stata Rank MHARASHTRA 1 Uttar pradesh 1 Uttarp pradesh 2 Maharashtra 2 Karnataka 3 Gujarat 3

10.   Area, Production and Productivity of Pigeonpea in Major States:- S. No. Particulars Area ( lakh ha)   Production( lakh t) Productivity(kg ha-1) 1 Gujrat 2.65 2.94 1109.43 2 Karnataka 6.81 4.85 712.19 3 Madhya Pradesh 3.50 2.17 620.00 4 Maharashtra 11.75 10.83 921.70 5 Uttar Pradesh 3.68 3.27 888.59 6 Sub-total 33.02 27.08 820.11   Total 36.30 27.60 760.33

11. CLASSIFICATION Numerous types of cajanus are known, differing in hight , habit, time of maturity, colour, size and shape of pods and seeds. All thezse cultivated types fall into two groups. 1. Cajanus cajan var. bicolour : This group include generally late maturity varieties , having tall bushy plants, flowers yellow, purpule streaked, pods dark coloured each with four and five seeds. The standard, which is the largest of the petals in the flower, possesses red veins on the dorsal side. This is more prevalent in northen India. 2. Cajanus cajan var. flavus : This group includes early maturing varieties , having smaller plants, Yellow flowers, plain pods with two to three seeds. These are grown as field crop mainly for seed in Southern India . All the types under both the groups have 2n=22 chromosomes. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

12. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Pigeon pea belong to family leguminoseae . It is perennial woody shrub mostly grown as an annual for the seeds . The plants show considerable variations in height , ranging from 1-4 meters. In most of the types branching begins from the sixth to the tenth node, i.e., from 15-25 cm above ground. Root system is strong , profused consists of a central tap root extending up to 2m below soil. Leaves are trifoliately compound central leaflet longer than lateral ones and grows upto 15cm long and 6 cm wide. The leaflets are lanceolate to elliptical entire , acute apically and basally , penninerved , resinous on lower surface and pubescent. Stipules are small; lamina hairy with the under surface greyish due to dense hairs. The inflorescence will be in terminal or axillary racemes in upper branches of bush. Flowers are zygomorphic , and often cross (5-40%) pollinating in nature. The fruit of pigeon pea is a pods and are compressed ,bear 2-9 seeds . The lenth varies from 5-10 cm, width 0.6-0.9 cm. Seeds are lenticular to ovoid , measuring upto 8mm in diameter and weight about 10 seeds/gram . the colour of seed coat being dirty white to silver white, light brown to chestnut brown. Germination is cryptocotylor (hypogeal). THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

13. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS Pigeon pea is a highly drought -resistant crop. It is mostly Photoperiodic sensitive and short days result in reduced vegetative phase and onset of flowering. It can successfully grow in areas receiving only 65 cm annual rainfall , as the crop matures fast and pest damage is low. Average annual rainfall of 60-100 cm with moist conditions for the first 8-10 weeks during vegetative phase and drier conditions during flowering and pod development stage results in highly successful crop. Temperature range of 18-27 C is desirable and there are varieties which can tolerate <10C and >35C. SOIL Pigeon pea may be grown well, on a wide range of varying from sandy loams to heavy clay loams . It does best on fertile and well drained loamy soils . The saline-alkaline and waterlogged soils are unfit for its cultivation, as they adversely affect nodulation. Well drained , alluvial and loamy soils are good for its cultivation. Its successfully grown in black cotton soils of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra with proper drainage. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

14. VARIETIES Several improved varieties of pigeon pea have been evolved for cultivation in different agro -climatic regions. PUSA-855: growing in Punjab,Haryana , Western Uttar Pradesh and North-western Rajasthan. The variety matures in 140-150 days. Yield potential is 22-25 quintals per hectare. AMAR :The variety matures in 260-270 days. It is suitable for growing in whole Uttar Pradesh. Yield potential is 25-30 quintals per hectare. NARENDRA ARHAR-1 :This variety matures in 260-270 days. It is suitable for growing in Uttar Pradesh. Yield potential is 25-30 quintals per hectare. AZAD : This variety mature in 260-270 days. It is also suitable to grow in Uttar Pradesh. Yield potential is 25-30 quintals per hectare. MANAK (H 77-216) : This variety was released for general cultivation in Haryana states. It matures in 130-135 days. Yield potential is 18-20 quintals per hectare. PARAS (H 82-1) : This variety was released for cultivation in Haryana state. It matures in 140-145 days.. Yield potential is 20-22 quintals per hectare. ICPL-87 : This variety matures in 140-145 days. Yield potential is 18-20 quintals per hectare. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

15. TYPE-21 : It is an early maturing variety taking 160-165 days to mature.. The yield potential of grains per hectare is 16-20 quintals. It is suitable for cultivation in north western and central parts of the country. TYPE-7 : Its maturing period is 260-270 days. The crop yields 15-20 quintals per hectare. It is suitable for plains of Uttar Pradesh. TYPE-17 : Its maturing period is 270 days. An average crop yields 16-20 quintals per hectare. It is suitable for plains for plains of Uttar Pradesh. UPAS-120 : Its maturing period is 120-125 days, selection evolved at Pantnagar . The average yield is 16-20 quintals per hectare. It is suitable in northern parts of the country. PUSA AGETI : It takes about 150-160 days to mature. The crop yields 18-20 quintals per hectare. LAXMI (KANKE-3) : Its maturing period is 180-190 days in Bihar conditions. It yields 20-22 quintals per hectare. BAHAR : Its maturing period is 250 days. It is suitable in Bihar and yields 20-25 quintals per hectare. Some bundelkhand variety are as follows : Growing of High yielding and disease resistant varieties : NDA1, AZAD, MAL-13,PUSA -9, in rainfed region, UPAS-120,PUSA 992 , for double cropping under pigeon pea – wheat system. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

16. CROPPING SYSTEM All the kharif pulses form an important component in cropping system , whether it is intercropping system or sequential cropping system , this is because they are very useful components imparting stability and sustainability by their complimentary and additive effect to the system. The initial slow growth , deep rooting pattern , ability to tolerate drought and low soil moisture, has made it highly suitable crop for intercropping system, with complimentary effect of pigeon pea on soil fertility improvement , nutrient recycling , smothering of weeds and efficient utilization of soil moisture under different cropping systems it occupies more area in cropping system than a sole crop. Pigeon pea can be knitted into many cropping system , viz. Intercropping , mixed cropping , sequential cropping etc. It is intercropped with many short duration legumes , cereals and commercial crops. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

17. CROPPING SYSTEM Intercropping system involving pigeon pea : With cereals such as Sorghum , Fingermillet , maize , Pearlmillet and rice . With Legumes , Green gram , Blackgram , fieldbean and Cowpea . With Oilseeds , Soyabean , Groundnut , Castor, Sunflower , and sesame . With other crops , Cotton and Sugarcane . Sequential cropping involving pigeon pea: Pigeon pea – wheat Pigeon pea + Green gram –Wheat Pigeon pea + Black gram – Wheat Pigeon Pea + Cowpea – Wheat/Mustard Maize – Pigeon pea Pigeon pea – Potato – Black gram / Green gram. Pigeon pea – Sugarcane THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

18. FIELD PREPARATION Pigeon pea responds well to properly tilled and well drained seedbed. A deep ploughing with soil turning plough followed by two to three cross harrowing and proper levelling should be given to ensure uniform irrigation and proper drainage. Being a deep rooted crop, it requires a deep and well pulverised field which is free from weeds and clods. Planking should follow is ploughing. In Intensive cropping system , planting of pigeon pea in Broad bed and Furrow with a provision of post – monsoon irrigation at 0.4% IW : CPE ratio improved the yield over flat planting and un irrigated pigeon pea . In dryland areas , Deep ploughing results in better moisture conservation , root proliferation and higher grain yield compared to shallow cultivation. The final tillage operation with one country plough followed by planking breaks the clods. The light soil may be prepared by 2-3 good harrowing or cultivation followed by surface smoothening by planking. The land should be properly levelled and a good gradient should be maintained to allow proper movement of rainwater without any waterlogging . THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

19. SEEDS AND SOWING Quality Seed is the basic input needed to ensure good crop stand and ultimately higher yield . SEED RATE of 8-10 kg /ha for longer duration, 10-12 kg/ha for medium duration , 12-15 kg/ha for short duration varities . Pigeon pea should be sown in the first fortnight of June with pre-sowing irrigation so that the succeeding crop can be sown with the least delay. Early sowing helps in taking a good wheat crop after pigeon pea. Under rainfed conditions sowing could be done with the onset of monsoon in the later part of june and early july . An inter-row spacing of 40-60 cm and intra -row spacing of 10-15 cm has been found for short duration varities . In case of long duration , 60-120cm inter-row and 10-20 cm intra-row spacing has been found. In post rainy season short duration varities , the spacing can be reduced to 25cm *10cm. In mixed cropping seed rate adjusted according to the proportion of arhar and companion crops to be grown. In the Intercropping seed rate remains same as for pure crop. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

20. SEED TREATMENT Three kinds of seed treatment are - Treatment with Fungicides and Insecticides – The seed treatment with fungicides like captan , bavistin , brassicol or thiram @ 2.5% g/kg seed before sowing effectively control fungi and reduces incidence of both seed and soil borne diseases in intial stages of crop growth. Further seed treatment with chemicals like carbofuran etc reduces the infestation of termites , cutworms etc. Usually found in light soil. Rhizobium inoculation : Seed treatment with efficient strains of Rhizobium has been found to improve yields of pulses upto 50% over the untreated control. The response of Rhizobium seed inoculation is more pronounced where pulses were earlier not grown in the same field. PSB inoculation : Some Heterotrophic bacteria and fungi have ability to solublize inorganic phosphorus from insoluble sources , such as tricalcium phosphate , ferric aluminium ,magnesium phosphate , bone meal . Some PSB bacteria are Pseudomonas striata , Bacillus polymixa , Aspergillus awamori etc. Inoculation of seeds or seedling with microphos biofertilizers can provide 30 kg P2O5/ha equivalent of phosphorus applied as superphosphate . THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

21. MANURES AND FERTILISERS One of the important reasons for poor yield of pigeon pea is that its fertilisation aspect is generally neglected. As a matter of fact this crop is not manured at all. However, this crop is a heavy feeder on the soil nutrients, hence care should be taken to ensure that this crop does not suffer from lack of nutrients NITROGEN Being a leguminous crop, it utilises atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic nitrogen fixation with the nodule bacteria to meet a major part of their nitrogen requirements under normal conditions On soil deficient nitrogen, there may be need for 20 – 30 kg nitrogen per hectare as a starter dose for pigeon pea crop Farm yard manure should be given 10 to 15 tonnes per hectare. PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM Application of phosphorus and potassium should be done on the basis of soil test values. In case soil is applied on poor soils, it would result in conspicuous increase in yield of arhar . About 80-100 kg phosphate per hectare and 40-60 kg potash per hectare may be applied for good yield of arhar . These fertilisers have to be placed as a side band before sowing to be most effective. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

22. Zinc Pulses are known to be very susceptible to zinc deficient plants show stunted growth, reduced leaf size, yellowing and development of brown spot on the leaves. The soils deficient in zinc should get zinc sulphate at the rate of 20 kg per hectare at the time of sowing. Zinc deficiency in standing crop can be rectified by spraying 5 kg zinc sulphate and 2.5 kg lime dissolved in 800-1000 litres of water per hectare. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

23. WATER MANAGEMENT Being a deep rooted crop, it can tolerate drought. In crop planted in June, one or two pre-monsoon irrigations should be given as per requirement. A pre-requisite for the success of pigeon pea is proper drainage. Ridge planting is effective in areas where sub-surface drainage is poor. This provides enough aeration for the roots during the period of excess rainfall. WEED CONTROL During rainy season weeds pose a serious problem. The period of first 60 days is critical in the life cycle of the plants of the arhar . Two mechanical weedings , one at 25-30 days and another at 45-60 days after sowing gives excellent weed control. The pre-emergence application of Alachor (lasso) at the rate of 3 litres per hectare kills the germinating seedlings of weeds and keeps the field free from the weeds for the first 50 days. In case lasso is not available us Fluchloralin ( Basalin ) 1 kg a.i. per hectare in 800-1000 litres of water as pre-planting spray. It should be well incorporated in the soil before sowing THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

24. DISEASES WILT : This disease is caused by a fungus, Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. Udum , which survives in off season on plant trashes in the soil. The leaves of the affected plants becomes yellowish in colour, then drop and finally the whole plant plant dry out. CONTROL MEASURES It is difficult to control the disease due to the soil-borne nature of the causal fungus.These include following a three to four year crop rotation, taking a mixed crop of jowar and arhar and collecting and burning the plant trasnes left after harvesting. Best control is to plant disease resistant varieties like Amar, Azad, Asha, C-11 etc. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

25. STEM ROT: This is Caused by fungus Phytophthora dreschsleri var. cajani . The disease affected plants show formation of brown to brown lesions on the stems near the soil surface. These lesions rapidly girdle the whole stem because of which the plant starts drying. CONTROL MEASURES 1. This diseases can be controlled by planting resistant varieties. 2.There should be good drainage in the field and the plants should be protected from stem injury. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

26. STERILITY MOSAIC: Its Caused by sterility mosaic virus.It is an important disease of arhar . The virus is spread from plant to plant under field conditions through Eriophyid mite. Affected plant becomes light green in colour and without flowers and fruits. CONTROL MEASURES Plant resistant varieties like Pusa-855,Asha, Sharad, Narendra- Arhar - etc. mites are controlled by spraying 0.1% Oxydemeton methyl ( Metasystox ). THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

27. INSECT PESTS POD BORER: The larvae, feed on tender leave sand twigs, at pod formation they puncture pods and feedon developing grains. CONTROL MEASURES The caterpillars should be picked by hand after shaking the plants and destroyed in the early stages of attacks. Spray the crop with 1.5 litres Endosulfan 35 EC or Monocrotophos ( Nuvacron ) 36 EC per hectare in 1000 litres of water. TUR POD FLY: It is an important pest of pigeon pea causing more severe damage in medium and late maturing types. Theeggs are laid in tender pods. In case of severe damage , as many as 80 per cent pods and 60 percent grains may be damaged. CONTROL MEASURES The pest can be controlled by spraying the crops with 1.5 litres of Endosulfan 35 EC or Monocrotophos ( Nuvacron ) 36 EC in 1000 litres of water per hectare. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

28. PLUME MOTH: This is a serious pest of pigeon pea. Larvae damages seeds as well as causes flowers, buds and pods to drop. It also enters in to the pods and feeds on developing grains. CONTROL MEASURES Spray the crop with Endosulfan 35 EC (1.5 mililitre in 1 litre of water) at the rate of 800-1000 litres of water per hectare. HAIRY CATERPILLAR: Three species of hairy caterpillars may Cause damage to early crop by eating away green water of leaves. The red hairy caterpillar may damage the crop at seedling stage. CONTROL MEASURES Collect and destroy eggs and young larvae. The young caterpillars can also be killed by dusting 2% Methyl parathion at the rate of 25-30 kg per hectare. caterpillars spray Endosulfan 35 EC at the rate of 1.5 litres in 1000 litres of water per hectare. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

29. HARVESTING AND THRESHING The best time of harvest the crop is when a large percentage of pods is mature , probably two-third to three-fourths of pods turn brown. The plants are usually cut with ‘ gandasa ’ or sickle within 7.5-25 cm above the ground. The harvested plants should left in sun for drying and then threshing should be done by beating the pods with sticks. Pullman thresher could be utilised for this purpose. The proportion of seeds to pods in generally 50 to 60 per cent threshed and cleaned produce should be further sun dried so that the grain moisture content may be reduce to 10-11 percent. At this stage, the produce can be stored safely for further use. YIELD With the improved technology, pigeon pea may yield about 20-25 quintals of grain and 50-60 quintals of sticks per hectare. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

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