Pineapple report

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1. Pineapple

2. Pineapple , Ananas comosus , family Bromeliaceae , locally called ‘ pina ’ or ‘ pinya ’, is extensively cultivated in the Philippines with Northern Mindanao, SOCCKSARGEN, Bicol and CALABARZON as the major producing regions. Pineapple is grown in small to large landholdings. It is mainly grown for its fruits, either fresh or in processed forms. Pineapples may be cultivated from a crown cutting of the fruit, possibly flowering in 20-24 months and fruiting in the following six months.

3. NUTRITIVE COMPONENTS Fat <0.2g protein 0.52g Total sugars 12.78g Vitamin C 33.18mg Carbohydrate 13.20g Energy Kcal/ 100g 61.25kcal potassium 115.33mg thiamin 0.08mg riboflavin 0.02mg

4. PINEAPPLE PRODUCTS

5. Other product of pineapple

6. Soil preparation and planting Soil preparation and planting. In small-scale operations, planting time is between March and August. Plant slips and suckers 8 to 10 cm deep, 25 or 30 cm in row and 80 to 100 cm between rows. These spacing give population density of 33,000 to 50,000 plants per hectare. Planting in doublerows also gives the population per hectare. This method requires distance of 25 to 30 cm in a row, 50 cm within a double row and 100 cm between double rows. This will result in about 44,000 to 53,000 plants per hectare .

7. PINEAPPLE LAYOUT

8. Intercropping In small scale plantings, pineapple is usually planted or intercropped under coconut or papaya, coffee and even bananas. Returns from intercropping can b e greatly increased by supplying the fertilizer requirements of all crops.

9. P ineapple intercropped under coconut

10. Pineapple intercropped under papaya

11. Pineapple intercropped under Banana

12. Different Varieties of Pineapple Several varieties of pineapple are available in the Philippines. One is the Smooth Cayenne or Hawaiian , which is the heaviest, most popular, and best for canning. The Queen or African Queen or Formosa is the sweetest. The Native Philippine Red or Red Spanish is cone-shaped and considered of medium quality. It is also grown for its fiber.

13. Smooth Cayenne or Hawaiian - Its production cycle is one of the longest among the cultivars - Low production of suckers to stem shoots - Prone to plagues and diseases - High sugar content,13 to 19 °Bx - Good tolerance to fruit collapse - Pale yellow pulp color - Clear yellow color juice with high sugar content

14. Queen or African queen or formosa Intended for the freshmarket. - Average weight 0.5 to1 kg. - Pulp coloris gold yellow - High sugarcontent,14 to 18 °Bx - High tolerance to stress,plagues and pathogens,Better than Cayena lisa - Highly susceptible to cold and internal darkening. -- Usually harvested prior to maturation

15. Native Philippine red or Red Spanish Cultivated widely in the Caribbean - Average weight of 1.2 to 2 kg. Medium sugar content, 12°Bx, with low acidity - High ability to produce suckers and stem shoots - High tolerance to elevated temperatures and droughts. - Develops internal darkening and breakdown - Sensitive to nematodes and high Manganese content in the field.

16. PINEAPPLE CULTIVARS Among the cultivars of pineapple commonly grown in the country Smooth Cayene (Hawaiian) is the most favored for canning and fresh fruit consumption. It matures in 18 months and yields 25,000 fruits per hectare.

17. Pineapple: Health Benefits, Risks & Nutrition Facts : Pineapples are tropical fruit that are rich in vitamins, enzymes and antioxidents . They may help boost the immune system, build strong bones and aid indigestion. Also, despite their sweetness, pineapples are low in calories.

18. HEALTH BENEFITS Immune system support Pineapple contains all of the recommended daily value of vitamin C, according to the FDA. Vitamin C is a primary water-soluble antioxidant that fights cell damage, according to the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. This makes vitamin C a helpful fighter against problems such as heart disease and joint pain .

19. Bone strength Pineapple may help you keep standing tall and strong. The fruit contains nearly 75 percent of the daily-recommended value of the mineral manganese, which is essential in developing strong bones and connective tissue, according to the Linus Pauling Institute.

20. Digestion Like many other fruits and vegetables, pineapple contains dietary fiber, which is essential in keeping you regular and in keeping your intestines healthy, according to the Mayo Clinic. But unlike many other fruits and veggies, pineapple contains significant amounts of bromelain, an enzyme that breaks down protein, possibly helping digestion, according to the American Cancer Society.

21. Blood clot reduction Flores noted that because of their bromelain levels, pineapples can help reduce excessive coagulation of the blood. This makes pineapple a good snack for frequent fliers and others at risk for blood clots. Common cold and sinus inflammation In addition to having lots of vitamin C, pineapple’s bromelain may help reduce mucus in the throat and nose, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center.

22. HEALTH RISKS “Because pineapple is a great meat tenderizer, eating too much can result in tenderness of the mouth, including the lips, tongue and cheeks,” Flores said. “Because of the high amount of vitamin C that pineapples contain, consuming large quantities may induce diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or heart burn,” she said.

23. Additionally, extremely high amounts of bromelain can cause skin rashes, vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive menstrual bleeding, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Bromelain can also interact with some medications. Those taking antibiotics, anticoagulants, blood thinners, anticonvulsants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, insomnia drugs and tricyclic antidepressants should be careful not to eat too much pineapple.

24. Fertlizer REQUIREMENT FERTILIZER MONTHS AFTER PLANTING AMOUNT PER PLANT (kg) AMOUNT PER HACTARE (kg) NUMBER OF BAGS PER HACTARE (50 kg bag) Ammonium sulfate 2 10 500 10 Muriate of potash 2 5 250 5 Ammonium phosphate 4 10 500 10 Muriate of potash 4 5 250 5 Ammonium sulfate 6 10 500 10 Muriate of potash 6 5 250 5 Urea 8 5 250 5

25. Soil and Climatic requirements of Pineapple Soil Pineapple is grown on various types of soils including very poor soils. The flavor and quality of fruit grown on light soils is considered to be superior. However the sandy and loamy soils rich in humus and the laterite soils on the hillslopes in South India are suitable for its cultivation. The plant is particularly sensitive to soil being waterlogged. Therefore care should be taken to ensure proper drainage.

26. Pineapple grows in warm and humid climate. The optimum temperature is from 15° to 32°C for normal growth. High temperature over 35 C is unfavorable for the development of fruits, especially if the relative humidity is low. Exposure of the fruits to strong sunshine leads to sun scalding. It can be grown up to an elevation of 1,100 m above the sea level, if these places are free from frost, have a relatively high atmospheric humidity and an average rainfall of 760-1,000 mm.

27. Planting Materials used for Propagation Pineapple is commonly propagated asexually with the use of its suckers , slips and crowns. Suckers are those that develop at the base and axil of the leaves while slips and crowns are those that develop at the base or above the ground part and on top of the fruit. Planting materials should be obtained six to eight weeks after harvesting. Choose planting materials similar in size and type to drained uniform flowering and fruiting. The crown will bear in 22 to 24 months; slips in 18 to 20 months; and suckers in 16 to 18 months.

28. Land preparation The soil is brought to a fine tilth by 2-3 ploughing and harrowing. In hilly and dry regions, planting is done in trenches dug 90cm wide, 15-22cm deep and 90cm apart. In coastal regions trenches 90cm wide, 45cm deep and 90cm apart are dug. The trenches are then filled with a mixture of soil and FYM.

29. Weed control Hand weeding can be adopted in between plants and spade weeding in interspaces. Weeds in interspaces can be controlled by intercropping with ginger, coleus, brinjal, bhendi etc. It can also be controlled by sowing green manure crops like sunn hemp or daincha which can be used as green manure for pineapple by 2-3 months.

30. Plant Protection Sun burn During summer months it is necessary to protect the fruits from scorching sun by putting dried grasses, coconut leaves.

31. Insect pest and diseases their control by using their natural enemies

32. MEALY BUG Natural enemies : Redheaded lady beetle/mealy bug destroyer. Biological Control : Beauveria bassiana

33. Pineapple scale Natural enemies : Rhyzobius lophanthae , Chilocoris infernalis , Pharoscymnus flexibilis , Telsimia nitida , Predatory thrips

34. THRIPS Natural enemies : Predatory mite, predatory thrips , Orius insidiosus , Coccinellids . Biological control : Garlic and chilli extract.

35. PINEAPPLE FRUIT BORER Natural enemies: Mirid bug, reduviid bug, big eyed bugs, damselfly, spider, robber fly, praying mantis, red ants, lacewings . Biological Control: Bacillus thuringiensis

36. pineapple fruit fly Cultural Control: Resistant plant and Sanitation measures.

37. BUD MOTH  Natural enemies: Coccinellids, mirid bug ( Dicyphus Hesperus), reduviid bug, dragonfly, damselfly, spider, robber fly, praying mantis, red ants, lacewing, big eyed bugs ( Geocoris sp ), rove beetle .

38. Pineapple red mite Natural enemies: Syrphid/hover fly, Predatory gall midge ( Feltiella minuta )

39. diseases Leaf spot Apply sulfur sprays or copper-based fungicides Heart rot Fungicide Root rot foliar applications of Fosetyl Al

40. harvesting When to pick a pineapple? Basically, when the pineapple is mature, the individual “fruitlets” flatten and the peel begins to change color from green to yellow, starting at the bottom and moving to the top of the fruit. There are two other things to consider before harvesting pineapple. Smell is a good indicator of ripeness. It should emit a distinct sweet and tangy aroma. Also, tap the fruit. If it sounds hollow, allow the fruit to remain on the plant to ripen further. If it sounds solid, it’s likely pineapple harvest time.

41. How to Harvest a Pineapple Plant To harvest the pineapple, simply cut it from the plant with a sharp kitchen knife where the pineapple joins the stalk. Then either leave it to further ripen at room temp if need be, refrigerate the fruit if completely ripe or, ideally, devour immediately!

42. post harvest Transportation Export logistics for pineapple The harvested fruit is deposited in drawers and transported to the packing plant, where it is submerged in disinfectant in trays. this process is used especially to export to United States and Europe. The boxes used in the packing are revised to detect the presence of insects. The fruit is placed in boxes of 10 - 20 kg and, finally, put in pallets. The pallets, properly maintained in refrigeration chambers are loaded in the refrigerated containers.

43. Each container has a capacity of 1500 boxes of 20 kg and/or 3000 approximately boxes of 10 kg. Is important to offer and use an appropiate packing for the pineapple, for the cultivation and preparation of the fruit, because just with a safe and functional protection it can keep the quality of the product until arrival to the final market.

44. The product should be kept at temperature packing from 7 - 10° C, with a relative humidity of 90%. The pineapples should be fixed inside the box, in order to avoid wounds in the shell and/or the crown . GRADING Graders remove any fruit that shows signs of fresh mechanical damage or any of the conditions that qualify the fruit for rejection in the pregrading stage. Remaining pineapples are classified for packing based on size, stage of ripeness, and, if applicable, shape. Fruits of different shape may not be mixed in the same carton.

45. packing The preferred method of packing is to place the fruit vertically on the base, and then to place dividers between the fruits to prevent rubbing and movement. Packaging:A full-telescopic two-piece fiberboard carton with internal dividers between the fruit; bursting strength 275 lb/in2. Top and bottom ventilation, in addition to side vents are required, particularly where sea-shipments in break bulk are used. Where staples are used in carton construction, care should be taken to ensure complete staples closure to prevent fruit damage.

46. Cooling system Pineapples are placed in an insulated room equipped with refrigeration units and forced aircooling where fans pull cool air through pineapple packages. After storage the pineapple pallets are placed in refrigerated containers with fresh air supply or controlled atmosphere.

47. Storage of fruits and vegetables Chilling damage arises in the varieties "Queen" and "Smooth Cayenne" when they are stored for 14 days at temperatures of < 7°C. The cargo and holds/containers must be cooled before loading starts, to ensure that the cold chain is unbroken and the quality of the fruit is not reduced. Pineapples require particular temperature, humidity/moisture and ventilation conditions. Recommended ventilation conditions: air exchange rate 40 - 60 times per hour with constant supply of fresh air, so as constantly to remove the ripening gases arising and to keep the CO2 content of the hold air low.

48. Marketing and physical distribution of fresh produce inherently means moving the produce. The commodities are handled, either manually or mechanically, many times from harvest and through the distribution process before the consumer buys and prepares them to eat. Transportation system