PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY

This is a powerpoint I made for my second meeting lecture in Microbiology for Nursing Students.

1. Pioneers of Microbiology Prepared by: Ms.Irish M. Sequihod

2. Introduction Bacteria and protozoa – were the first microorganisms observed by humans It took 200 years before man was able to establish a connection between microorganism and infectious disease. It was the discovery of microscope that made microbiology understand more about the nature of diseases.

3. Important persons Anton van Leeuwenhoek – was the first person to see live bacteria and protozoa Father of microbiology A fabric merchant, surveyor, wine assayer, and a minor city official in Delf , Holland Ground tiny glass lenses mounted in metal frames Single lens microscopes “Animalcules”

4. Leeuwenhoek Scrapings from teeth Ditches and pond water Blood and sperm Diarrheal stool

5. Louis Pasteur A French chemist Fermentation Grapes (glucose)-yeasts-ethanol Disproved the spontaneous generation Aerobes and anaerobes Developed the process pasteurization to kill microbes that were causing to spoil. Can be used to kill pathogens in many types of liquids. Involves heating to 55 degree celsius and holding at that temperature for several minutes.

6. Louis Pasteur He discovered the infectious agents that caused the silkworm diseases that were crippling the silk industry in France. Germ theory of disease- made contributions that a certain microorganism can cause a certain disease. Hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens Developed vaccines to prevent chicken cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas Developed the vaccine to prevent rabies in dogs and successfully used the vacine to treat human rabies

7. Robert Koch German physician Contributor to the germ theory of disease He proved that anthrax bacillus was truly the cause of anthrax. Koch’s postulate Discovered that a. bacillus produces spores capable of resisting adverse conditions Fixing and staining and photographing bacteria

8. Robert koch Developed methods of cultivating bacteria on solid media. R.J. Petri- colleague of robert Frua hess - agar (polysaccharide)as solidifying agent Dicovered mycobacterium tuberculosis and vibrio cholera

9. Abiogenesis Spontaneous generation – abiogenesis Classical notions of abiogenesis, now more precisely known as  spontaneous generation , held that certain complex, living organisms are generated by decaying organic substances.

10. Biogenesis John tyndall and Louis Pasteur – were the one who disproved the abiogenesis theory. Rudolf Virchow – was the first who proposed about biogenesis

11. Koch’s postulate A microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans. The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory. The same disease must be produced when microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentaly infected animals and grown again in pure culture

12. Koch’s postulate Exeptions have to grow the pathogen in a media but not all can grow (viruses, rickettsias Some pathogens are species-specific Synergistics –caused by more than one organism Less pathogenic when cultured

13. The Golden Age of Microbiology In the late 1800s and for the first decade of the 1900s, scientists seized the opportunity to further develop the germ theory of disease as enunciated by Pasteur and proved by Koch. There emerged a  Golden Age of Microbiology  during which many agents of different infectious diseases were identified. Many of the etiologic agents of microbial disease were discovered during that period, leading to the ability to halt epidemics by interrupting the spread of microorganisms.

14. The Golden Age of Microbiology Despite the advances in microbiology, it was rarely possible to render life-saving therapy to an infected patient. Then, after World War II, the  antibiotics  were introduced to medicine. The incidence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, meningitis, syphilis, and many other diseases declined with the use of antibiotics.

15. The Golden Age of Microbiology Work with viruses could not be effectively performed until instruments were developed to help scientists see these disease agents. In the 1940s, the  electron microscope  was developed and perfected. In that decade, cultivation methods for viruses were also introduced, and the knowledge of viruses developed rapidly. With the development of vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s, such viral diseases as polio, measles, mumps, and rubella came under control.

16. The Modern Age of Microbiology Modern microbiology reaches into many fields of human endeavor , including the development of pharmaceutical products, the use of quality-control methods in food and dairy product production, the control of disease-causing microorganisms in consumable waters, and the industrial applications of microorganisms . Microorganisms are used to produce vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, and growth supplements. They manufacture many foods, including fermented dairy products, as well as other fermented foods such as pickles, sauerkraut, breads, and alcoholic beverages.