Pituitary hormones

PITUITARY GLAND
(HYPOPHYSIS)
DIAMETER: 1 CM
WEIGHT: 0.5-1 GM
LIES: SELLA TURCIA
TWO PORTIONS
1- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)
2-POSTERIOR PITUITARY
(NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)

1. PITUITARY HORMONES PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) DIAMETER: 1 CM WEIGHT: 0.5-1 GM LIES: SELLA TURCIA TWO PORTIONS 1- ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) 2-POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)

2. HORMONES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE: PROMOTE GROWTH ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN: CONTROL ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE: CONTROL THYROID HORMONES PROLACTIN: DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST AND MILK SECRETION GONATROPIC HORMONES- FSH: CAUSES GROWTH OF FOLLICLES IN THE OVARIES AND SPERM MATURATION IN TETES LH: STIMULATES TESTOSTERONE SYNTHESIS AND OVULATION, FORMATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM AND ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE SYNTHESIS IN OVARIES

3. HORMONES OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (VASSOPRESSIN): INCREASES WATER REABSORPTION BY THE KIDNEYS, CAUSES VASOCONSTRICTION AND INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE OXYTOCIN: STIMULATES MILK EJECTION FROM BREASTS AND UTERINE CONTRACTION ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND CONTAINS DIFFERNT TYPES OF CELLS SOMATOTROPES- HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH) CORTICOTROPES- ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN (ACTH) THYROTROPES- THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) GONADOTROPES -GONADOTROPIC HORMONES (LH, FSH) LACTOTROPES-PROLACTIN (PRL)

4. POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES ARE SYNTHESIZED BY CELL BODIES IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS MAGNOCELLULAR NEURONS IN HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS PITUITARY SECRETION POSTERIOR PITUITARY SECRETION - NERVE SIGNALS ANTERIOR PITUITARY SECRETION - HORMONES HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING/ HYPOTHALAMIC INHIBITORY HORMONES (FACTORS) HYPOTHALAMIC- HYPOPHYSIAL PORTAL VESSELS

5. MAJOR HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING AND INHIBITORY HORMONES THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) -STIMULATE SECRETION OF TSH BY THYROTROPES CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) - STIMULATES SECRETION OF ACTH BY CORTITROPES GROWTH HORMONE -RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH)- STIMULATES SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE BY SOMATOTROPES, GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITORY HORMONE (GHIH) - INHIBITS SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE BY SOMATOTROPES GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) -STIMULATE SECRETION OF FSH AND LH BY GONADOTROPES PROLACTIN INHIBITORY HORMONE (PIH)- INHIBITS SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF PROLACTIN BY LACTOTROPES

6. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE GROWTH HORMONE PROMOTES GROWTH OF MANY BODY TISSUES SOMATOTROPIC HORMONE OR SOMATOTROPIN METABOLIC EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE INCREASE RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN MOST CELLS OF BODY INCREASED MOBILIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE DECREASED RATE OF GLUCOSE UTILIZATION THROUGHOUT THE BODY GROWTH HORMONE ENHANCE PROTEIN DEPOSITION IN TISSUES ENHANCE AMINO ACID TRANSPORT THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANES, INCREASE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY THE RIBOSOMES, INCREASED NUCLEAR TRANSCRIPTION OF DNA TO FORM mRNA, DECREASE CATABOLISM OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS

7. GROWTH HORMONE ENHANCES FAT UTILIZATION FOR ENERGY INCREASED MOBILIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE, CONVERSION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS INTO ACETYL CoA LARGE QUANTITY OF ACETOACETIC ACID FORMATION BY LIVER, KETOSIS GROWTH HORMONE DECREASES CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION DECREASED UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE IN TISSUES, INCREASED GLUCOSE PRODUCTION BY LIVER, INCREASED INSULIN SECRETION, DIABETOGENIC, RESISTANT TO ACTION OF INSULIN

8. GROWTH HORMONE STIMULATE CARTILAGE AND BONE GROWTH INCREASED PROTEIN DEPOSITION, INCREASE GROWTH OF SKELETAL FRAME. LONG BONE: GROWTH AT EPHIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE, NEW CARTILAGE AND THEN NEW BONE FORM, ELONGATE SHAFT AND PUSHING EPIPHYSIS FARTHER CONTINUOUS GROWTH OF BONE JAW BONE, FORWARD PROTRUSION OF CHIN, BONY PROTRUSION OVER EYES

9. REGULATION OF GROWTH HORMONE STIMULATORY FACTORS DECREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE, DECREASE BLOOD FREE FATTY ACIDS, INCREASE BLOOD AMINO ACIDS, STARVATION, TRAUMA, DEEP SLEEP, GROWTH HORMONE- RELEASING HORMONE INHIBITORY FACTORS INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE, INCREASED BLOOD FREE FATTY ACIDS, AGING, OBESITY, GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITORY HORMONE (SOMATOSTATIN), EXOGENOUS GROWTH HORMONE

10. ABNORMALITIES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE SECRETION PANHYPOPITUITARISM DECREASE SECRETION OF ALL THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES CONGENITAL OR SLOWLY OR SUDDENLY AT ANY TIME DURING AGE PITUITARY TUMOR DESTROYS PITUITARY GLAND DWARFISM DEFICIENCY OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY (PANHYPOPITUITARISM) DURING CHILDHOOD PHYSICAL PARTS IN APPROPRIATE PROPORTION BUT RATE OF DEVELOPMENT DECREASED PANHYPOPITUITARISM DWARFISM DOES NOT PASS THROUGH PUBERTY (NOT SECRETE GONADOTROPIC HORMONES)

11. PANHYPOPITUITARISM IN THE ADULTHOOD TUMOROUS CONDITIONS AND THROMBOSIS OF THE PITUITARY BLOOD VESSELS GENERAL EFFECTS: HYPOTHYROIDISM,DEPREESED PRODUCTION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS BY ADRENAL GLANDS, SUPPRESSED SECRETION OF THE GONADOTROPIC HORMONES LETHARGIC, WEIGHT GAIN, LACK OF FAT MOBILIZATION, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

12. GIGANTISM: GROWTH HORMONE PRODUCING CELLS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY ARE ACTIVE, BODY TISSUES AND BONES RAPIDLY GROWTH, BEFORE THE EPIPHYSIS OF LONG BONES HAVE BEEN FUSED WITH SHAFTS. ACROMEGALY: TUMOR AFTER ADOLESCENCE: AFTER EPIPHYSES OF LONG BONE HAVE FUSED WITH SHAFTS. BONES BECOME THICKER AND SOFT TISSUES CONTINUE TO GROW ENLARGEMENT OF BONES: HAND, FEET, MEMBRANOUS BONES CRANIUM, NOSE, BOSSES ON THE FOREHEAD, LOWER JAWBONE, PORTION OF VERTEBRAE CAUSE HUNCHED BACK (KYPHOSIS)

13. POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, GLIAL LIKE CELLS, NOT SECRETE HORMONE SUPPORTING STRUCTURE FOR TERMINAL NERVE FIBERS, ORIGINATE SUPRAOPTIC AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS NERVE ENDINGS, SECRETORY GRANULES, ANTIDIURETC HORMONE ADH (VASSOPRESSIN) AND OXYTOCIN SYNTHESIZED: SUPRAOPTIC AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE INCREASE PERMEABILITY OF COLLECTING DUCT AND TUBULES TO WATER AND CONSERVING WATER IN THE BODY AND PRODUCING CONCENTRATED URINE

14. LOW BLOOD VOLUME AND LOW BLOOD PRESSURE STIMULATE ADH SECRETION BARORECEPTORS DUE TO UNDERFILLING, INCREASE ADH SECRETION, CONSTRICT ARTERIOLES THROGHOUT BODY AND INCREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE (VASOPRESSIN) OXYTOCIC HORMONE CAUSES CONTRACTION OF PREGNANT UTERUS, TOWARDS THE END GESTATION OXYTOCIN CAUSES MILK EJECTION FROM LACTATING BREAST

15. THYROID HORMONES LOCATED: BELOW LARYNX WEIGHT: 15-20 GM TWO HORMONE: THYROXINE (T 4 ) AND TRI-IODOTHYRONINE (T 3 ) CONTROL: TSH FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND CALCITONIN: CALCIUM METABOLISM

16. SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES COMPOSED: FOLLICLES FILLED WITH COLLOID MAJOR CONSTITUENT: THYROGLOBULIN IODIDE ABORBTION FROM GIT, COMBINE WITH TYROSINE THYROGLOBULIN: 30 THYOXINE AND FEW TRI-IODOTHYRONINE RELEASE OF THROXINE AND TRI-IODOTHYRONINE SURFACE OF THYROID CELLS SEND OUT PSEUDOPOD EXTENSIONS, CLOSE AROUND COLLOID, FORM PINOCYTIC VESICLES PROTEASES IN CYTOPLASM, FUSE WITH VESICLES, DIGEST THYROGLO- BULIN AND RELEASE THYROXINE AND TRI-IODOTHYRONINE IN FREE FORM, 93%, THYOXINE AND 7% TRI-IODOTHYRONINE COMBINE WITH PLASMA PROTEIN , SLOWLY USED AT TARGET CELLS FOR DAYS AND WEEKS

17. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THYROID HORMONES THROID HORMONES INCREASE TRANSCRIPTION OF LARGE NUMBERS OF GENES IN ALL CELLS OF BODY, INCREASE NUMBER OF PROTEIN (ENZYMES, STRUCTURAL PROTEIN, TRANSPORT PROTEIN) AND INCREASE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY THROUGHOUT THE BODY THYROID HORMONES ACTIVATE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS BIND WITH DNA, INITIATE TRANSCRIPTION, mRNA FORMED, RNA TRANSLATION NEW INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN FORMED THYROID HORMONES INCREASE CELLULAR METABOLIC ACTIVITY INCREASE METABOLIC ACTIVITY, RATE OF UTILIZATION OF FOOD FOR ENERGY, RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND CATABOLISM INCREASED,

18. THYROID HORMONES INCREASE NUMBER AND ACTIVITY OF MITOCHONDRIA INCREASE RATE OF FORMATION OF ATP, INCREASE ACTIVITY OF CELL THROID HORMONE INCREASE ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF IONS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES INCREASE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMR NaK ATPase, TRANSPORT OF IONS, ENERGY USES AND INCREASE AMOUNT OF HEAT IN BODY EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONE ON GROWTH HYPOTHYROIDISM: RATE OF GROWTH RETARDED,IN HYPERTHYROIDISM, EXCESSIVE GROWTH STIMULATE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM RAPID UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE BY CELLS, ENHANCED GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS, INCREASE RATE OF ABSORPTION FROM GIT, INCREASE INSULIN SECRETION

19. STIMULATION OF FAT METABOLISM LIPIDS METABOLIZED RAPIDLY, DECREASED FAT STORES OF BODY, INCREASE FREE FATTY ACID CONC IN PLASMA, ACCELERATE OXIDATION OF FATTYACIDS BY CELLS INCREASE REQUIRMENT OF VITAMINS INCREASE QUANTITY OF ENZYMES AND VITAMINS (ESSENTIAL PARTS OF ENZYMES AND CO-ENZYMES), INCREASE NEED FOR VITAMINS INCREASE BASAL METABOLIC RATE INCREASE METABOLISM IN ALL CELLS, INCREASE BASAL METABOLIC RATE 60-100% DECREASED BODY WEIGHT INCREASE THYROID HORMONE-DECREASED BODY WEIGHT INCREASE APPETITE, COUNTERBALANCE METABOLIC RATE

20. EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONES ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM INCREASED BLOOD FLOW AND CARDIAC OUTPUT: INCREASE METABOLISM, INCREASE UTILIZATION OF OXYGEN AND RELAESE OF METABOLIC END PRODUCT. VASODILATION AND INCREASE BLOOD FLOW AND CARDIAC OUTPUT INCREASED HEART RATE: INCREASE HEART RATE AND SENSITIVE SIGN TO DETERMINE EXCESSIVE AND DIMINISHED THYROID HORMONE INCREASED HEART STRENGTH: SLIGHT INCREASE IN THYROID HORMONE:INCREASE STRENGTH, EXCESSIVE INCREASE ITHYROID HORMONE, HEART MUSCLE STREGTH DEPREESED

21. INCREASED RESPIRATION INCREASE RATE AND DEPTH OF RESPIRATION INCREASED GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY INCREASES RATE OF SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE JUICES AND MOTILITY OF GIT EXCITATORY EFFECTS ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INCREASES CEREBRATION, EXTREME NERVOUSNESS, ANXIETY COMPLEXES, EXTREME WORRY MUSCLE FUNCTION SLIGHT INCREASE THYROID HORMONE: VIGOR EXCESS INCREASE OF THYROID: MUSCLE WEAK LACK OF THYROID HORMONE: MUSCLES SLUGGISH, SLOWLY RELAX AFTER CONTRACTION FINE MUSCLE TREMOR: SIGN OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

22. EFFECT ON SLEEP EXHAUSTING EFFECT OF THYROID ON MUSCULATURE, EXCITABILITY ON SYNAPSES,IN HYPOTHYROIDISM, SLEEP LASTING 12-14 HOURS A DAY EFFECT ON OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS INCREASE RATE OF SECRETION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS, INCREASE GLUCOSE METABOLISM, INCREASE NEED OF INSULIN, INCREASE METABOLIC ACTIVITIES IN BONE, INCREASE PARATHYROID HORMONE EFFECT OF THYROID ON SEXUAL FUNCTION HYPOTHYROIDISM: LOSS OF LIBIDO , HYPERTHYROIDISM: IMPOTENCE LACK OF THYOID HORMONE: HEAVY AND PROLONG BLEEDING AND IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL CYCLE HYPERTHYROIDISM: INFREQUENT MENSTRUATION CAUSE AMENORRHEA

23. REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE SECRETION STIMULATING FACTORS TSH , AN ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE, STIMULATED BY TRH BY HYPOTHALAMUS, INCREASE SECRETION OF THYROID GLANDULAR CELLS EXPOSURE OF COLD LOW METABOLIC RATE INHIBITORY FACTORS EXCITEMENT AND ANXETY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK INHIBITION ANTITHYROID DRUGS OR LACK OF IODINE

24. HYPERTHYROIDISM TOXIC GOITER, THYROTOXICOSIS, GRAVES' DISEASE ANTIBODIES (THYROID STIMULATING IMMUNOGLOBULIN) FORMED AGAINST TSH RECEPTOR IN THYROID GLAND, INDUCE CONTINUOUS ACTIVATION OF cAMP SYSTEM OF CELLS, HIGH CONC OF THYROID HORMONES AND SUPPRESS FEEDBACK BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY SYMPTOMS: EXOPHTHALAMUS (PROTRUSION OF EYE BALL), EXCITABILITY, INTOLERANCE TO HEAT, INCREASE SWEATING, WEIGHT LOSS, VARYING DIARRHEA, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, NERVOUSNESS OR OTHER PSHYCHIC DISORDERS,EXTREME FATIGUE, INABILITY TO SLEEP, TREMOR OF HANDS

25. HYPOTHYROIDISM CAUSE BY AUTOIMMUNITY AGAINST THYROID GLAND, ABSENT SECRETION OF THYROID HORMONES MYXEDEMA LACK OF THYROID HORMONE FUNCTION SYMPTOMS: BAGGINESS OF EYES, SWELLING OF FACE, INCREASE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL CRETINISM HYPOTHYROIDISM DURING FETAL LIFE, FAILURE OF BODY GROWTH AND MENTAL RETARDATION