Planning of Sustainable Development -Module 1

Sustainable Development-explains and critically evaluates the concept of sustainable development, Environmental degradation and poverty Sustainable development: its main principles, the evolution of ideas about sustainability,

1. 1 Lecture No. 1: Introduction to Sustainability Dr. Mohd . Zameeruddin [PhD (VJTI), ME (Structure), MIE, AIV] Associate Professor Civil Engineering Department MGM’s College of Engineering, Nanded Contact: [email protected] [email protected] M: [phone] Course Content is available on, mzsengineeringtechnologies.blospot.com https://engineering604.wordpress.com / PG (Structural Engineering) UG (Civil Engineering) (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies

2. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 2 The Meaning of Sustainability Sustainability has become a crucial concept in global public and political discussions in recent years and also increasingly entered into the scientific discourse [1] “A capability of a system to endure and maintain itself” -Dr. G. Janardhanan

3. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 3 The Meaning of Sustainability From the ecological perspective the word sustainability characterize the ability of biological systems to remain healthy, diverse and productive over the time. - Dr. G. Janardhanan Long-lived and healthy forest Long-lived and healthy wetlands

4. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 4 The Meaning of Sustainability From a philosophical perspective one can identify three main characteristics that determine the core meaning of the modern concept of sustainability and the fundamental issues to which it refers. The meaning of continuance The meaning of orientation The fundamental relationship

5. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 5 The Meaning of Sustainability The meaning of continuance The term sustainability means the ability to keep going, to keep up, to maintain, to cause to continue in a certain state Examples: Refer to a system-An Ecosystem, an economic system Refer a certain entity-species, building, capital Refer a process- to maintain itself Interpretation As the ability of a system, entity, or process to maintain itself Or The ability of humans to maintain a certain system, entity or process.

6. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 6 The Meaning of Sustainability 2. The Meaning of Orientation Sustainability is regarded as being something positive, something for which we should strive. Example: Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development. It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an action agenda for the UN, other multilateral organizations, and individual governments around the world that can be executed at local, national, and global levels. The "21" in Agenda 21 refers to the 21st century.

7. The Meaning of Sustainability 7 (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 3. Sustainability is about fundamental relationships Brundtland report “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the need of future generations to meet their own needs” The relationship between humans and contemporaries-that is, between different individuals and groups within the present generation, and secondly, the relationship the present generation and future generations.

8. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 8 Human Being (Individual) (Self-relation) Contemporaries Future Generations Nature Relation ( i ) Relation (ii) Relation (iii) Sustainability relations Issues: Economics Politics Sociology Issues: Biology. Genetics, and Ecology

9. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 9 ASCE defines sustainability as a set of environmental, economic, and social conditions – the “Triple Bottom Line” – in which all of society has the capacity and opportunity to maintain and improve its quality of life indefinitely, without degrading the quantity, quality or the availability of natural, economic, and social resources. The Meaning of Sustainability Sustainable Development Application of resources to enhance the safety, welfare, and quality of life for all society

10. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 10 Key works that highlighted this thinking includes; Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962), Garret Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons (1968), the Blueprint for Survival by the Ecologist magazine (1972), and the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth report (1972). The state-of-art-of-development of sustainability concepts Our common future (1983) and has gained even greater attention since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Jenerio in June 1992

11. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 11 What is development Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. The purpose of development is a rise in the level and quality of life of the population, and the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities, without damaging the resources of the environment. Development is visible and useful, not necessarily immediately, and includes an aspect of quality change and the creation of conditions for a continuation of that change. .

12. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 12 Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs - Brundtland Commission (1987) -A better environment A better economy - A better social condition Lecture Sustainable Development

13. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 13 Sustainable Development Major Issues: The Climatic Change Nutrient Cycles Hydrological Cycle Bio-diversity Early 1970s, sustainability was employed to describe economy

14. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 14 Sustainable Development Key Concepts: Needs Idea of Limitations State of technology Social organisation Environments ability Sustainability was employed to describe an economy in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems

15. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 15 Sustainable Development It is an organising principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depends. Objectives of Sustainable Development Reduction of resource and energy consumption Prevention of ozone layer Prevention of global warning Prevention of acid rain Reduction in toxic discharge Protection of natural environment and living creatures Food production and utilisation Environmental Impact Assessment Innovative Technological Development Environmental Education Voluntary Improvement by Each Sector Revision of Life Style Development of Environmentally harmonious product Eco-labelling Green Procurement Product Assessment Risk Assessment

16. 16 Lecture No. 2: Principles of Sustainability Dr. Mohd . Zameeruddin [PhD (VJTI), ME (Structure), MIE, AIV] Associate Professor Civil Engineering Department MGM’s College of Engineering, Nanded Contact: [email protected] [email protected] M: [phone] Course Content is available on, mzsengineeringtechnologies.blospot.com https://engineering604.wordpress.com / PG (Structural Engineering) UG (Civil Engineering) (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies

17. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 17 Three Pillars of Sustainability The Environmental Pillar The Social Pillar The Economic Pillar Inter-relationship of the three pillars of sustainable development Elements of development Economical, Ecological, Technological, Political, Socio-cultural, Institutional

18. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 18 Three Pillars of Sustainability Job creation Skills enhancement, Local economic impacts ,Social investments, Business ethics Security Clean Air, Water and Land Emissions reductions, Zero waste Release, and spills Biodiversity Resource efficiency, Product Stewardship, Life-cycle management, Products to services, Innovation Capital, Efficiency Risk management, Growth enhancement, Total shareholder return Safety and health Environmental regulations, Global climate change, Access to potable water Crisis management, Environmental justice Diversity Human rights Community outreach Indigenous communities Labour relations

19. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 19 Social sustainability Social sustainability aims to preserve social capital by investing and creating services that constitute the framework of our society. Social sustainability focuses on maintaining and improving social quality with concepts such as cohesion, reciprocity and honesty and the importance of relationships amongst people. It can be encouraged and supported by laws, information and shared ideas of equality and rights. - Diesendorf , 2000 Three Pillars of Sustainability

20. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 20 Social Sustainability Social Justice and Equity Social Infrastructure Engaged Governance Social Capital

21. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 21 Economic sustainability Economic sustainability aims to maintain the capital intact. “Maintaining high and stable levels of economic growth is one of the key objectives of sustainable development. Abandoning economic growth is not an option. But sustainable development is more than just economic growth. The quality of growth matters as well as the quantity." Three Pillars of Sustainability New economics is inclusive of natural capital (ecological systems) and social capital (relationships amongst people) and challenges the mantra of capital that continual growth is good and bigger is better, if it risks causing harm to the ecological and human system (Benn et al., 2014). Local Jobs Home-based work Mixed activities

22. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 22 Three Pillars of Sustainability Environmental sustainability aims to improve human welfare through the protection of natural capital (e.g. land, air, water, minerals etc.). Initiatives and programs are defined environmentally sustainable when they ensure that the needs of the population are met without the risk of compromising the needs of future generations. Environmental Sustainability Climate Resilience Water Conservation Waste Minimization Pollution Prevention Sustainable Buildings Sustainable Acquisition Energy Ecosystem Management

23. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 23 “….cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature.” Sustainable development cannot be understood “simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence”. -Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNECO, 2001) Fourth Pillars of Sustainability

24. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 24 Principles of Sustainability Living Within environment limits Achieving a sustainable economy Promoting good governance Using Sound Science responsibly Ensuring a strong healthy and just society The Principles of a Sustainable Society are; Respect and care for the community of life Improve the quality of human life Conserve the Earth’s vitality and diversity Minimize the depletion of non-renewable resources Keep within the Earth’s Carrying Capacity Change attitudes and practices Enable communities to care for their own environments Provide a national framework for integrating development and conservation Reduce dependence upon fossil fuel, underground metals, and minerals Reduce dependence upon synthetic chemicals and other unnatural substances Reduce encroachment upon nature Meet human needs fairly and efficiently

25. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 25 Sustaining Growth The Schematics of Sustainable Development Sustainable Development Sustainability Development Liberal Ecological Social Process Objectives Sustaining anything Sustaining Ecological basis Human Life Sustaining Social basis Human Life Growth and/or Change Social Conditions Ecological Conditions Basic Needs, Etc Achieving Traditional Objective + Ecological and Social Sustainability

26. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 26 The Dimensions of Sustainable Development Environmental Objectives Economic Objectives Social Objectives Local National Global Peace and security (stability) Institutional/ administrative arrangements Cultural Dimensions Sustainable development will entail integration of objectives where possible; and making trade-offs between objectives where integration is not possible Ref : Dalal - Clayton et al.(1994)

27. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 27 Primary Goals of Sustainable Development

28. 28 Lecture No. 3: Environmental Degradation Dr. Mohd . Zameeruddin [PhD (VJTI), ME (Structure), MIE, AIV] Associate Professor Civil Engineering Department MGM’s College of Engineering, Nanded Contact: [email protected] [email protected] M: [phone] Course Content is available on, mzsengineeringtechnologies.blospot.com https://engineering604.wordpress.com / PG (Structural Engineering) UG (Civil Engineering) (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies

29. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 29 Environmental Degradation What is Environmental Degradation? Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution. “It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable”.

30. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 30 Environmental Degradation How Environmental Degradation Occurs? Contributing factors includes; • Urbanization • Population explosion • Intensification of agriculture • Increase in energy use • Increase in transportation • High quantity of exhaust gases • Secondary pollutants • Extensive mining • Chemical effluents • Unplanned land policies

31. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 31 Environmental Degradation The effects of the major environmental problem? Water pollution and water scarcity Air pollution Solid and hazardous wastes Soil degradation Deforestation Loss of biodiversity Atmospheric changes Suggested Solutions ……... Afforestation Crop rotation Drip irrigation Rainwater harvesting Stocking your land Recycled products Save and conserve water Save and conserve energy

32. 32 Lecture No. 3: Poverty and Sustainability Dr. Mohd . Zameeruddin [PhD (VJTI), ME (Structure), MIE, AIV] Associate Professor Civil Engineering Department MGM’s College of Engineering, Nanded Contact: [email protected] [email protected] M: [phone] Course Content is available on, mzsengineeringtechnologies.blospot.com https://engineering604.wordpress.com / PG (Structural Engineering) UG (Civil Engineering) (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies

33. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 33 Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain (variant) amount of material possessions or money. Poverty is a multifaceted concept, which may include social, economic, and political elements. Poverty and Sustainable Development

34. 34 Measuring Poverty Absolute poverty , extreme poverty, or abject poverty is “ a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs ”, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. Secondary poverty refers to those that would be living above the poverty line, but spend their income on unnecessary pleasures, such as alcoholic beverages, thus placing them below it. Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on social context, hence relative poverty is a measure of income inequality. Usually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies

35. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 35 Asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is more persistent and prevalent than income poverty. It can be defined as a household's inability to access wealth resources that are enough to provide for basic needs for a period of three months. Basic needs refer to the minimum standards for consumption and acceptable needs. Wealth resources consist of home ownership, other real estate (second home, rented properties, etc.), net value of farm and business assets, stocks, checking and savings accounts, and other savings (money in savings bonds, life insurance policy cash values, etc.). Wealth is measured in three forms: net worth, net worth minus home equity, and liquid assets. Net worth consists of all the aspects mentioned above. Net worth minus home equity is the same except it does not include home ownership in asset calculations. Measuring Poverty Liquid assets are resources that are readily available such as cash, checking and savings accounts, stocks, and other sources of savings. There are two types of assets: tangible and intangible.

36. (c) mzsengineeringtechnologies 36 References [1]. C.U. Becker (2012), Sustainability, Ethics and Sustainability Research, Springer Science + Business Media. [2] Sharachchandra M Lele (1991), Sustainable Development: A critical Review, World Development, 19(6),607-621.