Plant Biotechnology

This presentation highlights some important facts about biotechnology in relationship to plants. it lay emphasis on some factors associated with biotechnology, the importance of it and the negative impact as well.

1. Plant Biotechnology December 12, 2018 GROUP THREE (3) General Botany [Bota 103]

2. Methods of Biotechnology Gene Transfer: Plasmids Restriction Enzymes Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Ligase and Cloning The Accomplishment and Opportunities of Plant Biotechnology Genetic Engineering: Trans-genic Plant Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering Brief History of The First GM crops Genomics and Proteomics Presentation Outline

3. Presentation Objectives By the end of this presentation, listeners should know how to: Define plants biotechnology Identify the methods of gene transfer Explain the polymerase chain reaction Identify some genetically engineered crops Know the contribution of trans-genic plants to human health and nutrition Have knowledge of genomics and proteomics

4. What is Plant Biotechnology? T he application of scientific method to manipulate living cells or organisms for practical uses It is a biological phenomenon for copying and manufacturing various kinds of useful substances It is a controlled use of biological agents such as micro-organisms or cellular components for beneficial use

5. Historical Overview of Plant Biotechnology Matthias Schlieden and Theodor Schwan proposed the concept of cell theory in the 19th century Gottlieb Haberlandt , a German botanist proposed the plant tissue culture.

6. Historical Overview cont’d In 1981 , scientists at Ohio university proposed the first transgenic animals by transferring genes from other animals into mice In 1980 genetic engineering was first used

7. Methods of Plant Biotechnology Gene Transfer Plasmids as Vectors Restriction Enzymes and DNA Ligase Cloning Polymerase Chain Reaction Tissue Culture

8. Gene Transfer: It’s the insertion of unrelated genetic information in the form of DNA into cells Gene can be transferred between species through genetic engineering Genes can be transfer in two methods; Vector mediated gene transfer Direct gene transfer The result of gene transfer is called trans-genic organism

9. Gene Transfer Cont’d Vector-mediated gene transfer is carried out by a factor called Agrobacterium-mediate transformation Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil-borne gram-negative bacterium There are mainly two species of agrobacterium: A tumefaciens that induces Crown gall disease A rhizogene that induces hairy root disease Tumefaciens is a phytopathogen and is treated as the nature’s most effective plant genetic engineer

10. Gene Transfer Cont’d

11. Plasmid as Vectors Vector is an agent that carries gene from one organism to another Plasmids are self replicating circular DNA molecules in bacteria that are separate from and smaller than the bacteria chromosome, which carries gene in plant Vectors which carries gene in plants are: Tobacco mosaic virus Cauliflower mosaic virus

12. Tobacco Mosaic Virus

13. Cauliflower Mosaic Virus

14. Restriction Enzymes and DNA Ligase Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to make recombinant DNA Restriction enzymes is a DNA cutting enzyme that recognizes specific site in DNA It produces two ends; sticky and blunc The most common restriction enzyme is the EcoRI DNA Ligase is a joining enzyme

15. Restriction Enzymes and DNA Ligase Cont’d The steps involve; DNA fragment is firstly isolated Cutting of DNA Joining of DNA

16. Cloning: Cloning is the process of genetically producing exact copy of a gene, cell or organism Cloning produces multiple copies of recombinant DNA A clone is an exact copy of a gene, cell or organism Recombinant DNA involves modifying pre-existing genes to form new genes T he most common plasmids used in cloning are: pbr322 and puc18

17. Cloning Cont’d The are four steps involved in cloning: Isolation Ligation Transfection Selection

18. Cloning Into a Plasmid

19. Gene Cloning

20. Polymerase Chain Reaction The polymerase chain reaction clones DNA without using cells. PCR takes place in a small tube that contains the sample DNA called primers. It includes all the four nucleotides of DNA coding (a, t, g and c) PCR is an indispensable tool Strength of PCR Weaknesses of PCR

21. Methods of Inserting Clone Genes Into Plant Cells There are basically four ways of inserting clone genes into plant cells. Gene-gun Electroporation Micro-injection Liposomes

22. Gene Gun: Gene-gun biolistic particle delivering system originally designed for plant transformation

23. Electroporation: Electroporation is a microbiological technique in which an electrical field is applied in cells in order to increase the probability of the cell membrane

24. Micro-Injection: Micro-injection it is the use of a micro pipet to inject DNA into a cell.

25. Liposomes: Liposomes small spheres made of liquid molecule that can fuse easily with the plasma membrane.

26. Tissue Culture Methods that encourage individual plants to express their totipotency in an artificial medium is called tissue culture The cells first forms a mass of undifferentiated cells called callus Totipotency forms all types of cells in the body There are two basic types of tissue culture: Anther culture Meristem culture

27. Anther Culture:

28. Meristem Culture:

29. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering transfers genes from varieties of organisms into plants. Genetic engineering has made pest resistant plants This engineering has also made plants more productive As well they are resistant to pests

30. Genetic Engineering Cont’d Plants has been engineered to resist pests viruses and fungi This resistance occurs because the plants produce the proteins which prevent the virus from attaching to plant cell It also blocks the replication of genetic codes in plants This production of proteins helps plants like papaya against devastating spot ring virus

31. Genetic Engineering Cont’d Genetic Engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification and recombination of DNA or other nuclei acid molecules. Genetic engineering has made plants more resistant to harsh soil conditions and pest. Plants have been engineered to overproduce than usual

32. Genetic Engineering Cont’d Plants are also engineered to be resistant to droughts and other soil conditions Transgenic plants increases the crop production Transgenic plants contributes to human health and nutrition

33. Transgenic Plants Benefits of transgenic plants to humans Medical benefits Industrial benefits Agricultural benefits Transgenic plants improves poor access of food

34. Genetically Engineered Crops Require Extensive Field and Market Testing Before They Are Released Field testing is creating, using and iterating your offering before offering it to customers Test marketing is an experiment conducted in a field laboratory (the test market) comprising of actual stores and real life buying situations ,without the buyers knowing they are participating in an evaluation exercise The sensitivity of a new plant may have increased in fungal disease. Time frame is 6yrs before it is available on the markets

35. Genetically Engineered Plants Must Be Safe For Environment and Consumers It helps in the reduction of malnutrition It provides vitamins such as vitamin a, iron, zinc, protein, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids It reduces the level of anti nutritional factors such as cyanogens etc

36. Advantages of Genetically Modified Crops Nutritional content can be improved Genetically modified foods can have a longer shelf life We receive medical benefits from GM crops It creates foods that are more appealing to eat GM foods are easier to transport

37. Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Crops GM crops may cause antibiotic resistance Genes go into different plant species Independent research is not allowed

38. Brief History On The First Genetically Modified Crop The first genetically modified food approved for release was the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994. It was developed by a company called Calgene and it was engineered to have a longer shelf life by inserting an antisense gene that delayed ripening.

39. Golden Rice Golden rice is a variety of rice ( oryza rice) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthsize beta-carotene, a precursor in the edible parts of rice. It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin a, a deficiency which each year is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of five (5) and cause an additional 500,000 causes of irreversible childhood blindness. It was done in the philippines in 1999.

40. Golden Rice:

41. Genomics and Proteomics Genomics is the science which determine the nucleotide sequence of a whole genome The nucleotide sequence specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, in which genomics is related to proteomics, which is the science that deals with organisms’ proteins and functions

42. References Nabor , Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301, Sansome Street., San Francisco, CA 94111 www.aw-bc.com http://www.biologymad.com\resources\diffusionrevision . www.google.com

43. THE END Thanks for your time………… Questions !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Contributions !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!