Plant Genetic engineering ,Basic steps ,Advantages and disadvantages

plant genetic engineering,first genetically engineered crop plant,first genetically engineered foods,genome editing,uses of GE,transgenic plants,basic process of plant genetic enginering,advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering.

1. PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING Submitted by, TESSA RAJU M.Sc. Environmental Science

2. GeneticEngineering Genetic engineering is a method that, among other things, enables scientists to copy a gene with a desired trait in one organism and put it into another. Genetic engineering has been used since the 1970s and builds on the scientific advances we have made in the study of DNA.

3. The first genetically engineered crop plant T obacco   R eported in 1983. It was developed creating a chimerical gene that joined an antibiotic resistant gene to the T1 plasmid from Agro bacterium. *chimerical =  formed from parts of various animals

4. Genetically modified foods Commercial sale of  genetically modified foods began  in 1994, when Calgene first marketed its unsuccessful Flavr Savr delayed-ripening tomato. Most  food modifications  have primarily focused on cash  crops  in high demand by farmers such as soybean,  corn , canola, and cotton. Agrobacterium  is a naturally occurring genetic engineering agent and is responsible for the majority of GE plants in commercial production . The  FLAVR SAVR ™   tomato  was developed through the use of antisense RNA to regulate the expression of the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) in ripening  tomato  fruit. This enzyme is one of the most abundant proteins in ripe  tomato  fruit and has long been thought to be responsible for softening in ripe  tomatoes .

5. Traditional Crop Modification Traditional methods of modifying plants, like selective breeding and crossbreeding, have been around for nearly 10,000 years. Most of the foods we eat today were originally created using a combination of traditional methods

6. Genome Editing Genome editing is a new method that gives scientists more precise and targeted ways to develop new crop varieties. Genome editing tools can make it easier and quicker to make changes that were previously done through traditional breeding.

7. Genetic Engineering/ Genetic manipulation It is a process where the gene for a particular character is introduced inside the chromosome of a cell When the gene for a particular character is introduced in a plant cell a transgenic plant is produced. These transgenic plants exhibit characters governed by the newly introduced gene USES • It helps in improving crop variety • It ensures food security and insect resistant crops • It also improves the quality and yield of crops

8. Why genetically engineered plants??? To improve the agricultural, horticultural (or) ornamental value of a crop plant Resistance to certain pests, diseases and environmental conditions Reduction of spoilage Resistance to chemical treatments (E.g.- Resistance to herbicide) Improving the nutrient profile of the crop

9. Genetic Engineering/ Genetic Manipulation Is the direct manipulation of an organisms genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within & across species boundaries to produce improved (or) novel organisms Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops or biotech crops) are used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases the aim is to introduce a new trait to plant which does not occur naturally in species

10. GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering is a new type of genetic modification. It is the purposeful addition of a foreign gene or genes to the genome of an organism. A gene holds information that will give the organism a trait. Genetic engineering is not bound by the limitations of traditional plant breeding. Genetic engineering physically removes the DNA from one organism and transfers the gene(s) for one or a few traits into another. Since crossing is not necessary, the 'sexual' barrier between species is overcome. Therefore, traits from any living organism can be transferred into a plant. This method is also more specific in that a single trait can be added to a plant.

11. Transgenic plants Transgenic plants are the ones, whose DNA is modified using genetic engineering techniques. A transgenic plant contains a gene or genes that have been artificially inserted. The inserted gene sequence is known as the transgene . This process provides advantages like improving shelf life, higher yield, improved quality, pest resistance, tolerant to heat, cold and drought resistance, against a variety of biotic and a biotic stresses. Transgenic plants can also be produced in such a way that they express foreign proteins with industrial and pharmaceutical value. Plants made up of vaccines or antibodies ( Plantibodies ) are especially stricing as plants are free of human diseases, thus reducing screening costs for viruses and bacterial toxins.

12. Development of Transgenic plants The basic requirements of transformation are, A target genome A vector to carry the gene Modification of the foreign DNA to increase the level of gene expression Method to deliver the plasmid DNA into the cell Methodology to identify the transformed cell 6. Tissue culture to recover the viable plants from the transformed cells 

13. BASIC PROCESS OF PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERIING

14. Step 1: DNA Extraction The process of genetic engineering requires the successful completion of a series of five steps. DNA extraction is the first step in the genetic engineering process. In order to work with DNA, scientists must extract it from the desired organism. A sample of an organism containing the gene of interest is taken through a series of steps to remove the DNA

15. Step 2 : Gene Cloning The second step of the genetic engineering process is gene cloning. During DNA extraction, all of the DNA from the organism is extracted at once. Scientists use gene cloning to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted and make thousands of copies of it. Step 2 : Gene Cloning The second step of the genetic engineering process is gene cloning. During DNA extraction, all of the DNA from the organism is extracted at once. Scientists use gene cloning to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted and make thousands of copies of it.

16. Step 3 : Gene Design Once a gene has been cloned, genetic engineers begin the third step, designing the gene to work once inside a different organism. This is done in a test tube by cutting the gene apart with enzymes and replacing gene regions that have been seperated .

17. Step 4 : Transformation The modified gene is now ready for the fourth step in the process transformation or gene insertion. Since plants have millions of cells, it would be impossible to insert a copy of the transgene into every cell. Therefore, tissue culture is used to propagate masses of undifferentiated plant cells called callus. These are the cells to which the new transgene will be added. The new gene is inserted into some of the cells using various techniques. Some of the more common methods include the gene gun, agrobacterium , microfibers, and electroporation . The main goal of each of these methods is to transport the new gene(s) and deliver them into the nucleus of a cell without killing it. Transformed plant cells are then regenerated into transgenic plants.  The transgenic plants are grown to maturity in greenhouses and the seed they produce, which has inherited the transgene , is collected. The genetic engineer's job is now complete. He/she will hand the transgenic seeds over to a plant breeder who is responsible for the final step.

18. 4. TRANSFORMATION

19. Step 5 : Backcross Breeding # The fifth and final part of producing a genetically engineered crop is backcross breeding. Transgenic plants are crossed with elite breeding lines using traditional plant breeding methods to combine the desired traits of elite parents and the transgene into a single line. The offspring are repeatedly crossed back to the elite line to obtain a high yielding transgenic line. The result will be a plant with a yield potential close to current hybrids that expresses the trait encoded by the new transgene .

20. 5 . BACK CROSS BREEDING

21. The Process of Plant Genetic Engineering The entire genetic engineering process is basically the same for any plant. The length of time required to complete all five steps from start to finish varies depending upon the gene, crop species, available resources and regulatory approval. It can take anywhere from 6-15+ years before a new transgenic hybrid is ready for release to be grown in production fields.

22. Advantage & Disadvantages of transgenic plants   Advantages •Improvement in nutritional value of food • Increase in farmers income • Increase in food supply • More convenient and flexible to use • Safer environment through decreased use of pesticides • Improved the quality of ground and surface water with less pesticide residues • Safe to non-target organisms and human beings

23. Disadvantages • Secondary pest incidence • Disruption of pollinators and plant communities would occur if the toxin is expressed in plant nectar and pollen • CCD- Is affecting bee hives and it is supposed to be the use of Bt transgenic crops • GM ingredients cause cancer- Histopathologist (Dr. Stanley Ewan) “food and water contaminated with GE material could increase the growth of Malignant tumor • GM food could raise new allergy outbreak in humans – GM soybean containing “Brazilian protein” was allergic to humans and was withdrawn from production

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