Plant Genetic Resources.pptx. pGR Resource

PGR.

1. Plant Genetic Resources Dr. Deepayan Roy Assistant Professor  Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences G.D. Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India-122 103 Email id:  [email protected]; [email protected]

2. CONTENTS Introduction History Importance Distribution Management Utilization Conclusion

3. Terminology Germplasm :-the sum total of hereditary material present in a crop species and its wild relatives. Gene pool :-It consist of all the genes and their alleles present in all such individuals which can hybridize with each other . Cultivar :- means a variety of plant that has originated and persisted under cultivation or was specifically bred for the purpose of cultivation. Folk variety :- means a cultivated variety of plants that was developed, grown and exchanged informally among farmers. Landrace :- These are primitive cultivar that was grown by ancient farmers and their successors. Obsolete varieties :- These varieties were once commercially cultivated but not nay more

4. Farmers variety :- a variety which is traditionally grown by farmers and about which farmers have a common knowledge. Extant variety :- A farmers variety which is notified under section 5 of the Seed Act, 1966 and about which there is a common knowledge. Genetic stocks :- are   broadly defined as plants or populations generated and/or selected for  genetic  studies.

5. What are Plant Genetic Resources (PGR)? Plant Genetic Resources are defined as the diversity of genetic material contained in traditional varieties and modern cultivars as well as crop wild relatives and other wild plant species that can be used now or in the future for food and agriculture. FAO (1998) Recognized as a natural resource similar to mineral, oil, soil and water .

6. Categories of PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES

7. Historical aspects 1968 Sir Otto Frankel coined the term Genetic resources 1926 Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov , organized the world wide exploration for collecting the seeds and propogating material of large number of cultivated crops, wild and relative species 1951 Vavilov proposed 8 centre of origin and 3 sub centre of different plant species 1961 FAO organized the 1 st international technical meeting on plant exploration and introduction 1968 The crop Ecology & Genetic Resources unit (CEGRU) of FAO was established 1974 International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) was established in Rome 1992 IBPGR was transformed to a new autonomous organization International Plant Genetic Institute (IPGRI) to assist the countries 1976 NBPGR was established in New Delhi for conservation of various species

8. WHY WE CONSERVE PGR ?

9. Destruction and fragmentation of natural ecosystems Over-exploitation eg. for fuelwood, timber, medicine Changes in agricultural practices (HYV) and land use Human socio-economic changes Exotic weed species (AIS) Pollution due to natural or anthropogenic activities Natural calamities LOSS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY

10. Global Distribution of PGR ‘ Centers of origin and diversity’ 1 mega biodiversity centres - 18 ( Zeven and Zhukovsky,1975) Vavilov (1926) 8 centres (two sub-centres) of diversity four of the 34 Hot Spots of biodiversity exist in India C hina Hindustan Central Asia Asia minor Mediterranean Abyssinia Central America South America

11. Crops of the Indian region primary centre of diversity rice, black gram, moth bean, pigeon pea, cucurbits like smooth gourd, ridge gourd and pointed gourd, tree cotton, capsularis jute, jack fruit, banana, mango, jamun , large cardamom, black pepper and several minor millets and medicinal plants like Rauvolfia serpentina . secondary centre of diversity African crops - finger millet, sorghum, cowpea, cluster bean, okra, sesame, niger and safflower Tropical American crops - maize, tomato, pumpkin/ Cucurbita spp., chillies and Amaranthus ; regional (Asiatic) diversity barley, amaranth, buckwheat, Prosomillet , foxtail millet, Mung bean/green gram, chickpea, cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, snake gourd and Brassicae , sugarcane.

12. Role of Genetic resources in improving food grain production Year Food Production (MT) 1950 50.8 1960 82.0 1970 108.4 1980 129.6 1990 176.4 2000 201.8 2010 218 2013 255 2014 257.07 2015 250.23 2016 275.98 2017 284.83 2018 281.37 Dee- Gee-Woo-Gen from TN -1 Norin 10 dwarfing gene from Daruma ( Japanese wheat variety) Noble Cane

13. PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The umbrella organization DARE / ICAR Nodal institution NBPGR Network Collaboration National active germplasm site(NAGS), ICAR inst., NRCs , SAUs, AICRPs NBPGR and its 11 regional stations Institutional collaborators Other national stakeholders

14. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR ) MANDATE OF NBPGR To undertake Exploration, collection, characterization, evaluation and documentation of germplasm collection. To develop and operate National Database for storage and retrieval of information To act as the sole repository of all released varieties . To conduct plant quarantine.

15. PLANT GENETICS RESOURCES ACTIVITIES Exploration & collection Conservation Evaluation Documentation Distribution Utilization

16. EXPLORATION AND COLLECTION

17. SOURCES OF COLLECTION GENE BANK CENTRE OF DIVERSITY SEED COMPANIES GENE SANCTUARIES FARMERS FIELD

18. PRIORITY OF COLLECTION EXTINCT CROP PLANTS Triticum parvicoccum Gramineae Kislev 1980 Bromus mango Gramineae (Cruz 1972) Triticum timopheevii Gramineae ( Zhuk .) Viciola bistorta Leguminosae Bu¨chel nom. nud . ENDANGERED CROP PLANTS Echinacea tennesseensis Compositae Beadle Vicia articulata Fabaceae Laghetti et al 2000 Pterocarpus santalinus Leguminosae Areas to be surveyed Diversity rich Under explored Tribal dominated Hot spots Threatened habitats

19. Agencies of Collection Crop research institutes State agricultural universities - 67 NBPGR IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute), Italy NATIONAL LEVEL

20. CROP SPECIES IC EC WHEAT Triticum aestivum Triticum Durum 15967 2277 8666 2312 WILD WHEAT Aegilops tauschii Aegilops ovata 32 469 24 RICE Oryza nivara Oryza Sativa 777 87006 11306 WILD RICE Oryza longistaminata O. sativa var. spontanea 20 2 BARLEY Hordeum vulgare Hordeum bogdanii 6546 1 1507 MAIZE Zea mays 8494 2469 CHICKPEA Cicer arietinum Cicer microphyllum 11452 35 2969 COWPEA Vigna catjang Vigna unguiculata 2556 2 1062 BAMBOO Arundinaria sp. 1 SOYABEAN Glycine max 2253 1646 MUSTARD Brassica nigra 68 1 COLLECTIONS AT NBPGR, New Delhi

21. Methods of collection Random sampling (at least 50 plants) Quantity of seeds for LTS (2000- 4000 seeds) Optimum sample size Extreme variability (bulking) Establishing Taxonomic Identity Type of Material – seed, vegetative propagule , pollen Transportation Recording information : PASSPORT DATA Post collection handling

22. Types of seed collections Type Particulars Conservation Upto Stored at BASE COLLECTION Maximum number of accessions long term 50 years or more -18 to 20º C Hermetically sealed ACTIVE COLLECTION Actively utilized Medium term 8-10 years 0ºC WORKING COLLECTION frequently utilized Short term 3-5 years 5-10ºC

23. CROP Number of accessions conserved Paddy Wheat Maize 1,09,153 33,547 11,237 Legumes 66350 Millets 59,268 vegetables 26,316 Forages 7,083 Oilseeds 59,106 legumes 66,350 chickpea 14,724 Fruits & nuts 275 fibre 12,704 Medicinal plant 8,064 Ornamental 657 Spices 3,135 Agroforestry 1,646 Total = 4,40,419 It includes 5,034 Released varieties 4,316 Genetic stocks 1,762 crop species conserved Base collection in NGB As on 28 February 2019

24. Merits and demerits of Exploration and collection of Germplasm Merits : Collection helps in tapping crop genetic diversity and assembling . It reduces the loss of genetic due to genetic erosion. Getting material of special interest during exploration trips. Scope of spoting a new plant species during the process of collection. Collection also helps in saving certain genotype from extinction. Demerits: Collection of germplasm especially from other countries, sometimes leads to entry of new diseases, new insects and new weeds. In the remote areas, the collection is risky. Collection is a tedious job. Transportation of huge collections also poses difficulties in the exploration and collection.

25. STRATEGIES FOR CONSERVATION

26. Svalbard global seed vault CIMMYT, 1966 Cryopreservation, In Norway , 2008 NBPGR, 1997 Herbal garden Natural Habitat Field gene bank

27. ORTH O DOX SEED INTERMEDIAT E SEED RECALCITRANT SEED Can be dried to low moisture content (<7%) without losing viability Survive drying to moderately low moisture content (7-18%) Continuously metabolically active, damaged on drying (<20%), sensitive to desiccation and low temperature. Can be stored for many years at ambient, low and ultra low temperatures St o re a t su b -z e r o temperatures C a n b e st o r e d a t a m bie n t for short period, Eg- annual crops like rice , w heat, maize , legumes E g - Nee m , c o f fe e , c i t r us, papaya Eg- mango, jackfruit, litchi, jamun, cocoa

28. EVALUATION Evaluation refers to screening of germplasm for morphological genetical economic Biochemical physiological pathological entomological attributes. To get clear picture about the significance of individual germplasm lines.

29. To screen for traits related to biotic stress and abiotic stresses The facility is being created to cater to the researchers of NARS It will add value to the genetic resources and hence increase their utilization particularly to address the issues emerging from climate change

30. DOCUMENTATION Documentation refers to compilation analysis classification, storage dissemination of information. Database management system-relational database management system(RDBMS) is used. In gene bank RDBMS is used. GIMS ( Genebank Information Management System) is used

31. SL. NO. CROP CENTER 1 Wheat ICAR-IIWBR , Karnal 2 Rice CRRI,Cuttack,IGKV,Raipur 3 Potato CPRI,Shimla 4 Cotton CICR,Nagpur 5 Sugarcane SBI,Coimbatore 6 Tobacco CTRI, Rajahmundry 7 Pulses ICAR- IIPR , Kanpur 8 Forage crops IGFRI,Jhansi 9 Tuber crops(except potato) CTCRI,Trivendaram ,Kerala 10 Plantation crops CPCRI,Kasargod 11 Oilseeds crop ICAR-IIOR Hyderabad 12 Horticultural crops IIHR, Bangalore 13 Sorghum NRC Sorghum ,Hyderabad 14 Soybean NRC Soybean ,Indore 15 Groundnut NRC Groundnut, Junagarh 16 Maize I CAR-IIMR , New Delhi GENE BANK FOR VARIOUS CROPS IN INDIA

32. Distribution The specific germplasm lines are supplied to the users on demand for utilization in the crop improvement programmes There are some trait specific germplasm and wild species introduced in India and distributed by the several centers. CROP Country Specific trait distributer Hordeum vulgare L. EC 657889 Canada Resistant to spot form of neck blast DWR, Karnal Oryza sativa L. EC 659913-14 b) EC 657019-118 c) EC 659921 USA France Vietnam Improved resistant to sheath blight Blast resistance Drought tolerant NBPGR, CRRI TNAU NBPGR Zea mays L. EC659915-17 Nigeria Resistant to disease in low lands DMR, New Delhi Glycine max L. EC638228 USA Resistant to soyabean mosaic NRC soyabean

33. Capturing and conserving crop genetic diversity Genebank Accessions Targeted collection Exotic sources Land races and wild species Intensive Evaluation Multilocation field evaluation Evaluation under controlled environment Lab evaluation E valuated Germplasm Core set Mini Core set Reference Set New genes and alleles, New SNP and SSR markers, Genetic expression Genomics, Transcriptomics & Metabolomics Unique germplam tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress; enhanced nutrient composition,WUE , NUE, RUE Plant Breeding Varietal improvement INTEGRATED BREEDING Varietal improvement High yielding, climate resilient, nutrient rich varieties and hybrids CONVENTIONAL BREEDING MOLECULAR BREEDING Fig :- ENHANCED UTILIZATION OF PGR

34. UTILIZATION

35. Subjected to selection CROP Accession Released name trait WHEAT Sonara 64 Lerma Rojo 64-A RICE IR8, IR36, IR50 CHICKPEA ICC 4923 jyothi PIGEONPEA ICP 7035 ICP 8863 JKPL 5 Maruti Fusarium wilt rest. SORGHUM IS 33844 IS 3924 Parbhani moti Swarna PEARL MILLET Iniari ICTP 8203 BARNYARD MILLET IEC 542 PRJ 1 Barley clipper

36. Germplasm used in hybridization programme RICE :- In rice four genes 1) Xa21 ( O. longistaminata ) 2) Xa23 ( O. rufipogon ) 3) Xa27 ( O. minuta ) 4)Xa29(t) ( O. officinalis ) resistant to bacterial blight MAIZE Zea perennis (2n = 40) x Tripsacum dactyloides (2n = 72) F1 hybrid - embryo rescue and induction of somatic embryogenesis/ organogenesis. These hybrids showed Tripsacum -like phenotypes, tolerance to stresses such as NaCl salinity and low temperatures

37. Wild annual rice i.e. Oryza nivara is a source of resistance to rice tungro virus Wild lady's finger ( Abelmoschus tuberculatus ) for yellow vein mosaic virus Wild Mung ( Vigna radiata var. sublabata ) for resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus TOMATO Ly copersicon esculentum × Lycopersicon hirsutum High beta carotene POTATO S. vernei – high starch content CHILLI Capsicum annum var. aviculare - Capsaicin

38. Sorghum UPMCH- 1101 multicut interspecific hybrid . It is a cross between 2219 A and UPMC 503. low HCN anf high regeneration.

39. Wild species of crops as a source of resistance genes against diseases CROP WILD SPECIES RESISTANCE AGAINST CHICKPEA Cicer judaicum Cicer pinnatifidum Ascochyta blight Fusarium wilt Botrytis grey mold Botrytis grey mould Aschocyta blight PIGEONPEA C. Platycarpus C. sericeus Fusarium wilt Sterlity mosaic virus LENTIL V. trilobata MYMV WHEAT Ae . umbellulata ( Lr 9) T. tauschii ( Lr 32 ) T. boeoticum (Sr22) Ae speltoides (Sr22) T. dicoccoides (Yr15 ) Leaf rust Stem rust Yellow rust MAIZE Zea diploperennis Immunity to major diseases of maize

40. Wild species of cereals as a source of resistance genes against insects CROP WILD SPECIES RESISTANCE AGAINST RICE O. officinalis O. minuta O. latifolia O. nivara BROWN PLANT HOPPER SORGHUM S. purpeosericeum S. versicolor Sorghum Shoot fly and Stem borer CHICKPEA C. bijugum C. reticulatum C. Judaicum Helicoverpa armigera PIGEONPEA C. acutifolius C. albicans R. bracteata Flemingia bracteata Helicoverpa armigera Pod fly and pod wasp

41. ThaNk YOU