Plant protection

CHEMICAL MEANS OF PLANT PROTECTION
A variety of chemicals are available that have been designed to control plant diseases by inhibiting growth or by killing disease-causing pathogens. Chemicals used to control bacteria, fungi and nematodes may be applied to seeds, flowers, fruit, and soil. They prevent or reduce infections by utilizing various principles of disease control.

1. PLANT PROTECTION CHEMICAL METHODS

2. CHEMICAL MEANS OF PLANT PROTECTION A variety of chemicals are available that have been designed to control plant diseases by inhibiting the growth or by killing the disease-causing pathogens . Chemicals used to control bacteria , fungi and nematodes may be applied to seeds , flowers ,fruit and soil. They prevent or reduce infections by utilizing various principles of disease control .

3. Classification of pesticides Sphere of activity (based on usefulness) Insecticides : used to control insects, eg : carbofuron Fungicides : used to control fungal disease in plants, eg : menab Herbicides : used to control weeds , eg :MCPA Nematicides : used to control nematodes , eg : phenamiphos

4. Mode of action Contact poison : the action of these chemicals follows the action between the contact of the body of the insect and the insecticides eg : carbaryl Systemic poison : these chemicals move within the plant tissues and toxicity to sucking insects feeding on plant sap eg : carbofuran Fumigants : acts by its vapour action eg : methyl bromide

5. Based on disease control Protectant chemicals : It creates a barrier between plant and pest/pathogen. Eradicant chemicals : Remove the pathogen from infection court. Chemotherapeutants : Applied to combat an infection in progress.

6. Types of pesticide formation Dusts Granules Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) Flowables Wettable powders Poisonous baits

7. METHODS OF APPLICATION The success of a pesticide application depends on the pesticide and proper application . Improperly applied pesticides can result in ineffective control, plant injury or excessive pesticide residues. Maximum coverage of the target area is essential to the control of plant pests . Pesticides are a major part of most crop budgets . Every effort should be made to insure that applications are correct and safe. Spraying (https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/guides/texas-vegetable-growers-handbook/chapter-ix-chemical-application-and-safety/) Dusting Fumigation

8. MERITS OF CHEMICAL protection Cost effectiveness Timeliness and flexibility Quality , quantity and price of produce Prevention of problems

9. Demerits of chemical protection Reduction of beneficial species. Non-targets organisms, including predators and parasites of pest. Drift of sprays and vapours during application can cause severe damage and residue problems in crops . Ground water contamination by leached chemicals. Residues in food for humans and feed for livestock. Resistance to the pesticide used can develop in target pests due to overuse and incorrect use of the chemical. Poisoning hazards and other health effects.

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