Plant science

Plant Science

1. Importance of Plant Science in 21 st Century DH SANI GEB, SUST.

2. Plant Science Plant Science is the study of the structure, functions, growth and protection of plants. Plant Science can be divided into three major segments – Agronomy Horticulture Forestry

3. Objectives of Plant Science To make understand the basic structure and function of the tissues, organs and organ system of the plants. To explore the possibilities of increasing yield in crops. To conduct basic genetic studies of important traits in different crops. To screen phytochemical composition of medicinal plant.

4. History of Plant Science 1920 – Photoperiodism is Discovered While studying the induction of flowering in tobacco and soybean, W.W. Garner and H.A. Allard discovers photoperiodism. 1922 – Agar Germinates Orchid Seeds Lewis Knudson devises a method to germinate orchid seeds on sterile nutrient agar. 1926 – Went Isolates Auxin F.W. Went isolates a plant growth substance (auxin). Two years later he develops a method to quantify the substance

5. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 1928 – The first Quantitative Measurements of Chlorophyll F. M. Shertz provides the first quantitative measurements of chlorophyll. 1929 – Triploid Maize Chromosomes are Characterized Barbara McClintock characterizes triploid maize chromosomes. 1931 – Correlation between Chromosomal Crossover and Genetic Traits Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton prove the link between chromosomal crossover during meiosis and the recombination of genetic traits.

6. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 1931 – First Genetic Map for Maize Barbara McClintock publishes the first genetic map for maize, linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits. 1935 – Tobacco Mosaic Virus Isolated Wendell Stanley isolates the tobacco mosaic virus. 1937 – The “Hill Reaction” is Established Robin Hill demonstrates oxygen evolution by cell-free chloroplasts (grana). His work leads to discovery of the “Hill reaction”.

7. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 1938 – Flowering Stimulus Moves Through Plant Researchers, among them Mikhail Chailakhyan , Karl Hamner and James Bonner, show the flowering stimulus, induced by photoperiod, moves through the plant and across a graft union. 1941 – Phloem Transport T.G. Mason and E. Phillis describe the mechanism of phloem transport. 1951 – Dwarfing Gene in Wheat Discovered Orville Vogel introduces a dwarfing gene into wheat. This work led to improved grain yields.

8. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 1954 – Light-driven Synthesis of ATP Daniel Arnon , Mary Belle Allen and F.R. Whatley publish the first demonstration of direct, light-driven synthesis of ATP by isolated chloroplasts and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts. 1959 – A Protein is Purified from a Dark-brown Plant plants that is photoreversible on sequential red and far-red illumination. The action spectrum matches anthocyanin production, light-induced seed germination, and photoperiodism.

9. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 1961 – The Role of Senescence is Defined A.C. Leopold describes the role of senescence in plant development. 1962 – Culture Medium Created for Optimal Growth of Plant Tissues Toshio Murashige and Folke Skoog create a culture medium of defined composition designed for the optimal growth of plant tissues. 1964 – Synthetic Growth Regulators H.M. Cathey describes synthetic growth regulators. 1966 – C4 Photosynthesis Hugo Kortschak discovers C4 photosynthesis.

10. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 1967 – Characterized RNA from Cytokinin-containing Tissue J. Eugene Fox and Chong-Maw Chen characterize RNA from cytokinin-containing tissue. 1970 – Father of the “Green Revolution,” Wins Nobel Peace Prize Plant breeder and father of the “Green Revolution,” Norman Borlaug wins the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to develop improved, high-yield wheat varieties for Mexico. 1976 – Gene Cloning Establishes New Concepts in Plant Biology Plant genomes investigated by quantitative DNA reassociation tools such as Cot curves.

11. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 1977 – The Revolution in Plant Genetic Engineering Begins Mary-Dell Chilton, Marc Van Montagu and Robert Fraley show that Agrobacterium tumafaciens T-DNA was integrated into the chromosomes of plant cells, setting the stage for the revolution in plant genetic engineering. 1978 – USDA Competitive Research Grants Program Commences USDA Competitive Research Grants Program begins with Joe Key as first director. 1983 – A Vector in Genetic Transformation of Plants L.W. Ream, M.P. Gordon and E. W. Nester bioengineer the tumor-inducing plasmid of the crown gall bacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) which begins to serve as a vector in genetic transformation of plants.

12. (History of Plant Science Cont.) 1983 – Tobacco is the First Genetically Engineered Organism Tobacco is the first eukaryotic organism that is stably and reproducibly transformed using genetic engineering. 1986 – Entire Chloroplast Genome is Sequenced Entire chloroplast genome of Marchantia polymorpha and Nicotiana tabacum sequenced opening the way for further studies of chloroplast gene expression, genome organization and evolution. 1989 – Flavr Savr Tomato Introduced to FDA Calgene Corporation initiates discussions with U.S. FDA regarding Flavr Savr tomato, engineered to provide extended shelf-life.

13. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 1990 – Biotechnology Enables Allergens to be Removed from Food Research by Bob Buchanan leads to discovery of a new type of biotechnology to remove certain allergens from foods. 1994 – Plants to Clean up Toxic Metal Wastes Rufus Chaney is the first U.S. researcher to publish data on phytoremediation, the practice of using plants to clean up toxic metal wastes. 1996 – The Entire Arabidopsis Genome is Sequenced A multinational consortium funds the sequencing of the entire Arabidopsis genome.

14. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 1998 – Genetically Engineered Food to Deliver a Pharmaceutical Potatoes, genetically engineered by Charles Arntzen and Hugh Mason, are used in the first ever clinical trial of a genetically engineered food to deliver a pharmaceutical. 2000 – Arabidopsis genome sequencing completed Arabidopsis genome sequencing completed, one year prior to completion of the human genome. 2005 – International Rice Genome Sequencing Project Publishes DNA Blueprint for Rice A consortium led by the University of California, Davis initiates research to advance technology that rapidly identify genes that may produce higher quality wheat.

15. History of Plant Science (Cont.) 2007 – Nanotechnology Penetrates Plant Cell Walls Kan Wang, Victor Lin, Brian Trewyn and Francois Torney demonstrate the first use of nanotechnology to penetrate plant. 2010 – The Global Plant Council Forms The Global Plant Council formed by a coalition of plant and crop science societies around the world to address global issues that involve plant biology and to provide policy makers with scientific information to make decisions on these topics. 2013 – Unleashing a Decade of Innovation in Plant Science: A Vision for 2015-2025 The Plant Science Research Summit publishes Unleashing a Decade of Innovation in Plant Science: A Vision for 2015-2025.

16. Plant Science Application Agroforestry Agronomy and crop physiology Commercial crop science Food and markets Planning for personal and professional development Plant disease management

17. Challenges in Plant Science Reduction in plant diversity Extinction of plant species Increased population Decreased cultivable land

18. Conclusion Plant Science provides knowledge about plant anatomy and physiology. It defines agronomical, horticultural and forestry crops and their uses. It shows the potential uses of plants.

19. References Cermak, T., Doyle, E. L., Christian, M., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Schmidt, C., Baller, J. A., Somia , N. V., Bogdanove , A. J., and Voytas , D. F. (2011). Efficient design and assembly of custom TALEN and other TAL effector-based constructs for DNA targeting. Nucleic Acids Res. 39, e82. Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Colbert, T., Till, B. J., Tompa , R., Reynolds, S., Steine , M. N., Yeung, A. T., McCallum, C. M., Comai , L., and Henikoff , S. (2001). High-throughput screening for induced point mutations. Plant Physiol. 126, 480–484. Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Cornish, K., Pan, Z., and Backhaus, R. A. (1993). “Engineering new domestic sources of rubber,” in New Crops , eds J. Janick and J. E. Simon (New York: Wiley), 192–196. Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Geigenberger , P., Riewe , D., and Fernie , A. R. (2009). The central regulation of plant physiology by adenylates. Trends Plant Sci. 15, 98–105.