Pocket English Grammar Note by Tcer Muni

Notes

1. Pocket Grammar
Note
F3,F4,F5
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Full blast plus
English download

2. Verb To Do
Action Verb
Verb To Be
Verb To Have
Modals Verb
Causative form

3. FUTURE SIMPLE

WILL PREPARE
WILL BE PREPARED
FUTURE CONTINUOUS

WILL BE PREPARING
WILL BE BEING PREPARED
PRESENT SIMPLE

PREPARE
IS PREPARED
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

IS PREPARING
IS BEING PREPARED
PAST SIMPLE

PREPARED
WAS PREPARED
PAST CONTINUOUS

WAS PREPARING
WAS BEING PREPARED
FUTURE PREFECT SIMPLE

WILL HAVE PREPARED
WILL HAVE BEEN PREPARED
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

WILL HAVE BEEN PREPARING
WILL HAVE BEEN BEING PREPARED
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

HAVE PREPARED
HAVE BEEN PREPARED
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

HAVE BEEN PREPARING
HAVE BEEN BEING PREPARED
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

HAD PREPARED
HAD BEEN PREPARED
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

HAD BEEN PREPARING
HAD BEEN BEING PREPARED
Tenses: Forms
Note: for passive form (sometimes it is important to mention the agent “who or what is responsible for the
action.. BY & WITH ( The car is owned by my dad) ( The window was broken with a rock)
Active Form vs Passive Form

4. FUTURE SIMPLE
-DESCISION MADE
-PREDICTION WITH NO EVIDENCE
-FUTURE FACT
-PROMISES, THREAT, WARNING
-OFFER & REQUEST
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
-ACTION THAT WILL BE IN PROGRESS AT A
SPECIFIC TIME IN THE FUTURE
-FUTURE PLAN AND ARRANGEMENT
PRESENT SIMPLE
-FACT AND PERMANENT SITUATIONS
-GENERAL TRUTH
-HABIT
-TIMETABLES [FUTURE]
-REVIEW
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
-ACTION HAPPENING AT THE TIME OF
SPEAKING
-TEMPORAL & CHANGING SITUATION
-ANNOYING HABITS
-PLANS IN THE FUTURE

PAST SIMPLE
-STARTED AND FINISHED IN A SPECIFIC
TIME IN THE PAST
-PAST ROUTINE
-NO LONGER TRUE
PAST CONTINUOUS
--ACTION THAT WERE PROGRESS IN A
SPECIFIC TIME IN THE PAST
-GIVE BACKGROUND INFO IN A STORY
FUTURE PREFECT SIMPLE
-SOMETHING WILL BE FINISHED BY OR
BEFORE A SPECIFIC TIME IN THE FUTURE
-THE LENGTH OF TIME THAT AN ACTION
WILL HAVE LASTED FOR AT A POINT OF
TIME IN THE FUTURE
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
-SOMETHING THAT WILL CONTINUE UP TO A
SPECIFIC TIME IN THE FUTURE
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
-STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUE
UNTIL NOW
-HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT HAS
ANEFFECT IN THE PRESENT
-ACTION THAT HAS JUST FINISHED!
-EXPERIENCE AND ACHIEVEMENT
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
-STARTED IN THE PAST , ARE STILL IN
PROGRESS NOW/ HAPPENS REPEATEDLY
UNTIL NOW
-CONTINUOUS ACTION IN THE PAST THAT
JUST FINISHED RECENTLY BUT HAS AN
EFFECT IN THE PRESENT
-TO EMPHASIS HOW LONG ACTIONS HAVE
BEEN PROGRESS
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
-ACTION OR SITUATION FINISHED BEFORE
ANOTHER TIME /ACTION IN THE PAST
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
-STARTED IN THE PAST, WAS STILL IN
PROGRESS WHEN ANOTHER ACTION
STARTED
-ACTION FINISHED BEFORE A PARTICULAR
TIME IN THE PAST AND HAD A RESULT THAT
WE COULD SEE.
Tenses: Functions

5. FUTURE SIMPLE
- I’ll pick it up
-Everyone will buy eco-friendly product
-The shelter will open next spring
- Don’t litter, I’ll report you
- I’ll come to the beach and help
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
- We’ll be visiting the farm this time next week
- This time tomorrow, Ali will be flying to Thai
PRESENT SIMPLE
- Joe lives in a flat with his brother
-The sun rises in the morning
- I usually get up early
- My dance lesson finishes at nine o’clock
- The film tells the story of a young man.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
- Grandad is doing the washing up
- Grandad is staying with us for a while
- My classmates are always gossiping
- Kate is visiting her aunt this weekend
PAST SIMPLE
- They found new evidence last week
- She often drank soft drinks
- Mark believed in aliens when he was young
PAST CONTINUOUS
- Ali was writing his note at 10am this morning
- It was raining hard and the wind was blowing
FUTURE PREFECT SIMPLE
-Will we have destroyed our planet by 2100?
-Ali will have worked as a driver for 5 years
next year
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
-Ali will have been living in Japan for 3 years
in December
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
-He has played badminton for many years
-Ali has hurt his back, so she can’t train this
week
-Ali has just finished his homework!
-Ali has taken part in lots of tennis matches
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
-Dad’s has been coaching football for years
-I’m famous because I’ve been playing squash
-We’ve been training for the match for weeks
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
-Ali had made the curtains when Abu came
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
-Julia had been choosing fabric when she saw
her friend.
-Ali had been shopping all morning and
looked fed up
Tenses: Examples

6. Verb To Do
Action Verb
Verb To Be
Verb To Have
Modals Verb
Causative form

7. FUTURE SIMPLE

will be
Present Simple

is / are / am
PAST SIMPLE

was / were
FUTURE PREFECT SIMPLE

will have been
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

have been
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

had been
Tenses: verb to be

8. Verb To Do
Action Verb
Verb To Be
Verb To Have
Modals Verb
Causative form

9. FUTURE SIMPLE

will have
Present Simple

has/have
PAST SIMPLE

had
FUTURE PREFECT SIMPLE

will have had
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

have had
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

had had
Tenses: verb to have

10. Verb To Do
Action Verb
Verb To Be
Verb To Have
Modals Verb
Causative form

11. FUTURE SIMPLE

will do
Present Simple

do/does
PAST SIMPLE
did
FUTURE PREFECT SIMPLE

will have done
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

have done
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

had done
Tenses: verb to do

12. Verb To Do
Action Verb
Verb To Be
Verb To Have
Modals Verb
Causative form

13. Tenses: modals verb
WOULD
COULD
MIGHT
MUST
SHOULD
OUGHT TO
WAS ABLE TO
NEEDN’T
HAD TO
WILL
CAN
MAYWOULD
COULD
MIGHT
MUST
SHOULD
OUGHT TO
BE ABLE TO
NEEDN’T
HAVE TO

14. Modals (Full Blast Plus f4)
May/Might/Could Must/Have To/Need To Don’t Have To
Don’t Need To
Needn’t
Had Better

May/might/could:
Express possibility in the
present or future
May not/Might not:
Express lack of possibility in
the present or future
Must:
Express personal obligation
in the present
Have to:
Express external obligation
Need to:
Express necessity in the
present or future
Express lack of
obligation/necessity in the
present or future

Didn’t have/Didn’t need to:
Express absence of
necessity in the past.
Express threat or warning in
the present and future (not
past)
Strong advice

Must/ Can’t Mustn’t/Can’t Would Rather Should/Ought To
Must:
Express a positive deduction
Can’t:
Express a negative
deduction
Express prohibition Express preference in the
present or future
(followed by “than”)
Give advice
Express an opinion
Make a suggestions
Express mild obligation

15. Modals (Close Up f3)(English Download f5)
Can / Could
boleh
May / Might
Mungkin
Must
Mesti
Should/Ought to
Patut
Mustn’t / Don’t have to
Can:
-general ability in the
present and the future
-for requests
-for permission
Could:
-general ability in the
past
-possibility
-polite requests
May:
-possibility in the future
-for polite requests
-polite permission
Might:
-possibility in the future
-past tense of may
-something necessary
-obligation
-something is true
(certain)
-recommend
something

-give advice
-ask for advice
Mustn’t:
-something is not
allowed

Don’t have to:
-there is no obligation
or necessity.
Would Needn’t Be able to Have to
Had to
-action we did
regularly in the past,
but we don’t do now
-polite requests
-Will (present)

-something that is not
necessary
-ability
-a specific ability in the
past (was able to)
-something is
necessary’
-obligation

16. Verb To Do
Action Verb
Verb To Be
Verb To Have
Modals Verb
Causative form

17. Causative form
We do not do the action ourselves, but we arrange for somebody else to do it for us
We painted the house last month We had the house painted last month
√ Causative form
Normal sentence , the
subject does the action
FORM SUBJECT + HAVE/GET + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE
PRESENT SIMPLE I have my car fixed
PRESENT CONTINUOUS I am having my car fixed
PAST SIMPLE I had my car fixed
PAST CONTINUOUS I was having my car fixed
FUTURE WILL I will have my car fixed
PRESENT PREFECT SIMPLE I have had my car fixed
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE I had had my car fixed
MODAL VERBS I must have my car fixed

18. Conditionals
Used to
Quantifier
Reported Speech
Relative Clause
“Akan”
Infinitive Vs Gerund

19. Form Use Example
Zero C
-if + present simple →present simple
-if + present simple → modal
-if + present simple → imperative
*To talk about things that are always or
generally true.

-If water reaches 100̊ c , it boils.
-If I don’t wear my glasses, I can’t see.
-If you feel tired, go to sleep.
First C
-if + present simple → will
-if + present simple → modal
-if + present simple → imperative
*To talk about things that are possible
now or in the future.
-If you do well at the interview, you will get the job.
-If she is late again, she may lose her job.
-If you see Tim, tell him to call me.
Second C
-if + past simple → would
-if + past simple → modal verb
*To talk about things that are impossible
or unlikely to happen in the present or
future.

*To give advice with the phrase if I were
you followed by would.
-If I had a well-paid job, I wouldn’t need to borrow
money from my friends.
-If she was determined, she could get a job.
-If I were you, I would wear a smart suit to the
interview.
Third C
-if + past perfect → would have +
past participle
-if + past perfect → modal verb +
have + past participle
*To talk about things in the past that
were possible but did not happen.
-If he had lost his job, it would have been a
disaster.
-If you had told me in time, I might have sent the
letter of application.
Conditionals

20. Conditionals
Used to
Quantifier
Reported Speech
Relative Clause
“Akan”
Infinitive Vs Gerund

21. Used to / Be used to / Get used to
Used to Be used to Get used to
Used to + base infinitive Be used to + gerund/noun Get used to + gerund/noun
They used to go to theme park last time.
They didn’t use to be afraid of the dark.
Did they use to be afraid if the dark?
I am used to living in a quiet village.
I am not used to living in a quiet village.
Are you used to living in a quiet village?
I am getting used to living in a castle.
He is not getting used to living in a castle.
Are you getting used to living in a castle?
-Action that we did regularly in the
past, but that we don’t do now.
-State that existed in the past, but that
don’t exist now.
- Something that is usual or familiar
because we have seen or experience it
before.
-The process of something becoming
familiar because we often see or experience
it {rather than the state or situation of already
being used to something.

22. Conditionals
Used to
Quantifier
Reported Speech
Relative Clause
“Akan”
Infinitive Vs Gerund

23. Quantifier
Quantifier In sentence Uncountable nouns
#use singular verb
Plural Countable nouns
#use plural verb
Some
-Affirmative
-Question (politely)
Affirmative:
There is some orange juice in
the fridge.
Question:
Would you like some orange
juice?
Affirmative:
There are some chips.
Question:
Would you like some chips?
Any
-Question
-Negative
Question:
Is there any orange juice in the
fridge?
Negative:
There is not any orange juice in
the fridge.
Question:
Are they any chips?
Negative:
There are not any chips.
No -Affirmative to give negative
meaning
There is no orange juice in the
fridge.
There are no chips.

24. Quantifier In sentence Uncountable nouns
#use singular verb
Plural Countable nouns
#use plural verb
Many
-Question
-Negative
Question:
How many people are there?
Negative:
I don’t see many people here.
Much
-Question
-Negative
Question:
How much sugar do you need?
Negative:
I didn’t manage to learn much
information.
A lot of / Lots
of / Plenty of
-Affirmative
Affirmative:
There is lots of spaghetti left.
Affirmative:
There are a lot of students.
(a)Few
-a few (positive)
-few (negative)
Positive:
I need a few more things.
Negative: Very few people
disagreed with him
(a) Little
-a little (positive)
-little (negative)
Positive:
There is still a little cake left in the
fridge
Negative:
There is very little time left

25. Conditionals
Used to
Quantifier
Reported Speech
Relative Clause
“Akan”
Infinitive Vs Gerund

26. 01 02
We use SAY when there is
no indirect object.
‘I can’t fix your car,’ Ali said.
Say
We use TELL when there is
indirect object.
‘I’ll be late,Halim,’Ali said.
Tell
Ali told Halim he would be late
Ali said that he couldn’t fix the car.
An indirect object is an optional part
of a sentence; it's the recipient of an
action. In the sentence “Jake gave
me some cereal,” the word “me” is
the indirect object; I'm the person
who got cereal from Jake.
Reported Speech
Apart from Say/Tell
Refuse
Offer
Advise
Remind
Invite
Suggest
Deny
Agree
Promise
Threaten
Explain
Announce
Etc.

27. Present Simple→
Past Simple
Present Simple Continuous→
Past Simple Continuous
Past Simple→
Past Perfect Simple
‘I like your new bike,’ said Ali.
→
Ali said that he liked my new bike.

‘I’m having a shower,’Ali said.
→
Ali said he was having a shower.

‘I saw a bear behind the tree.’ Ali said.
→
Ali said he had seen a bear behind
the tree.

Present Perfect Simple→
Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Continuous→
Past Perfect Continuous
‘I have seen the ghost,’ Ali said.
→
Ali said he had seen the ghost.


‘I have been waiting for an hour,’ Ali
said.
→
Ali said he had been waiting for an
hour.

Others
Will → Would
Can → Could
May → Might
Must → Had to
Conditional Type 1 → Conditional type 2
Now → Then
Today/Tonight → That day/That night
Tomorrow → The next day
Yesterday → The day before
This morning → That morning
Here → There
Ago → Before
Last week → The previous week
Next week → The following week

28. Conditionals
Used to
Quantifier
Reported Speech
Relative Clause
“Akan”
Infinitive Vs Gerund

29. Relative Clauses: Defining & Non-defining F3
Relatives clauses give more information about the subject or the object of a sentence.

-Who : people (The book is about a boy who is homeless.) info about the object
-Which : things/animals/ideas ( The programme which was about parenting was very interesting.) info about the subject
-Whose: possession (The woman whose bag got stolen was very upset.) info about the subject
-When: time ( A birthday is a time when you feel a bit emotional.) info about the subject
-Where: place ( This is the house where we grew up.) info about the object

Defining Non-defining
-Give information that we need to be able to understand
who or what the speaker is taking about.

-We don’t use comma to separate it from the rest of the
sentence

-These are the workers who rescued people in flood.
-Give extra information which isn’t necessary to understand
the meaning of the main clause.

-We use commas to separate it from the rest of the
sentence.

-His father, who is a trainer, has a great love for animals.
Info
Extra info

30. Conditionals
Used to
Quantifier
Reported Speech
Relative Clause
“Akan”
Infinitive Vs Gerund

31. Akan : future simple/ be going to/ future continuous/ future perfect simple F3 F5
Form Use Example
Present simple

-scheduled activity -The train departs at 10.00am.
-Exam starts next week.
Future simple

will+base verb
-Decision made at the time of speaking
-General predictions
-After verbs: think/believe/be sure/expect
-With adverbs: probably/maybe
-Give information about the future
-Promises/threat/warning
-Offers and request
-I’m not busy. I will take the papers to the recycling bin.
-Sea level will raise.
-They believe I will change my mind
-We will probably help you with your project.
-The volcano will erupt in a few hours.
-I will punish you for what you have done
-I will pickup the litter
Be going to

be+going+to+base verb
-Future plans and intentions

-Predictions for the near future based on
present situation or evidence
-I am going to plant potatoes in the garden

-The oil spill is terrible. It is going to kill hundreds of sea
birds.
Future continuous

will+be+verb(ing)
-Actions that will be in progress at a specific
time in the future

-Future plans and arrangement
-This time next week, we will be driving around Japan.

-Our class will be studying the effects of pollutions on
ocean life next term.
Future Perfect Simple

will+be+have+past participle
-something will be finished before specific time
in the future
-the length of time that an action will have
lasteed
-They will have finished the work by next month

-Next year we will have worked on this project for two
years.

32. Conditionals
Used to
Quantifier
Reported Speech
Relative Clause
“Akan”
Infinitive Vs Gerund

33. Infinitive Gerund
to-infinitive
(to+base form verb)
1.Express purpose
(He called to ask for help)
2. After certain verb :afford/agree/like/tend/need/seem/hope/etc.
(Siti needs to buy a new car)
3. After certain object of certain verbs:allow/teach/remind/etc.
(It was Siti who persuaded me to apply for this job
4. With too and enough
(The soup is too hot to eat)
5. After the structure it+be+adjective
(It’s difficult to read his handwriting)
6. After certain adjective: afraid/free/happy/sorry/ready/etc
(At last he was free to do what he wanted)
7. After verbs followed by a question word:who/etc but not why
(have you decided where to go)
-ing form (base form verb + ing) as a noun
1.As subjects
(Fishing is my hobby)
2. After certain verbs :like/hate/prefer/keep/avoid/etc.
(I prefer watching movie tonight)
3. After certain expression
Don’t mind/Can’t stand/It’s worth/Feel like
(I feel like eating burger)
4. After certain prepositions:for/of/about/without/etc.
(The knife if for cutting meat)
5.After the word go to indicate physical activities
(We go skiing every year)
Infinitive without to
(base form verb without to)
1.After modal verbs:can/could/etc.
(I can go to Paris)
2.After the verbs let and make
(He makes me laugh)
3.After would rather and better
(I’d rather go to the cinema tonight)

34. Topic related to
linking words/cohesive devices
Clauses of (result/concession/purpose) f4
Linking words and Phrases F3

35. Clauses of Result / Concession / Purpose F4
Clauses of Result Clauses of Concession Clauses of Purpose
Express the result of an action or
a conclusion
Express contrast to the main
clause
Show the purpose of an action
•So…
•Such a
•So many / Such a lot
•Although / Even though
•In spite of / Despite
•So as not to / in order to
•So that
-The bus was so crowded (that)
we couldn’t get on

-It was such a crowded bus (that)
we couldn’t get on

-There were so many/such a lot
of people on that bus (that) we
couldn’t get on.
-Although/Even though my dad
was angry, he didn’t say a word.

-In spite of/Despite being angry,
my dad didn’t say a word.
-The farmer walked around the
field so as not to/in order to
destroy the crops.

-The farmer walked around the
field so that he wouldn’t destroy
the crops.

36. Topic related to
linking words/cohesive devices
Clauses of (result/concession/purpose) f4
Linking words and Phrases F3

37. Linking words and Phrases F3
Add information Why something happens Give example
And
Too
Also
As well
As well as
As
Since
Because
For example
For instance
Like
Such as
•The went to Perak in 2014 and
again in 2017.
•I buy some souvenirs in
London too.
•I also buy some souvenirs in
London.
•They invited their relatives and
their in-laws as well to the
party.
•I’ve got three sisters as well as
a brother.
•Anna will help us as she’s very
helpful
•I’m going to art college since
painting is my favourite
•We’re making a cake because
it’s my dad’s birthday
•Tell me about your family. For
example, what does everyone
do?
•In the electronics industry, for
instance, 5000 jobs are being
lost.
•Activities like skiing,
snowboarding and skurfing are
very popular nowadays.
•She can’t eat dairy, such as
milk and cheese.

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