Pointed gourd production technology

Scientific Name :- Trichosanthus dioica Roxb.
Common Name :- Parwal, Parmal
Origin :- India/Indo Malayan Region
Chromosome No :- 2n=22

It is a perennial cucurbit.
Mostly cultivated in Bihar, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern U.P.

2. IntroductionIntroduction
Scientific Name :-Trichosanthus dioicaRoxb.
Common Name :-Parwal, Parmal
Origin :-India/Indo Malayan Region
Chromosome No :-2n=22
Itisaperennialcucurbit.
MostlycultivatedinBihar,Bengal,MadhyaPradeshand
EasternU.P.
Scientific Name :-Trichosanthus dioicaRoxb.
Common Name :-Parwal, Parmal
Origin :-India/Indo Malayan Region
Chromosome No :-2n=22
Itisaperennialcucurbit.
MostlycultivatedinBihar,Bengal,MadhyaPradeshand
EasternU.P.

3. Uses
Fruitsareusedinmakingcurryandpickles.
Afamoussweetbyputtingthefruitsinsugarsyrupismade
inIndia.
Thefruitsarediuretic,laxativeandcardiatonic.
Itisalsorecommendedforbronchitis,highfeverand
nervousness.
Pointedgourdpossessesthemedicinalpropertyoflowering
totalcholesterolandbloodsugar.
Fruitsareusedinmakingcurryandpickles.
Afamoussweetbyputtingthefruitsinsugarsyrupismade
inIndia.
Thefruitsarediuretic,laxativeandcardiatonic.
Itisalsorecommendedforbronchitis,highfeverand
nervousness.
Pointedgourdpossessesthemedicinalpropertyoflowering
totalcholesterolandbloodsugar.

4. Comparative differences in fruit composition of pointed gourd, snake
gourd ivy gourd, bitter gourd & bottle gourd
Gopalanet al. (1989)Gopalanet al. (1989)

5. ContinueContinue

6. Medicinal value
Medicinal value It is a very ancient ayurvadic medicinal
herb used in manymedicines.
It is a food forconvalescents.
Havediuretic & laxativeproperties.
Itiscardio tonic.
Recommendedfor bronchitis, biliousness, highfever,
nervousness.
Lowerscholesterol & blood sugar(Sharma &
pant,1988;chandrasekaret al,1989).
Goodfor curing blood & skin diseases, also purifiesblood.
Relievethe feeling of food satiation & excessivethirst.
Light& easy to digest, improvesdigestion strength.
Medicinal value It is a very ancient ayurvadic medicinal
herb used in manymedicines.
It is a food forconvalescents.
Havediuretic & laxativeproperties.
Itiscardio tonic.
Recommendedfor bronchitis, biliousness, highfever,
nervousness.
Lowerscholesterol & blood sugar(Sharma &
pant,1988;chandrasekaret al,1989).
Goodfor curing blood & skin diseases, also purifiesblood.
Relievethe feeling of food satiation & excessivethirst.
Light& easy to digest, improvesdigestion strength.

7. •Used for treating Diabetes mellitus. It has been reported
that the presence offlavinoids& trace element like Cu, k
& Mg are responsible for anti-diabetic activity of pointed
gourd plants.( Karet al, 1999).
•Juiceof leaves used as tonic, febrifuge & insub acutecase
of enlargement of liver & spleen.
•Useful in itching & burningsensation.
•Good for skin ,improvescomplexion.
•Used for treating Diabetes mellitus. It has been reported
that the presence offlavinoids& trace element like Cu, k
& Mg are responsible for anti-diabetic activity of pointed
gourd plants.( Karet al, 1999).
•Juiceof leaves used as tonic, febrifuge & insub acutecase
of enlargement of liver & spleen.
•Useful in itching & burningsensation.
•Good for skin ,improvescomplexion.

8. •Antioxidant-Protects the body against oxidative stress by
neutralizing free radicals. Aqueous extracts of leaves of
T.dioicacontains rich amount ofpolyphoneswhich are
very potent natural antioxidants.
•Similarlyin another study antioxidant activity of fruits of
T.dioica was evaluated & compared with ascorbic acid
(standard).
•Theresult showed that aqueous extract of T.dioica fruits
posses in vitro free radical scavengingactivity (Sharmilaet
al.2007)
•Antioxidant-Protects the body against oxidative stress by
neutralizing free radicals. Aqueous extracts of leaves of
T.dioicacontains rich amount ofpolyphoneswhich are
very potent natural antioxidants.
•Similarlyin another study antioxidant activity of fruits of
T.dioica was evaluated & compared with ascorbic acid
(standard).
•Theresult showed that aqueous extract of T.dioica fruits
posses in vitro free radical scavengingactivity (Sharmilaet
al.2007)

9. •Cholesterollowering activity–Sharmaet al. 1988
reported that aqueous fruit extract ofT.dioicaexhibits
cholesterol & body weight lowering activities in both
normal & hyperglycemic rats.
•Anti diabetic-Sharmaet al. 1989 & Chandrasekharet al.
2008 reported that aqueous extract of T.dioica fruits
reduces the levels of fastingblood glucose, postprandial
glucose, asparate aminotransferase,alanineamino
transferase, alkalinephosphatase,cretinine, urinesugar,
urine protein where as increases totalprotein& body
weight.
•Cholesterollowering activity–Sharmaet al. 1988
reported that aqueous fruit extract ofT.dioicaexhibits
cholesterol & body weight lowering activities in both
normal & hyperglycemic rats.
•Anti diabetic-Sharmaet al. 1989 & Chandrasekharet al.
2008 reported that aqueous extract of T.dioica fruits
reduces the levels of fastingblood glucose, postprandial
glucose, asparate aminotransferase,alanineamino
transferase, alkalinephosphatase,cretinine, urinesugar,
urine protein where as increases totalprotein& body
weight.

10. Glycemic property-Aqueous extracts of T.dioica leaves
has good hypoglycemic potential along with a high anti-
diabetic profile.(Raiet al.2008)
Chandrasekharetal.(1988)reported that pointed gourd
possesses the medicinal property of lowering blood sugar
level in rats.
Bhujbal(1999) showed that polyherb formulation
includingT.dioicais useful in skin disorder.
Glycemic property-Aqueous extracts of T.dioica leaves
has good hypoglycemic potential along with a high anti-
diabetic profile.(Raiet al.2008)
Chandrasekharetal.(1988)reported that pointed gourd
possesses the medicinal property of lowering blood sugar
level in rats.
Bhujbal(1999) showed that polyherb formulation
includingT.dioicais useful in skin disorder.

11. •Hariti&Rathee(1996)reported thatthe oil of seeds of
T.dioica have antifungal property. They also studied the
antibacterial activity of oil T.dioica seeds against Bacilus
anthracis & Xanthomonas malacearum.
•Sharma& Pantet al.(1992) showedinfluence of alcoholic
extract of whole fruit of T.dioica on blood sugar, serum
lipids, lipoproteins & faecal sterols in normal albino
rabbits.
•Hariti&Rathee(1996)reported thatthe oil of seeds of
T.dioica have antifungal property. They also studied the
antibacterial activity of oil T.dioica seeds against Bacilus
anthracis & Xanthomonas malacearum.
•Sharma& Pantet al.(1992) showedinfluence of alcoholic
extract of whole fruit of T.dioica on blood sugar, serum
lipids, lipoproteins & faecal sterols in normal albino
rabbits.

12. Biochemical Composition
Pointed gourd is rich in vitamin and also contains :-
Nutritional value per 100 g edible part
Mg-9.0 mg
Na-2.6 mg
K-83.0 mg
Cu-1.1 mg and
S-17.0 mg
Pointed gourd is rich in vitamin and also contains :-
Nutritional value per 100 g edible part
Mg-9.0 mg
Na-2.6 mg
K-83.0 mg
Cu-1.1 mg and
S-17.0 mg

13. Botany
Theplantisaperennial,dioecious,andgrowsasa
vine.
Rootsaretuberouswithlongtaprootsystem.
Vinesarepencilthickinsizewithdarkgreencordate
simpleleaves.
Flowersaretubularwhitewith16–19daysinitiationto
anthesistimeforpistillateflowersand10–14daysfor
staminateflowers.
Stigmaremainsviableforapproximately14hoursand
40–70%offlowerssetfruit(Singhetal.1989).
Theplantisaperennial,dioecious,andgrowsasa
vine.
Rootsaretuberouswithlongtaprootsystem.
Vinesarepencilthickinsizewithdarkgreencordate
simpleleaves.
Flowersaretubularwhitewith16–19daysinitiationto
anthesistimeforpistillateflowersand10–14daysfor
staminateflowers.
Stigmaremainsviableforapproximately14hoursand
40–70%offlowerssetfruit(Singhetal.1989).

14. Varieties
Notmuchsystematicresearchworkhasbeendoneto
developtheimprovedvarietiesinpointedgourd.However,
someimprovedstrainsaredevelopedthroughselectionfrom
localgermplasminIndiawhicharegrowninvariousstates.
Theseareasfollows:
MadhyaPradesh:-Greenoval,greenlongstripedand
whiteoval.(Inthisstategenerallypale-whiteovalcultivars
arepopular).
WestBengal:-Kazil,BombayandDamodar.
UttarPradesh:-Kalyani,BiharSharif,FP-5,FP-4,FP-1,
FP-3.
Notmuchsystematicresearchworkhasbeendoneto
developtheimprovedvarietiesinpointedgourd.However,
someimprovedstrainsaredevelopedthroughselectionfrom
localgermplasminIndiawhicharegrowninvariousstates.
Theseareasfollows:
MadhyaPradesh:-Greenoval,greenlongstripedand
whiteoval.(Inthisstategenerallypale-whiteovalcultivars
arepopular).
WestBengal:-Kazil,BombayandDamodar.
UttarPradesh:-Kalyani,BiharSharif,FP-5,FP-4,FP-1,
FP-3.

15. Continue
Othervarieties:-Shankolia,SwarnRekha,SwarnAlaukik
andChotaHilli,ChesEliteLine,ChesHybrid1,Ches
Hybrids2,Dandali,Hilli,RajendraParwal1andRajendra
Parwal2.
VarietiesgrowinNAU,Navsari:-BCPG-3,BCPG–4,
BCPG–5,NPG-1,NPG-2,NPG-3,NPG-4,etc.
Othervarieties:-Shankolia,SwarnRekha,SwarnAlaukik
andChotaHilli,ChesEliteLine,ChesHybrid1,Ches
Hybrids2,Dandali,Hilli,RajendraParwal1andRajendra
Parwal2.
VarietiesgrowinNAU,Navsari:-BCPG-3,BCPG–4,
BCPG–5,NPG-1,NPG-2,NPG-3,NPG-4,etc.

16. Soil and Climate
Pointedgourdprefersawell-drainedsandyloamsoilwith
goodfertility.
Itisawarmseasoncropandalsogrowninriverbeds.
Hotandhumidclimateisbestforitsdevelopment.
Duringwinter,itbecomesdormantandsproutsagainin
summer.
Severecold/frostareunfavorableforplantgrowth&
development,cropremainsdormantduringwinter.
Vigorousgrowthstartsonlywiththeonsetofspring
Pointedgourdprefersawell-drainedsandyloamsoilwith
goodfertility.
Itisawarmseasoncropandalsogrowninriverbeds.
Hotandhumidclimateisbestforitsdevelopment.
Duringwinter,itbecomesdormantandsproutsagainin
summer.
Severecold/frostareunfavorableforplantgrowth&
development,cropremainsdormantduringwinter.
Vigorousgrowthstartsonlywiththeonsetofspring

17. Propagation
•Thepointedgourdisusually
propagatedthroughvinecuttingsand
rootsuckers.
•Seedsarenotusedinplanting
becauseofpoorgerminationand
inabilitytodeterminethesexof
plantsbeforeflowering.Asaresult,
cropestablishedfromseedmay
contain50%nonfruitingmale
plants.
•Topropagatefromrootsuckers,
tuberousrootsofpointedgourdare
dugintheearlyspring,subdivided,
andreplanted.
•Thepointedgourdisusually
propagatedthroughvinecuttingsand
rootsuckers.
•Seedsarenotusedinplanting
becauseofpoorgerminationand
inabilitytodeterminethesexof
plantsbeforeflowering.Asaresult,
cropestablishedfromseedmay
contain50%nonfruitingmale
plants.
•Topropagatefromrootsuckers,
tuberousrootsofpointedgourdare
dugintheearlyspring,subdivided,
andreplanted.

18. Male-Female ration:
AsitisaDioeciousplantonlyonesexisdeterminedina
singleplant.
Ifalltheplantsinafieldaremale,thereisnofruitsetand
thetotalproductioniszero.
Forthisreason,maintenanceofmale-femaleratiois
necessary.
Afemale:maleratioof9:1isoptimumforensuring
maximumfruitset.
AsitisaDioeciousplantonlyonesexisdeterminedina
singleplant.
Ifalltheplantsinafieldaremale,thereisnofruitsetand
thetotalproductioniszero.
Forthisreason,maintenanceofmale-femaleratiois
necessary.
Afemale:maleratioof9:1isoptimumforensuring
maximumfruitset.

19. Bothpre-rootedandfreshvinecuttingsareusedfor
propagation.
Vinecuttingsmadeinthefallofpreviousyearandrooted
duringwinterareplantedwhendangerfromfrostisoverin
thespringinordertoobtainacropinthesameyear.
Currentyearvinecuttingsarealsoplantedtoestablishthe
cropduringthesummer,butoptimumplantyieldisonly
obtainedduringthenextyear.
Bothpre-rootedandfreshvinecuttingsareusedfor
propagation.
Vinecuttingsmadeinthefallofpreviousyearandrooted
duringwinterareplantedwhendangerfromfrostisoverin
thespringinordertoobtainacropinthesameyear.
Currentyearvinecuttingsarealsoplantedtoestablishthe
cropduringthesummer,butoptimumplantyieldisonly
obtainedduringthenextyear.

20. Varieties
Notmuchsystematicresearchworkhasbeendoneto
developtheimprovedvarietiesinpointedgourd.However,
someimprovedstrainsaredevelopedthroughselectionfrom
localgermplasminIndiawhicharegrowninvariousstates.
Theseareasfollows:
MadhyaPradesh:-Greenoval,greenlongstripedand
whiteoval.(Inthisstategenerallypale-whiteovalcultivars
arepopular).
Notmuchsystematicresearchworkhasbeendoneto
developtheimprovedvarietiesinpointedgourd.However,
someimprovedstrainsaredevelopedthroughselectionfrom
localgermplasminIndiawhicharegrowninvariousstates.
Theseareasfollows:
MadhyaPradesh:-Greenoval,greenlongstripedand
whiteoval.(Inthisstategenerallypale-whiteovalcultivars
arepopular).
20
Cont…..

21. WestBengal:-Kazil,BombayandDamodar.
UttarPradesh:-Kalyani,BiharSharif,FP-5,FP-4,FP-1,
FP-3.
Othervarieties:-Shankolia,SwarnRekha,SwarnAlaukik
andChotaHilli,ChesEliteLine,ChesHybrid1,Ches
Hybrids2,Dandali,Hilli,RajendraParwal1andRajendra
Parwal2.
VarietiesgrowinNAU,Navsari:-BCPG-3,BCPG–4,
BCPG–5,NPG-1,NPG-2,NPG-3,NPG-4,etc.
WestBengal:-Kazil,BombayandDamodar.
UttarPradesh:-Kalyani,BiharSharif,FP-5,FP-4,FP-1,
FP-3.
Othervarieties:-Shankolia,SwarnRekha,SwarnAlaukik
andChotaHilli,ChesEliteLine,ChesHybrid1,Ches
Hybrids2,Dandali,Hilli,RajendraParwal1andRajendra
Parwal2.
VarietiesgrowinNAU,Navsari:-BCPG-3,BCPG–4,
BCPG–5,NPG-1,NPG-2,NPG-3,NPG-4,etc.
21

22. Spacing and planting material
Freshvinesusedforfieldplantingshouldhave8–10nodes
percuttingandshouldbepartiallyorfullydefoliatedto
checktranspiration.
About2,000-2,500cuttingsarerequiredtoplantoneha
areaofpointedgourd.
Thedistancebetweenplantsiskeptbetween1.5–2.0m×
1.5–2.0mdependingonthemethodoftrainingofvines.
Afemale:maleratioof9:1isoptimumforensuring
maximumfruitset.
Freshvinesusedforfieldplantingshouldhave8–10nodes
percuttingandshouldbepartiallyorfullydefoliatedto
checktranspiration.
About2,000-2,500cuttingsarerequiredtoplantoneha
areaofpointedgourd.
Thedistancebetweenplantsiskeptbetween1.5–2.0m×
1.5–2.0mdependingonthemethodoftrainingofvines.
Afemale:maleratioof9:1isoptimumforensuring
maximumfruitset.

23. Time and Method of Planting
Time:-February–March
PlantingMethod:-
Rootedcuttingmethod:Thecuttingsfrommaturevines
areplantedinthenursery,wheretheyareallowedtostrike
roots.ThesecuttingsarethenplantedinFebruary–March.
Time:-February–March
PlantingMethod:-
Rootedcuttingmethod:Thecuttingsfrommaturevines
areplantedinthenursery,wheretheyareallowedtostrike
roots.ThesecuttingsarethenplantedinFebruary–March.

24. Manure & fertilizers
NutrientDose/haTime & Method of Application
FYM 20-25tIncorporate in the soil 3-4 weeks before
planting or at the time of land
preparation.
Nitrogen90kg In two split doses
1.2/3at the time ofplanting and
2.1/3 after30 days from application of
first dose.
Incorporate in the soil 3-4 weeks before
planting or at the time of land
preparation.
Nitrogen90kg In two split doses
1.2/3at the time ofplanting and
2.1/3 after30 days from application of
first dose.
Phosphorus60kg At the time of planting
Potassium60kg At the time of planting

25. Irrigation
Watershouldbegivenasandwhenrequired.
Earlyirrigationshouldbedonemorefrequently.
Irrigationat20daysintervalsisessentialduringwinter
and10daysintervalsinsummer.
Watershouldbegivenasandwhenrequired.
Earlyirrigationshouldbedonemorefrequently.
Irrigationat20daysintervalsisessentialduringwinter
and10daysintervalsinsummer.

26. Training
Vinesrequiretrainingon
someformofaerial
supportsystemtoachieve
maximumfruitproduction.
Vinestrainedonbower
systemcomparedtothose
growingontheground
giveshighyield.
Pickingalsobecomevery
easyifthevinesare
trained.
Vinesrequiretrainingon
someformofaerial
supportsystemtoachieve
maximumfruitproduction.
Vinestrainedonbower
systemcomparedtothose
growingontheground
giveshighyield.
Pickingalsobecomevery
easyifthevinesare
trained.

28. Bower system

29. Practicalutilityofinnovation:-
1-Itislowcostascomparedtoothertrailingsystem.
2-Increasedyieldupto38.1%overfarmers'practice.
3-Easypluckingoffruits.
4-Easynessininterculturaloperation.
5-Improvedqualityoffruitsasthereisnorotting.
6-Suitableforhighrainfallarea.
7-Suitableforsmallandmarginalfarmers.
8-Itcanbeadoptedforothercropslikespinegourd,bitter
gourd,ridgegourdetc.
Pointed gourd cultivation is more remunerative
in triangular staking system
29
Practicalutilityofinnovation:-
1-Itislowcostascomparedtoothertrailingsystem.
2-Increasedyieldupto38.1%overfarmers'practice.
3-Easypluckingoffruits.
4-Easynessininterculturaloperation.
5-Improvedqualityoffruitsasthereisnorotting.
6-Suitableforhighrainfallarea.
7-Suitableforsmallandmarginalfarmers.
8-Itcanbeadoptedforothercropslikespinegourd,bitter
gourd,ridgegourdetc.

30. Trailing techniques adopted by farmer
•SriBanamaliPradhanofDumukipurvillage,pipili,puriinnovatedone
lowcosttrailingtechniquetocombattherottingproblemofpointed
gourdcultivationduringrainyseason.
•Hestartedpointedgourdcultivationinanareaof0.5ha.in
triangularstakingsystemmadeupofbamboosandotherlocally
availablestakingmaterials.
•Heplacedaseriesoftwobamboosinatriangularmannerinarow
withspacingof5ftX5ftonboththesides.
•Bamboosstripesweretiedhorizontallybetweentwotriangular
bamboosandinbetweenlocallyavailablestakingmaterialswere
given.
•Plantingwasdoneonboththesidesofstakingsystematspacing
of5ftX5ft.Inthesystemheharvested256.2qpointedgourd
perhawithanetincomeofRs2,19,510/-withaninvestmentof
87,800perha.
•SriBanamaliPradhanofDumukipurvillage,pipili,puriinnovatedone
lowcosttrailingtechniquetocombattherottingproblemofpointed
gourdcultivationduringrainyseason.
•Hestartedpointedgourdcultivationinanareaof0.5ha.in
triangularstakingsystemmadeupofbamboosandotherlocally
availablestakingmaterials.
•Heplacedaseriesoftwobamboosinatriangularmannerinarow
withspacingof5ftX5ftonboththesides.
•Bamboosstripesweretiedhorizontallybetweentwotriangular
bamboosandinbetweenlocallyavailablestakingmaterialswere
given.
•Plantingwasdoneonboththesidesofstakingsystematspacing
of5ftX5ft.Inthesystemheharvested256.2qpointedgourd
perhawithanetincomeofRs2,19,510/-withaninvestmentof
87,800perha.
30

31. Low cost trailing technique

32. Weed management
Weedingshouldbedoneonlywhenplantshavesprouted
andarewellset.
Handremovalandcultivationarethemostwidelypracticed
methodofeliminatingweeds.
Themulchprovidesaphysicalbarrierbetweensoiland
plantsurfacesandreducestheamountofdiseaseinoculums.
Organicmulches,suchasdrygrass,straw,bark,banana
sheathcompostedsawdustandsimilarmaterials,canalsobe
usedasphysicalbarriers.
Weedingshouldbedoneonlywhenplantshavesprouted
andarewellset.
Handremovalandcultivationarethemostwidelypracticed
methodofeliminatingweeds.
Themulchprovidesaphysicalbarrierbetweensoiland
plantsurfacesandreducestheamountofdiseaseinoculums.
Organicmulches,suchasdrygrass,straw,bark,banana
sheathcompostedsawdustandsimilarmaterials,canalsobe
usedasphysicalbarriers.

33. Storage
Singh(1989)recommendedtreatmentofPointedgourd
fruitswithWaxol(12%)forincreasingtheshelf-lifeupto8
days.Inordinaryconditionpointedgourdfruitscanbe
easilykeptatroomtemperaturefor3-4days.

34. Harvesting and Yield
Pointedgourdisreadyforharvestin80-90DAP.
Harvestingshouldbedonewhenthefruitsareimmature,
tenderandstillgreen.
Pickingshouldbedonefrequentlysothatmaximumfruits
couldbeharvestedfromavine.
Yieldvariesfrom6-8tonnes/hainthefirstyear,whileit
mayincreaseto14-15tonnes/haduringsummer.
Pointedgourdisreadyforharvestin80-90DAP.
Harvestingshouldbedonewhenthefruitsareimmature,
tenderandstillgreen.
Pickingshouldbedonefrequentlysothatmaximumfruits
couldbeharvestedfromavine.
Yieldvariesfrom6-8tonnes/hainthefirstyear,whileit
mayincreaseto14-15tonnes/haduringsummer.
34

35. NAU Recommendation
TheParwalgrowingfarmersofSouthGujaratareadvisedto
growpointedgourd(parwal)cv.Local”underINMsystemwith
basaldoseofFYM(20t/ha)andfertilizetheirpointedgourdcrop
withthecombinationof50%Recommendeddoseoffertilizer(60
:30:20NPKkg/ha)alongwith10tonnesofbiocompost/hato
obtainhigherfruityield.Entirequantityofbiocompost,
phosphorusandpotashshouldbeappliedasbasalandnitrogen
shouldbeappliedintwoequalsplitsat30thand60thdaysafter
plantingandsubsequentlynextyearafterpruning.(2011)
TheParwalgrowingfarmersofSouthGujaratareadvisedto
growpointedgourd(parwal)cv.Local”underINMsystemwith
basaldoseofFYM(20t/ha)andfertilizetheirpointedgourdcrop
withthecombinationof50%Recommendeddoseoffertilizer(60
:30:20NPKkg/ha)alongwith10tonnesofbiocompost/hato
obtainhigherfruityield.Entirequantityofbiocompost,
phosphorusandpotashshouldbeappliedasbasalandnitrogen
shouldbeappliedintwoequalsplitsat30thand60thdaysafter
plantingandsubsequentlynextyearafterpruning.(2011)

36. TheParwalcv.LocalgrowingpeasantryofSouthGujarat
areaareadvisedtoapplythreefoliarspraysinsummer
months(on1stweekofMarch,1stweekofApriland1st
weekofMay)ofPGRsnamelyNAA50mg/lforincreasing
percentfruitsetaswellasforgettinghigherfruit
yield.(2011).
TheParwalcv.LocalgrowingpeasantryofSouthGujarat
areaareadvisedtoapplythreefoliarspraysinsummer
months(on1stweekofMarch,1stweekofApriland1st
weekofMay)ofPGRsnamelyNAA50mg/lforincreasing
percentfruitsetaswellasforgettinghigherfruit
yield.(2011).

37. Pest management

38. Pest management
Fruitfly:Bacterocera
cucurbitae
Control:Soilapplication
ofneemcakeat250kg/ha
followedbyfoliarsprays
of4%NSKEor4%
pulverizedNSPEor1%
pongamiasoapat
floweringwerefound
effective.
Fruitfly:Bacterocera
cucurbitae
Control:Soilapplication
ofneemcakeat250kg/ha
followedbyfoliarsprays
of4%NSKEor4%
pulverizedNSPEor1%
pongamiasoapat
floweringwerefound
effective.

39. Serpentineleafminer
:Liriomyzatrifolii
Control:
Leaf minor gets
suppressedbynatural
enemies.Aswellasspray
of4%NSKEisvery
effectivewhensprayed
10-15DAS,repeatedafter
15days,ifnecessary.
Serpentineleafminer
:Liriomyzatrifolii
Control:
Leaf minor gets
suppressedbynatural
enemies.Aswellasspray
of4%NSKEisvery
effectivewhensprayed
10-15DAS,repeatedafter
15days,ifnecessary.

40. Leaffeedingcaterpillars:
Control:
Dustingtheplantswith
ashtemporarilyrepelsthe
beetles.Sowthecropin
Novembertoavoidthe
damagefromthepest.
Leaffeedingcaterpillars
ongourdswerefoundto
behighlysusceptibleto
Bacilausthurigiensis.
Leaffeedingcaterpillars:
Control:
Dustingtheplantswith
ashtemporarilyrepelsthe
beetles.Sowthecropin
Novembertoavoidthe
damagefromthepest.
Leaffeedingcaterpillars
ongourdswerefoundto
behighlysusceptibleto
Bacilausthurigiensis.

41. •Root-knot Nematode:
Meloidogyne sp.
Control:
•Pulverizetheplantingpit
soilandexposeto
sunlightbyrepeated
raking.Heap4”to6”dry
trashandburnitbefore
applicationofcompost.
•Add250gfreshneem
cakeenrichedwith
Trichodermaharzianum
perplantingpitto
effectivelycontrol.
•Root-knot Nematode:
Meloidogyne sp.
Control:
•Pulverizetheplantingpit
soilandexposeto
sunlightbyrepeated
raking.Heap4”to6”dry
trashandburnitbefore
applicationofcompost.
•Add250gfreshneem
cakeenrichedwith
Trichodermaharzianum
perplantingpitto
effectivelycontrol.

42. Epilachna beetle
Symptomsofdamage:
•Boththeadultandgrubstagesfeedontheleafsurfaces
andskeletonizetheleaves.
•Theattackedleavesturnbrown,dryup,andfalloff.
•Incaseofseverinfestationcropslooklikeunhealthyandthe
vigourityofplantsadverselyaffected.
42
Symptomsofdamage:
•Boththeadultandgrubstagesfeedontheleafsurfaces
andskeletonizetheleaves.
•Theattackedleavesturnbrown,dryup,andfalloff.
•Incaseofseverinfestationcropslooklikeunhealthyandthe
vigourityofplantsadverselyaffected.
Control:
•Thispestcanbecontrolledby
regularkillingandpickingofeggs
grubsandadults.
TocontrolthepestMalathion/
Fyfanon/50EC@2mlofwatercan
besprayed.

43. Symptoms of Damage:
•The grubs feed on the roots and underground portion of host plants
and fruits touching the soil.
•Infested fruits become unfit for human consumption.
•They prefer young seedling and tender leaves and damage may even
kill the seedlings.
3. Red pumpkin beetle:
43
Symptoms of Damage:
•The grubs feed on the roots and underground portion of host plants
and fruits touching the soil.
•Infested fruits become unfit for human consumption.
•They prefer young seedling and tender leaves and damage may even
kill the seedlings.
Control:
•collect and destroy of beetles in
early stage of infection.
•SprayMalathion@ 2ml/liter of
water for effective control.
•Dusting with 5%Malathion@
10 kg/ha.

44. Disease Management
•Fusarium wilt : (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Niveum)
Symptoms:
Thediseaseattacktheplantatallstagesofplantgrowth.
Whenyoungseedlingsareinfectedtheydampoffanddie.
Inolderplantstheplantwiltanddiewithin10days.
Vasculardiscolarationcanbeseen.Inwetweather,pinkish
orwhitishfungalgrowthcanbeseenondeadstems.
Management:
Collectionandburningofinfectedplant.
SeedtreatmentandsoilapplicationwithTrichodermaviride
orPseudomonasfluorescens.
Useofdiseasefreeseeds.
•Fusarium wilt : (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Niveum)
Symptoms:
Thediseaseattacktheplantatallstagesofplantgrowth.
Whenyoungseedlingsareinfectedtheydampoffanddie.
Inolderplantstheplantwiltanddiewithin10days.
Vasculardiscolarationcanbeseen.Inwetweather,pinkish
orwhitishfungalgrowthcanbeseenondeadstems.
Management:
Collectionandburningofinfectedplant.
SeedtreatmentandsoilapplicationwithTrichodermaviride
orPseudomonasfluorescens.
Useofdiseasefreeseeds.

45. •Anthracnose (Collectorichum lagenarium) :
Symptoms
Smallyellowishorwatersoakedareasappearsonleaves
whichenlargerapidlyandturnbrowninmostcucurbitsbut
blackinwatermelon.
Theaffectedbarkbreakandfalloforthewholeleafdries.
Whentheinfectionoccursinstem,thewholevineiskilled.
Wheninfectionoccursinfruitpedicle,theyoungfruitmay
bedarken,shrivelanddry.Circularblackcankersappearon
fruits.
Thespotsmaybeupto5cmdiameterbasedonthehostand
environment.
Inthesunkenblackspotssalmoncolouredsporescanbe
seen.
Management
Collectionanddestructionofinfectedplant.
•Anthracnose (Collectorichum lagenarium) :
Symptoms
Smallyellowishorwatersoakedareasappearsonleaves
whichenlargerapidlyandturnbrowninmostcucurbitsbut
blackinwatermelon.
Theaffectedbarkbreakandfalloforthewholeleafdries.
Whentheinfectionoccursinstem,thewholevineiskilled.
Wheninfectionoccursinfruitpedicle,theyoungfruitmay
bedarken,shrivelanddry.Circularblackcankersappearon
fruits.
Thespotsmaybeupto5cmdiameterbasedonthehostand
environment.
Inthesunkenblackspotssalmoncolouredsporescanbe
seen.
Management
Collectionanddestructionofinfectedplant.

46. Anthracnose
46

47. Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)
Symptoms
Symptomsresemblingmosaicviz.,palegreenareasseparated
bydarkgreenareasappearonuppersurfaceofleaf.
Duringwetseason,correspondinglowersurfaceiscovered
withfaintpurplishfungalgrowth.
Theentireleafdriesupquickly.
Management
Useofbedsystemwithwidespacingwithgooddrainageand
airmovementandexposuretosunhelptocheckthedisease
development.
Symptoms
Symptomsresemblingmosaicviz.,palegreenareasseparated
bydarkgreenareasappearonuppersurfaceofleaf.
Duringwetseason,correspondinglowersurfaceiscovered
withfaintpurplishfungalgrowth.
Theentireleafdriesupquickly.
Management
Useofbedsystemwithwidespacingwithgooddrainageand
airmovementandexposuretosunhelptocheckthedisease
development.

48. •Fruit rot (Pythiumaphenidermatum)
Symptoms
•Initiallytheskinofthefruitshowssoft,darkgreen
watersoakedlesionswhichgraduallydevelopintoa
waterysoftrot.
•Cottonymyceliumdevelopontheaffectedportions.
•Thefruitincontractwiththesoilisattackedeasily.
Management
•Keepfruitsnotintouchwithsoil.
•Fruit rot (Pythiumaphenidermatum)
Symptoms
•Initiallytheskinofthefruitshowssoft,darkgreen
watersoakedlesionswhichgraduallydevelopintoa
waterysoftrot.
•Cottonymyceliumdevelopontheaffectedportions.
•Thefruitincontractwiththesoilisattackedeasily.
Management
•Keepfruitsnotintouchwithsoil.

49. Harvesting and YieldHarvesting and Yield
Pointedgourdisreadyforharvestin80-90DAP.
Harvestingshouldbedonewhenthefruitsareimmature,
tenderandstillgreen.
Pickingshouldbedonefrequentlysothatmaximumfruits
couldbeharvestedfromavine.
Yieldvariesfrom6-8tonnes/hainthefirstyear,whileit
mayincreaseto14-15tonnes/haduringsummer.
Pointedgourdisreadyforharvestin80-90DAP.
Harvestingshouldbedonewhenthefruitsareimmature,
tenderandstillgreen.
Pickingshouldbedonefrequentlysothatmaximumfruits
couldbeharvestedfromavine.
Yieldvariesfrom6-8tonnes/hainthefirstyear,whileit
mayincreaseto14-15tonnes/haduringsummer.

50. Storage and Marketing
•Fruitsafterharvestingcanbestoredunder
ordinaryconditionsforabout3-4days.
•Fruitsaresenttothemarketsinthebasketsor
gunnybags.
•Fruitsafterharvestingcanbestoredunder
ordinaryconditionsforabout3-4days.
•Fruitsaresenttothemarketsinthebasketsor
gunnybags.

51. References
Bhujbal,M.(1999).PatoladiQuathinthemanagementofskindisorder.
Deerghayu58:72-76.
Chandrasekhar,B.,MukherjeeB,MukherjeeS.(1988).Bloodsugar
loweringeffectofTrichosanthesdioicaRoxb.inexperimentalratmodels.
IntJCruDrugRes,26:102–106.
Gopalan,C.;Ramashashtri,B.andBalasubramanian,S.(1989).Nutritive
valuesofIndianfoods.NationalInstituteofNutritionPublication,
Hyderabad,India.
Hariti,M.;Rathee,P.(1995).Antibacterialactivityoftheunsaponifiable
fractionofthefixedoilofTrichosanthesseeds.Asianjournalofchemistry,
7(4):909-911.
Rai,D.;Rai,P.;Jaiswal,D.;Sharma,B.andWatal,G.(2008).Effectof
waterextractofTrichosanthesdioicafruitsinstreptozotocininduced
diabeticrats.IndianJournalofClinicalBiochemistry,23(4):387-390.
Bhujbal,M.(1999).PatoladiQuathinthemanagementofskindisorder.
Deerghayu58:72-76.
Chandrasekhar,B.,MukherjeeB,MukherjeeS.(1988).Bloodsugar
loweringeffectofTrichosanthesdioicaRoxb.inexperimentalratmodels.
IntJCruDrugRes,26:102–106.
Gopalan,C.;Ramashashtri,B.andBalasubramanian,S.(1989).Nutritive
valuesofIndianfoods.NationalInstituteofNutritionPublication,
Hyderabad,India.
Hariti,M.;Rathee,P.(1995).Antibacterialactivityoftheunsaponifiable
fractionofthefixedoilofTrichosanthesseeds.Asianjournalofchemistry,
7(4):909-911.
Rai,D.;Rai,P.;Jaiswal,D.;Sharma,B.andWatal,G.(2008).Effectof
waterextractofTrichosanthesdioicafruitsinstreptozotocininduced
diabeticrats.IndianJournalofClinicalBiochemistry,23(4):387-390.

52. Rai,D.;Rai,P.;Jaiswal,D.;Sharma,B.andWatal,G.;(2008)Effect
ofwaterextractofTrichosanthesdioicafruitsinstreptozotocin
induceddiabeticrats.IndianJournalofClinicalBiochemistry,23
(4):387-390.
Sharma,G.;Sarkar,A,;Pachori,S.andPant,M.(1989).
BiochemicalevaluationofrawTrichosanthesdioicawholefruitand
pulpinnormalandmilddiabetichumanvolunteersinrelationto
lipidprofile.IndDrug1989;27:24–28.
Sharma,G.;PandeyD.andPantM.(1990).Biochemicalevaluation
offeedingTrichosanthesdioicaseedsinnormalandmilddiabetic
humansubjectsinrelationtolipidprofile.IndianJ.Physiol.Pharm.
34:146–148.
Sharmila,B,;Kumar,G.andRajasekhara,P.(2007).Cholesterol-
loweringactivityoftheaqueousfruitextractofTrichosanthesdioica
innormalandstreptozotocindiabeticrats.JClinDiaRes,1(4):561-
569.
Sharmila,B.;Kumar,G.;Rajasekhara,P.;(2007)Cholesterol-
loweringactivityoftheaqueousfruitextractofTrichosanthesdioica
innormalandstreptozotocindiabeticrats.JClinDiaRes,1(4):561-
569.
Rai,D.;Rai,P.;Jaiswal,D.;Sharma,B.andWatal,G.;(2008)Effect
ofwaterextractofTrichosanthesdioicafruitsinstreptozotocin
induceddiabeticrats.IndianJournalofClinicalBiochemistry,23
(4):387-390.
Sharma,G.;Sarkar,A,;Pachori,S.andPant,M.(1989).
BiochemicalevaluationofrawTrichosanthesdioicawholefruitand
pulpinnormalandmilddiabetichumanvolunteersinrelationto
lipidprofile.IndDrug1989;27:24–28.
Sharma,G.;PandeyD.andPantM.(1990).Biochemicalevaluation
offeedingTrichosanthesdioicaseedsinnormalandmilddiabetic
humansubjectsinrelationtolipidprofile.IndianJ.Physiol.Pharm.
34:146–148.
Sharmila,B,;Kumar,G.andRajasekhara,P.(2007).Cholesterol-
loweringactivityoftheaqueousfruitextractofTrichosanthesdioica
innormalandstreptozotocindiabeticrats.JClinDiaRes,1(4):561-
569.
Sharmila,B.;Kumar,G.;Rajasekhara,P.;(2007)Cholesterol-
loweringactivityoftheaqueousfruitextractofTrichosanthesdioica
innormalandstreptozotocindiabeticrats.JClinDiaRes,1(4):561-
569.