Policy Science Lecture in the philippines advanced education.pptx

policy

1. POLICY SCIENCE. SANTOS, CARLOS MIGUEL. CASAJE, MARICAR. BUENAVENTURA, JAZZDARYLL.

2. Policy Science . Sub-Fields of Policy Science Distinct Characteristics of Policy Science Evolution of Policy Science . Related Courses. Policy Science in the Philippines. OUTLINE.

3. OBJECTIVES. Explain the Different definitions of Policy Science. The Sub-Fields of Policy Science. Enumarate the Distinct Characteristics of Policy Science. 4.The Evolution of Policy Science. 5.Enumarate and Define the other related courses of Policy Science. 6.The Policy Science in the Philippines.

4. HAROLD D. LASSWELL He was the Father of Policy Science. In 1951 happened the first articulation to established a separate field of public policy with the publication of his academic paper entitled “ The Policy Orientation ” Lasswell conceived of the social sciences as methods of social problem-solving and in the end proposed that they be understood as policy sciences.

5. WHAT IS POLICY SCIENCE ? According to Dennis Palumbo, Policy science is any research that relates to or promotes the public interest. According to Yehezkel Dror , Policy science refers to the application of knowledge and rationality to perceived social problems. According to Peter De Leon, Policy science is about identifying the important societal problems that presumably require government action in order to be effectively addressed, formulating solutions to those problems, and assessing the impact of those solutions on the target problem.

6. According to Romeo Ocampo, Policy science refers to teaching research, and related academic and professional activities at gaining and applying knowledge for the improvement of government policies. According to Maria Fe Mendoza, Policy science is multi-disciplinary, eclectic , problem solving activity intended to improve societal situations; it is descriptive, evaluative, and prescriptive; it is both policy studies and policy analyses; it is both, theoretical and practical, pure and applied; and it is an applied social science, social engineering, design science, and naturalistic inquiry. According to Carmelo Rico Bihasa , Policy science is a field of study which treats of public policy as the calculated response of the government to a perceived societal problem and as the product of carefully selected processes in reaction to the demands WHAT IS POLICY SCIENCE ?

7. THE SUB-FIELDS OF POLICY SCIENCE. The first among the sub-fields of policy science that were identified earlier is the "policy analysis" which is considered as an "ex ante" policy process according to Kevin Smith and Christopher Larimer (2009). The term ex-ante (sometimes written ex ante or exante ) is a phrase meaning "before the event". Ex -ante or notional demand refers to the desire for goods and services that is not backed by the ability to pay for those goods and services. This is also termed as 'wants of people'.

8. The second sub-field of policy science is the "policy evaluation" which is perceived by Kevin Smith and Christopher Larimer (2009) as an "ex post" undertaking in the field of public policy. The primary objective of the sub-field is to assess the performance of a government policy as to how far it has achieved its objectives. Ex-post is the opposite of ex-ante, which means "before the event." Ex-post is a word for   actual returns and translates from Latin as "after the fact." Ex-post analysis looks at financial results after they have occurred and utilizes them to predict the likelihood of future returns. THE SUB-FIELDS OF POLICY SCIENCE.

9. The third sub-field of policy science is the "policy process" which focuses on the different stages on how and why a certain policy is formulated, adopted, implemented, and evaluated according to Kevin Smith and Christopher Larimer (2009). THE SUB-FIELDS OF POLICY SCIENCE.

10. DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICY SCIENCE The vision of an impressive discipline of the policy science started with the publication of Harold Lasswell's seminal paper, "The Policy Orientation, in 1951. It was in this foundational paper according to Kevin Smith and Christopher Larimer (2009) where Lasswell proclaimed his grand plan of developing a policy science which centred primarily on the study of public policy and its complementary processes. Since the beginning, Lasswell was very clear with his concept of public policy which he defined as "the most important choices made in organized or in private life" (p. 15).

11. DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICY SCIENCE Policy Science is Problem Oriented. Multi-disciplinary. Methodologically Sophisticated. Theorotically Sophisticated. Value Oriented.

12. POLICY SCIENCE IS PROBLEM-ORIENTED One of the unique characteristics of policy science is that the discipline is problem-oriented according to Kevin Smith and Christopher Larimer (2009) Such orientation or inclination to societal problems is expected as the discipline is designed to be a study on the issues that complicate the lives of the general public.

13. MULTI-DISCIPLINARY Policy Science cuts across several disciplines that provide the field with a range of models and methodologies in attempting to provide the right solutions to the problems of the society.

14. METHODOLOGICALLY SOPHISTICATED The discipline of policy science makes use of sophisticated and practical methodologies in its analysis of the problems of the society. It employs some "out-of-the-box" but realistic techniques on how to analyze the different policy process from policy formulation and adoption to policy implementation and evaluation

15. THEORETICALLY SOPHISTICATED By Theoretically Sophisticated, this means that the field of policy science is presumed to be replete with several models and theories that explain the cause and effect of policy issues and problems in the real world.

16. VALUE ORIENTED In the early days of his career, Harold Lasswell was particularly threading the pragmatist approach of John Dewey and was of the agreement that his project - the policy science plan - was devoted to the cause of democracy. This means that the discipline has a specific value orientation which was identified by Lasswell himself as the "policy science of democracy". With this value orientation as backdrop, Lasswell popularly described the role of the policy science through the following line, "the job of the policy scientist was to diagnose the ills of the body politic, understand the causes and implications of those ills, recommend treatment, and evaluate the impact of the treatment."

17. EVOULUTION OF POLICY SCIENCE. Policy science emerged during the Second World War to address societal problems caused by the US government's response to the clamour of its people. Eventually, Lasswell came up with his proposal of the policy science which was considered as the embodiment of knowledge acquired through various methodologies and approaches of the fields of political science, public administration, sociology, and economics. in time, became so popular that several administrative agencies in the federal government of the United States decided to adopt its methodologies to guide them in making critical policy decisions.

18. According to Peter De Leon and Danielle Vogenbeck (2007), the evolution of the policy science was significantly marked by its exceptional characteristics that allowed the discipline to establish its separate identity from the traditional fields of political science, public administration, and sociology. In their seminal paper, "The Policy Sciences at the Crossroads", De Leon and Vogenbeck argued that the development of policy science may be described in two perspectives, either as a product of institutional or political growth

19. It centered on the application of the discipline by different government agencies of the United States of America and the consequent employment of the same knowledge by private corporation and civic institutions. THE INSTITUTIONAL GROWTH.

20. THE POLITICAL GROWTH. It rested on a series of political events that transpired in the American society starting from the aftermath of the Second World War. In these series of political events, the knowledge of policy science was extensively applied by the significantly notable policymakers of the contemporary times.

21. THE INSTITUTIONAL GROWTH PERSPECTIVE. Beryl Radin was espoused the development of the field of policy science following the tradition of the american public administration. Radin also compared the growth of the policy science with the Progressive Movement that swept the continental United States in early years of 20th century

22. THE INSTITUTIONAL GROWTH PERSPECTIVE. The societal problems were the economic, political, and cultural questions that were the results of the rapid changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution from Europe. "Fundamentally linear progression from a limited analytic approach practiced by a relatively few practitioners to a growing number of government institutions, think tanks, and universities". (p.42)

23. THE POLITICAL GROWTH PERSPECTIVE. Peter De Leon suggests a more complex methodology that explains how the field of policy science evolved in the policy world. According to De Leon, policy science emerged through a series of political events which presented several analytic opportunities and challenges to the federal government of the United States.

24. THE EVENTS OR ACTIVITIES.

25. One of the political events that explain the development of the field of policy science is the distructive "Second World War". This political event generated a number of policy concerns from several governments in Europe which forced the federal government of the United States to perform problem-oriented analysis. THE SECOND WORLD WAR.

26. Another political event which describes the development of the discipline is the "War on Poverty" considered by Walter Williams (as cited in De Leon and Vogenbeck , 2007) as the "glory days" of the policy science. This political event was largely influenced by the emerging demonstrations related to civil rights and the prolefiration of the various non-profit organizations in United States according to De Leon and Vogenbeck . THE WAR ON POVERTY.

27. THE VIETNAM WAR. The "Vietnam War" is another political event that accounted for the development of the policy science in the policy world. This political events brought policy science into action with war as the subject of the various policy analyses of the federal government of the United States.

28. THE WATERGATE SCANDAL. The "Watergate Scandal" is another major political event that sent shockwaves to the American people warranting the application of policy science to settle some issues in the federal government. This political event involved the members of the government of President Richard Nixon who directed a number of illegal activities including the wire-tapping of the political opponents of his administration.

29. ENERGY CRISIS OF 1970s. Of equal importance among the political events that played a pivotal role in the development of policy science is the "Energy Crisis of the 1970s". This political event supplied the federal government of the United States with renewed opportunities to employ policy analytic approach in weighing the persistent problem of the energy crisis.

30. POLICY SCIENCE AND OTHER FIELDS. 1.Political science Political science is one of the closely related disciplines to the study of public policy. It is a basic discipline in the social sciences which maintains close association with history, economics, sociology, anthropology, geography, and psychology.

31. 2.Public administration Public administration refers to the management of men and materials in the accomplishment of the purposes of the state. It relates to the conduct of thebusiness of government and the affairs of any social organization. POLICY SCIENCE AND OTHER FIELDS.

32. POLICY SCIENCE AND OTHER FIELDS. 3.Economics Economics is the study of why individuals make a particular choice rather than another when buying and selling, spending and saving. Economics explains how businesses are formed to satisfy various wants and needs

33. POLICY SCIENCE AND OTHER FIELDS. 4.Sociology Sociology begins with the notion that humans are to be understood in thecontext of their social life, that we are social animals influenced by interaction, social patterns, and socialization.

34. POLICY ANALYSIS IN THE PHILIPPINES. In 1978,According to Prof. Romeo Ocampo, the impetus for developing a policy science was by and large influenced by the expanding scope and authority of the government and growning numbers of programs and project which it has pursued for years to achieved national development, The government need to be more precise and explicit on the objectives of their policiesost unintended and unanticipated consequences the community. According to Prof.Maria Fe Mendoza, it is a field of study or specialization . The study of public policy in the country is a sub-field of public administration not political science. With the set of scholars of Public Administration the problematic situation was aborted.