Poliomyelitis 3rd Sem B.sc Nursing.pptx

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1. Contents Pertussis Definition Etiology /Agent Epidemiology Mode Of Transmission Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestation Diagnostic Evaluation Management Immunization Complication Nursing Intervention Summary Conclusion Poliomyelitis Definition Risk factors Mode Of Transmission Pathophysiology Symptoms Types of Poliomyelitis Assessment Diagnostic Evaluation Management Prevention Pulse Polio Immunization Conclusion

2. GUESS THE TOPIC

3. Poliomyelitis .

4. Introduction Polio= gray matter Myelitis= inflammation of the spinal cord This disease result in the destruction of motor neurons caused by the polio virus. Polio is causes by a virus that attacks the nerve cells of the brain & spinal cord although not all infections result in sever injuries and paralysis.

5. Definition Poliomyelitis is defined as an acute viral infection caused by an RNA Virus which is primarily an infection of the human alimentary tract ,may infect CNS damaging the anterior horn of spinal cord resulting in varying degrees of paralysis , possibly death.

6. Causative organism: Polio virus , small single stranded RNA Virus There are three types of poliovirus : 1,2,& 3 . Incidence: Extensive use of polio vaccines since 1954 eliminated the disease in developed countries India was certified as polio free since 27th March 2014. Total of 5 cases of WPV were reported globally in 2021

7. Risk factors 1) Age:- Children < than 5 years. 2)Weakened immune system. 3) Lack of vaccination 4) Poor sanitation & hygiene 5) Overcrowding

8. Mode of transmission Fecal oral route Droplet infection

9. Pathophysiology : Polio virus (multiplies in intestine) Human body through mouth & alimentary tract. Enters regional lymph nodes Blood stream Brain & spinal cord Viremic stage. Destroy neurons

10. Anterior horns of spinal cord vestibular & cranial nerve nuclei & vital centers in medulla & cerebellum Death of motor neurons Leads to flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscles.

11. COMMON SYMPTOMS

12. Types of Poliomyelitis . 1. Inapparent (sub clinical infection) 2. Abortive Polio or Minor illness 3. Non paralytic polio 4. Paralytic polio

13. Inapparent infection: 70%-90% of cases No symptoms Viral shedding :-Infected individuals still shed the virus in the stool & transmit it to others.

14. Abortive poliomyelitis 3 to 7 days Symptoms include: Fatigue. Headache. Fever. Vomiting. Diarrhoea or Constipation. Sore throat.

15. Non Paralytic poliomyelitis: Additional symptoms are: Neck stiffness Pain or pins and needles feeling in arms 8 legs Sensitivity to light.

16. Paralytic poliomyelitis Symptoms: Sensitivity to touch Muscle spasms Flaccid paralysis Loss of reflexes Respiratory failure Dysphagia & dysarthria

17. Assessment: History collection (food pattern & polio vaccination) Physical examination A sample of throat secretions, stool or a colourless fluid that surrounds your brain & spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) is checked for poliovirus

18. Diagnostic Evaluation: Viral cultures. Serum antibody :- obtain acute & convalescent Serum for antibody concentrations against the 3 polioviruses. IG titer :- A 4 fold increase in the IgG antibody titers or a positive anti immunoglobulin M titer during the acute stage is diagnostic

19. Management: No antiviral agent are effective, against poliovirus Physiotherapy Symptomatic management- Fever-Antipyretics Constipation Laxatives Pain :mild analgesics & sedation. Fluid therapy. s adequate nutrition

20. Prevention: 2 types of vaccine available that are used in prevention Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV) Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)

21. OPV: Sabin vaccine Live, attenuated virus Oral administration. Dose: 2 drops Age :At birth 6, 10, 14th week Booster 16-24 months

22. IPV: Salk vaccine Killed virus Intradermal administration Age: 6-14 weeks 0.1ml.

23. Pulse Polio Immunization:- It is an immunization campaign. Pulse' term has been used to describe the sudden simultaneous, mass administration of OPV on a single day. Government of India conducted the first round of PPI. Consisting of 2 immunization days, 6 week apart. One on 9th Dec, 1995 & 20th January, 1996 Aim : to eliminate, poliomyelitis in India, by monitoring polio cases, vaccinating under 5 years children against polio virus through a large scale.

24. Conclusion: As the disease polio cannot be cured if once attacked, it is better to follow preventive measures as it is Contagious Vaccinations have eliminated polio in many parts of the world .

25. PERTUSSIS .

26. Introduction:- Pertussis is also known as whooping cough is highly Contagious bacterial diseases mainly caused by Bordetella pertussis Characterized by severe coughing sound which sometimes end with whooping sound when the person breathe in . Also known as 100 days cough.

27. Definition:- Pertussis is defined as an acute & highly infectious communicable disease of respiratory tract which is caused by 'Bordetella pertussis’ characterized by mild fever & an irritating Cough, gradually becoming paroxysmal with the Characteristics ‘WHOOP!’

28. Etiology /Agent: Bordetella Pertussis the cause of epidemic pertussis & the usual cause of sporadic pertussis B. Parapertussis : is an occasional cause of sporadic pertussis that contributes significantly to 5% of the total causes of pertussis B. Bronchiseptica .

29. Epidemiology. Spreads occur by direct contact or droplet infections during cough 1922-1948-leading causes of death Infants less than 1 year of age constitute 50-70%. of diagnosed cases Extremely contagious attack rate 100%. Age :1-5 yrs Incubation period: 7-10 days Infectivity: first 4 weeks

30. Pertussis causes-

31. Mode of transmission: Droplet infection Direct contact

32. Pathophysiology: Etiological factors Organism adheres to ciliated epithelial cells Local mucosal damage Paroxysmal coughing Production of various toxin Impaire local defences & local tissue damage Direct CNS injury Clinical manifestations

33. Clinical manifestations AV AIDS

34. Diagnostic evaluation: History collection Physical examination: Vital signs CBC- High lymphocyte count Fluorescent Antibody staining Bacterial culture of respiratory secretion (Nasopharyngeal aspirate)

35. Management: Pharmacological therapy: Antimicrobial agent & antibiotics can hasten the eradication of B pertussis & help prevent spread Erythromycin, clarithromycin & azithromycin are preferred agents for patients aged 1 month or older

36. Immunization DTap vaccine:- Given at the ages of 2,4,6 and 15-18 months and at age 4-6 years Tdap vaccine: Recommended for children aged 7-10 years who are not fully vaccinated. As a single dose for adolescents or for any adult For pregnant women regardless of vaccinations history

37. Complications: Apnea Bronchopneumonia Seizures Cerebral haemorrhage Loss of vision Umbilical hernia. Intra cranial bleeding

38. Nursing Interventions:- Asses the respiratory status of children Oxygen therapy. High fowlers position. Provide monitor intravenous fluids as instructed Assess signs of dehydration in children. Isolation of patient

39. SUMMARY

40. Conclusion: Tdap programme has reduced the burden of pertussis in adolescents No evidence for "herd immunity". Excellent Initial D Tap vaccine effectiveness Modest but immediate waning of Immunity from DTaP Pertussis Continues to be a public health problem despite well. implemented vaccination programme .

41. Bibliography: K Park, Essentials of Community Health Nursing (8th Edition). B Venkatesan, Textbook of medical surgical nursing Emmes medical, publishers, Firstest edition-2019. Javed Ansari Pavinder Kaure , Textbook of medical Surgical Nursing S.v medical publishers

42. ANY DOUBT?