Political ideology and development

In this session, we will discuss various political ideologies: communism, socialism, and capitalism. In this connection, we explain the evolution of Naxalism in India and its impact on the development. We highlighted the concepts of leftist and rightist ideologies and their linkages with political ideologies. and finally will conclude on pressure groups.

1. Political Social Ideologies and Development Dr. Rajeev Kumar MSW (TISS, Mumbai ), M.Phil., (CIP, Ranchi), UGC-JRF., Ph.D., (IIT Kharagpur)

2. Content of the session In this session, we will discuss various political and social thoughts and ideologies. And you can related it with rural development. Communism Socialism Capitalism Left and right wing and its relevance to I ndian context Naxalism Feminism Dalit ideology And pressure groups. 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 2

3. Inequality in society: A perennial truth 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 3

4. In communism, there is no government no country, no currency, no state, no border, no religion. Everything is governed by community 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 4

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9. 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 9 Socialist countries where social policies implemented successfully Denmark Sweden Finland Iceland Norway

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11. What are left and right political ideologies? 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 11

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13. Political ideologies versus leftism and rightism 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 13

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15. Some salient features of ideologies Left ideology Oppose death penalty and immigration Support globalization and tax on rich Right wing ideology Support religion and demand a national official religion Oppose abortion. Conservative Somewhat support capitalism 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 15

16. Continued ………….. Most of the parties are mixed: either left leaning or right leaning. Economic left and economic right Social left or social right Economical (tax and govt interference) Social (abortion, same sex marriage) 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 16

17. Left and right wing in India Left wing parties Congress AAP JDU ( Janta Dal United, centre left) TMC ( Trinamul Congress) CPI-M (Marxist) Right wing parties BJP Shiv Sena AIMIM (All India Majlis -e- ittehadul Muslimeen ) Telangana for muslim , dalit and minorities 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 17

18. Salient features of Indian political parties Considering economic aspect, almost all parties of India are leftist, because they support subsidy and high tax. India allow same sex marriage and oppose death penalty. Centre is the midway of left and right political ideology Extreme of any ideology is bad. China and Russia have seen left party rule. Both Stalin and Mao tse T ung did mass killing Extreme right in middle east, where one can face death penalty on blasphemy. For economic system right wing is better, because it support open market. Some example: Finland, Netherland, Sweden 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 18

19. Political parties in the world Right wing parties in the world Alliance for Peace and Freedom. Alliance of European National Movements. European Christian Political Movement. European Conservatives and Reformists Party. European Party for Individual Liberty. European People's Party. Identity and Democracy Party. 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 19

20. Taliban in Afghanistan: A case of extreme rightist ideology 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 20

21. Condition of Syria 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 21

22. Left wing political violence in the world Asia Stefan M. Audrey describes the Japanese Red Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) as the main left-wing terrorist organizations in Asia, although he notes that the LTTE later transformed into a nationalist terrorist organization Pakistan Left-wing groups like the Pakhtoon Zalmay , Al-Zulfiqar organisation (AZO) and the MQM including its predecessor the Muhajir Qaumi Movement committed numerous acts of violence including bombings, targeted killings, disinformation and assassinations 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 22

23. Naxalism in India The origins of the LWE can be traced back to 1967 in the three areas of Naxalbari (from which the term Naxal originates), Phansidewa and Khoribari in West Bengal’s Darjeeling District.  The initial uprising was led by Charu Majumdar , Kanu Sanyal and Jangal Santhal , who were members of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). The initial uprising was in the form of a peasant revolt. Two years later in 1969, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) was formed. 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 23

24. Reason of Naxalism in India The chief reason behind the rise of the movement was the severe lack of development of these regions despite being mineral-rich. They were largely tribal belts that were neglected by the government and also by the mainstream media. There were gross ineffectiveness and mismanagement in the administrative machinery. Corruption was also rampant leading to misery for the people. The alienation and social exclusion of large groups of people led to sections of them feeling a disconnect with the government of the day and also society at large. The issue of Jal- Jangal - Jameen (water, forest, land) is at the centre of these revolts initially. Tribal people are routinely exploited for their mineral-rich land. There is illegal encroachment and the forest-dwellers are bereft of rights in their own land. 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 24

25. Spread of Naxalism in India Although originated in West Bengal, the movement spread to the less-developed rural regions of southern and eastern India, in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Today, almost all the Naxal groups trace their origins to the CPI (M-L). The Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) was formed in 1975. This group merged with the People’s War Group in 2004, to form the CPI (Maoist). 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 25

26. Red Corridor The Red Corridor is the region in the central, eastern and southern parts of India that experience severe Naxalite–Maoist insurgency. The districts affected by this and part of the Corridor are among the poorest in India. Most of the region has a high tribal population. The region is also marked by severe caste and economic disparities. Roughly, the Corridor stretches from the Indian border with Nepal and extends to the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu. The region also has a significantly lower literacy rate compared to the national average. 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 26

27. Regions affected by Naxal violence in India According to the Home Ministry, the districts affected by LWE are in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. However, in the past decade, owing to the severe government crackdown on the Naxalite organisations, and the intense work of the country’s security forces, particularly, the CRPF, the number of incidents of Naxal violence has reduced. The number of people giving up arms and surrendering to the security forces is also on the rise. 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 27 Item  2009 2018 Number of incidents 2258 833 Deaths (security force + civilian) 1005 240 Number of affected districts 96 (2010) 60

28. Naxal violence over the decades 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 28 2007 2013 2018

29. Naxalism and effect on development It is clear that the Maoists do not want development to take place, which is clear by their targeting schools and communication channels. Whatever their goals, they are now armed insurgency groups intended only to capture power to serve their own interests. The government has initiated a tribal development schemes aimed at bringing social, economic, cultural and educational inclusion for the tribal population into the mainstream. It is also suspected that Pakistan’s ISI is trying to influence these groups through the land border with Nepal. This has serious implications for the country’s security. Proper intelligence inputs coupled with the adequate fortification of security forces should be done.  Along with these, sufficient and speedy development should be brought about in the worst-affected areas as only this will render the Maoists insignificant. As long as there is disillusionment with the authorities, such elements will always find sympathizers among sections of the people. Hence, to root out the problem in its entirety, proper inclusive development should be ushered in. 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 29

30. Government Measures to Counter Naxal Violence The D Bandopadhyay Committee (2006) highlighted the lack of governance, economic, socio-political and cultural discrimination against the tribals as the chief reason for the spread of Naxalism. The Committee recommended tribal-friendly land acquisition and rehabilitation as a means to counter this issue. In May 2017, the Government of India allocated Rs 11,000 crores to build road connectivity in 44 districts affected by Maoists activities. Under the current Government, by 2018, 1326 km of roads were constructed in Bastar , Rajnandgaon , and Surguja areas, the highly Naxal infested areas of Chhattisgarh. 995 bridges were constructed and 138 of them were in the worst affected area – Bastar . The annual budget of the Public Works Department in Chhattisgarh was Rs 7795 crores in 2016-17. Roads and bridges were constructed in Sukma , another area massively hit by Naxalism. Local villagers are being provided with basic facilities like healthcare, education and more employment opportunities. Due to developmental activities and choking the funding of Naxalism, there was a spike in surrenders in Jharkhand from 676 in 2014 to 1442 in 2016. 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 30

31. Some other ideologies 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 31

32. Feminism ideology 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 32

33. Ambedkar Ideology/ Dalit right ideology 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 33

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36. Pressure groups in India 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 36

37. Pyramid of social hierarchy 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 37

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39. Thanks for your patience!!! 31-10-2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 39