political system.pptx

Political system

1. Name – Harshpreet Kaur Roll no-223422 Submitted to- Prof. Sandeep kaur

2. Political system

3. Introduction:- political system is persisting pattern of human relationship through which the authoritative decision are made and carried out for society. It involves not only formal as well as informal structure. Meaning:- political science is compound of two words, ‘political and system’ . The word “ political” specifically signifies the “legitimate use of physical coercive power”. It means only political system has the rightful power to punish ,to enforce ,to compel. Meaning of ‘system’ :- According to Almond and Powell, ”A system implies interdependent parts and boundary of some kind between it and it’s environment “ In simple words ,system is a complete unit which consists of interdependent parts. The word system implies three things:-

4. Various parts :-these are often called sub-systems. Without it’s parts or sub system there can be no system. Interdependence of parts:- it means ,when there is a any change of any sort in one part of the system ,it will affect the other parts of system also. Existence of boundaries:- it means ,where from a system starts and where it ends. Definition of political system:- According to David Easton, “ political science is a set of interaction s as abstract from the totality of social behaviour ,through authoritative values are allocated for society”. According to Robert. A.Dahel :- political system is any persistent pattern of human relationship that involves to significant extent of power ,rule or authority.

5. Features of political system Comprehensive :- it means that political system is not concerned only with legal and constitutional structures like legislature courts and bureaucracy, but also concerned with informal organization like political parties ,pressure groups and means of communication. In short, all aspects that influence the political structure include in political system. Interdependent:- it means if one component in a system change ,all other component of system whole are affected. Legitimate physical coercion:- the authority to use the legitimate physical coercion is the exclusive and distinctive feature of political system. It is the quality which distinguishes it from other systems. No other system has the right to use against any body legitimate physical coercion power. Without it political system can not perform its essential functions.

6. Features of political system Political community:- Political community come into existence when the people living together come close to each other in bid to solve their Political problem or public interest Political community emerges. Regime: regime means the constitutional order I.e constitution of the country and it’s written or unwritten rules, regulations, conventions etc. Political Authority:- Political Authority means vone who holds a power at any given time. It refers to the group of individual who run the government and solve the problem of political community accordance with the regime.

7. Features of political system Universality of political structure:- according to Almond, all political system, whether primitive or modern, have political structure. By means of political structure ,he ask such legitimate pattern of interaction by means of which internal and external order is maintained. Multifunctionality of Pol- structure:- it is an outstanding feature of political structure . It means that political structure perform not only the one type of function but many types of functions. Executive. Legislature, Judiciary, and Bureaucracy are all Multifunctional and each of them are perform different type of functions .the courts are not only adjudicate but also Legislate. Bureaucracy play a very vital role in the matters of Legislature.and legislative bodies are perform bothe adjudication and administration.

8. David Easton ‘s Input –Output analysis Functions of political system

9. David Easton was the first person who, in his famous book ‘political system’(1935) developed a systematic framework for the study of politics on the basis of system analysis approach. David easton ‘s system analysis system also known as input output analysis or conversion process. David Easton divide the function of political system into two forms:- Input and output What are the inputs? The term ‘ input’ refers to the demands and supports which the political system receive from society. Demand inputs:- the people make demands upon their political decision makers that subservient their specific interest. Demand inputs are four types which are given below:- Demands for allocation of goods and services. This category Includes demands for wages ,fixed hour for work, educational opportunities, provisions of roads and transportation. Demands for regulations of behaviour. This category includes demands for provision fir public safety ,control over markets, rule pertaining to marriage and divorce, health and sanitation . Demands for participation in political system:- this category Includes demands for right to vote, hold public office, petition to the government bodies and officials.

10. Demand for communication and information. Support Inputs. Support inputs are those structure or process which give the political system the capacity to cope with the demands upon it. They are following four types:- Material support:- such as payment of taxes ,and provision of services such as labour on public work or military service. Legal support:- such as obedience of law and regulations. Participatory support:- such as voting, political discussion, and other forms of political activities. Deference support:- such as attention paid to governmental communication and manifestation of deference or respect of public authority , symbols and ceremonials

11. What are the output? An output of political system is its political decision or policy. The output are the results of the conversion process acting upon a great variety of demand and supports. Feedback loop Mechanism:- the Feedback means to take back to the system in the shape of inputs, the impact and the result of the outputs. Every output Feedback new inputs in the system. The Feedback is thus a dynamic process through which information about the performance of the system is communicated back to the society in such a way as to affect the creation of new inputs. Thus this process is called Feedback loop mechanism.

12. Almonds structural functional approach

13. .A Almond has formulated a seven fold clarification of functions performed by political system. He divide them into four inputs and three output functions. A. Input functions Political socialization and recruitment :- 1) political socialization:- it means transformation of political thoughts, belifs and attitude from one generation to other generation called political socialization. Process of political socialization throughout the man’s life from his childhood he didn’t know about political affairs but when he grow up he know about political affairs and participate in politics and socialize their opinion and thoughts in peer grops,family or other form.

14. Political recruitment:-we use the term Political recruitment to refer to functions by which the role of political system are filled. Recruitment functions is full filled by inducting members of society into the specialized roles of political system ,training them in the appropriate skilled ,providing them with the political experience and orientation. 2) Interest articulation:- the process by which individuals and groups make demand and claims subserve their specific interest on political decision maker is called Interest articulation. Institutional Interest Groups:- it includes legislature, political executive, bureaucracy, armies, churches,and the like. Non –Associational interest groups: these often perform the articulation function intermittently and informally through individuals ,clique, family and religious heads, etc. Anomic interest groups :- this category is concerned with spontaneous breakthroughs into the political system from society such as riots, demonstrations and the like.

15. Associational interest group:- it include specialized structures like trade union, professional Associations ,association organised by religious denomination, civic group and like. 3)Interest Aggregation. The function of converting demands into general policy alternatives called interest Aggregation. This function is basically performed by political parties, bureaucracy, and political executive. 4)political communication:- it simply means the gathering and transmitting of information. The communication function is performed by different types of structure, namely, interest group , social and other organizations, governmental agencies and mass media , I.e newspaper, radio, television, cinema, etc..

16. Output. Function A) Rule making function:- there must be certain rules in the society to regulate the relationship between the individuals. In a political system the rule making function is performed by the legislature and it’s allied agencies. B) Rule application function:- Rule making is closely related to the Rule application. It implies the enforcement of rules which have been made available to the society in one form or other.In a political system Rule application is performed by bureaucracy. C) Rule adjudication function:- Rule adjudication is what was traditionally known as judicial function of government . It ensures the rules one enacted are not violated. If violated then penalties must be specified and imposed.