polyculture of carps

A presentation about polyculture practice in Bangladesh.

1. POLY-CULTURE OF CARPS IN BANGLADESH FISHERIES AND MARINE RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY DISCIPLINE

2. SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Khandaker Anisul Huq Professor, FMRT Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna. SUBMITTED BY : Group- 09 S hazid Hasan ( 160632 ) Jannatul Fer dose ( 16064 2 ) 2 nd year, 1 st term. FMRT Discipline, Khulna University.

3. POLY-CULTURE Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops (plant / animal) in the same space. Avoids large stands of single crops. Provides crops diversity . Polyculture includes multi-cropping, intercropping, companion planting, beneficial weeds, and alley cropping.

4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLYCULTURE

5. FISH POLYCULTURE Fish polyculture is the system in which fast growing compatible species of different feeding habit and possibly of different age of the same species, are stocked together in the same water body (ponds, lakes etc ) so that all its ecological niches are occupied by fish . Utilization of three layers of aquaculture pond is assured. Example: polyculture of carp fish with pangash, carp with tilapia, shrimp with tilapia, different types of carps etc.

6. PRINCIPLE OF POLYCULTURE Main target is to obtain high production from a unit of water body . F ast growing compatible species of different feeding habit are stocked in different proportion in the same pond so that all its ecological niches are occupied. The maximum utilization of all the requirements of life takes place without doing any harm to each other.

7. POLYCULTRURE OF CARP FISHES Polyculture of carp fishes means the culture of diffrent carp species in a pond at the same time. I n this case, several carp species of diffrent niches are chosen. F or example: K a tla ,Bighead carp, S ilvercarp as upper layer carp; Rohu as middle layer carp; Mrigel, Kalbasu, Black carp as bottom layer carp and Grass carp, Java barb for all layer. Figure: Polyculture of Carpn Fish

8. CARP Carp is a common name for various species of freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae . Posses Weberian ossicles ( an anatomical structure that connects the swim bladder to the auditory system ). H ave scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones . Exclusively freshwater fish family. Sometimes can be found in brakish water area. N ative to Europe and Asia . Carp fishes of Bangladesh are divided into two groups – і ) Indigenous carp & іі ) Exotic carps

9. COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PICTURE Reba carp R eba C rrihinnus reba Bata B ata L abeo bata O range fin labeo K albaus L abeo calbasu Kuria labeo K uria L abeo gonius LIST OF INDUGENOUS CARP S

10. COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PICTURE Rohu Rui Labeo rohita Mrigal carp Mrigel Cirrhinus cirrhosus

11. LIST OF EXOTIC CARPS COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PICTURE Common carp Common carp C yprinus carpio G rass carp G rass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella S ilver carp S ilver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

12. COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PICTURE J ava barb S orputi Barbonymus gonionotus M irror carp M irror carp C yprinus carpio carpio

13. CONCIDERATIONS FOR CHOSING SPECIES FOR POLYCULTURE Fry of two or three species, one commercially important, are available in the nature. Growth of a single species is not hampered by others. Food habit is different . Climate is suitable/Favorable. High demand in the local market. Market value should be considerable.

14. CULTIVABLE SPECIES Upper L a yer Species: Catla catla (Indian carp) , Labeo bata (Bata) , Hyphophthamichthys molitrix (Silver carp) , etc. Middle Layer Species: Labeo rohita (Rohu). Bottom Layer Species: Cirrhinus Cirrhinnus (Mrigel carp) , Labeo calbasu (Kalbasu ) , etc. Other Species: Barbonymus gonionotus (Java barb) , Ctenopharyngodon idella (common carp), etc.

15. PRE-STOCKING MANAGEMENT Pre means before and stocking means storing. So literally pre-stocking management means management before stocking Broadly it can be said that all the management of fish culture before stocking of fry in order to prepare the water body and its surrounding environment for living and growth of the fry by increasing the natural food in the water body

16. STEPS OF PRE-STOCKING MANAGEMENT Site selection: Selection of a suitable site for constructing a new pond depending on some features. Pond construction: Construction of new suitable pond for aquaculture. Pond preparation: Preparation of an old pond for aquaculture. There are two types of pond preparation. -Dry method, -Wet method.

17. SITE SELECTION ECOLOGICAL FACTORS Water supply, Water quality, Climat , Hydrological characteristics, Soil type, Land, etc. BIOLOGICAL & OPERATIONAL FACTORS Species to be cultured, Availability of fry/ fingerling, Type of project, System of culture, etc. ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL FACTORS Electricity, All weather road connection, Land value Availability of supplementary food, Skilled and semi skilled labourers , Near to market, Availability of equipmrnts , etc..

18. POND COSTRUCTION Making new aquaculture pond. Must be free from flood are. Pond slop must be 1:2 Embankment should be high enough -to prevent flood water, -to prevent over flow . Drainage system should be constructed. Depth of the pond should be around 1-1.5 meters. Dike has to be strong and at least 3 feed wide.

19. POND PREPARATION (DRY METHODS) Dike and canal reconstruction. Cleaning aquatic weeds and dike. De watering. Bottom mud excavation. Cultivation of nitrogen fixing plant. Tilling the bottom. Fertilizing Watering

20. POND PREPARATION (WET METHOD) Control of excess aquatic weed. Control of predator fish and undesirable species. Liming. Fertilizing.

21. LIMING Liming is an important step in pond preparation, both dry and wet method. It helps in maintaining pH at a level suitable for culture. It removes turbidity of water. It increases the efficiency of fertilizer. It creates necessary environment for the growth of plankton. It supplies calcium. It increases the supply of carbon di oxide for photosynthesis. It makes the decomposition of organic matters fast so nutrient supply increases in water. It destroys the parasites, diseases, pests and bacteria

22. DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIME

23. DOSES OF LIME

24. PROCESS OF USE LIME During mixing lime with water and application in pond, entire face should be covered with a piece of cloth ( gamchha ). In no condition, lime should be mixed with water in a plastic bucket. Before pouring water in the bucket containing lime, its top should be covered with jute made bag ( chot / bosta ). Lime should be added after putting water in the bucket. Lime should be applied in the direction of air flow. If the eyes get in touch of lime, eyes should be repeatedly washed with clean water

25. PROCESS OF USE LIME

26. NATURAL FOOD It can be determined in two technique. One technique includes a transparent glass filled with the pond water. when the glass is kept against light , if phytoplankton and zooplankton are visual then the pond water contain enough natural food. Another technique includes a secchi disk . Here the secchi depth is considered to determine the amount of natural food.

27. FERTILIZING If there is not enough natural food present in the pond then fertilizers should be used to increase the amount of that. A pond should be fertilized daily or weekly at following rate, NAME OF FERTILIZER AREA OF THE POND QUANTITY DAILY WEEKLY ORGANIC FERTILIZER Cow dung 1 decimal 150-200 g 1-1.5 kg C hicken faeces 1 decimal 75-100 g 500-700g Compost 1 decimal 300-400 g 2-3 kg CHEMICAL FERTILIZER Uria 1 decimal 5-10 g 35-70 g TSP 1 decimal 2.5-5 g 18-36 g

28. STOCKING RATE Healthy and descries free fry must be stocked at a certain rate to gain a good harvest. In total the stock rate must be between 60-80/decimal. Surface feeder 40% (Catla 10%, Silver carp 30%, or vice versa) Column feeder ( rohu ) 20% Bottom feeder 30% (Mrigal and common carp) Macro vegetation feeder (Grass carp) 10%

29. STOCKING RATE Bighead carp can be used as alternate to catla. For poly culture various type of fishes are stocked for using different feeding level. In this case. 5-8 cm. of fishes is stocked at a rate of 50-75 pieces decimal.

30. STOCKING DENSITY NAME OF SPECIES STOCKING RATE (per decimal) Silver carp 7-12 Catla 3-4 Rohu 5-8 Mrigel 6-10 Common carp 1-2 Grass carp 2-4 Java barb 10-15

31. FRY COLLECTION & PACKING Healthy and descries free fry should be collected from nearer hatchery. To ensure the quality of fry the quality of the brood fish, used in spawning should be checked. Fry should be collected in a plastic bag pumped with oxygen. If fingerling is transported then plastic container should be used, which is continuously aerated. Nowadays, small fishes have become popular for it’s almost 0% mortality. That can be transported more roughly than the fry and fingerlings.

32. PACKING OF FRY (1) (2) (3) (4)

33. TRANSPORTATION OF FRY Transporting and releasing the fry carefully is very important. Temperature variation must be avoided during the transportation period. Abundant supply of oxygen must be ensured during the transportation . pH, salinity and other chemical factors must be chacked before transporting. A optimum density must be followed during the transportation period to reduce mortality.

34. TRANSPORTATION OF FRY

35. NURSING Nursing process is carried out in both hatchery and aquaculture farm. It is generally carried out in a small pond or tank or in a small hapa. Here small fry is transformed into fingerlings (4-7 inches). It helps to decrease the mortality rate.

36. WATER QUALITY & MANAGEMENT Water quality for aquaculture refers to the quality of water that enables successful propagation of the desired organisms . Required water quality is determined by the specific organism to be cultured and has many components that are interwoven. To determine the water quality of aquaculture pond, some parameters are used. For example: pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), hardness, alkinity , BOD, COD, temperature, turbidity, etc.

37. SUITABLE PARAMETERS FOR CARP POLY-CULTURE NAME OF PARAMETER STANDERDED VALUE Temp. (°C) 23-30 pH 7-8 DO (mg/L) >4-5 Alkalinity (mg CaCO 3/ L) 30-300 Hardness (mg/L) <0.5-1 Salinity ( ppt ) <0.2 CO2 (ppm) <0.05 NO2 (ppm) <10 NH3-N (ppm) 0.2

38. PRE-STOCKING WATER TOXICITY TEST This process is carryed out to determine the prescence of toxic substance in the pond. I n this process 5-10 fingerlings are kept in a small hapa for 24 hours. I f no mortality occer then it will be decleired as a toxin free pond. T han the fingerlings should be relised into the pond.

39. RELEASING OF F INGERLINGS Fingerlings should be adapted to condition of the pond. At first the temperature of the carrying tank must be equalized with the that of the pond. Then the pot or tank should be mixed with the pond water just like the picture. A slow flow of water should be sent into the pot / tank/ polybag with the help of hand. This will promote the fry to come out of its container. D ifferent technical devices, such as flexible tubes or slides, should be used for releasing fish gently .

40. Food and feeding F ish needs adequent nutritius food for living. B esides natural food, supllementary food assuers the fast body growth. 25-30% protein is compolsery in fish feed. F ood must provided 2 times a day at rate of 8-10% of the weight of the fish. F ood must be provided in some certain places of the pond, T he demand of food should check regulerly using the food trey. S upplementary food can made at home and can be bought from the market.

41. HOME MADE SUPPLEMENTARY FOOD Supplementary food with balanced nutrition can be prepared at home with the following procedeur, COMPONENTS QUANTITY R ice bran 35% K hoil 45% F ish meal 5% F ish concentret 10% F lour 5% V itamin premix 0.1% T otal 100%

42. RATE OF FOOD APPLICATION TYPES RATE MEALS PER DAY APPLICATION METHOD N urserry food: 10-15% of total weight 3-4 times F ood should be spread in certain 4-5 places all around the pond F ood for polyculture: P ileta food 2-5% 0f total fish weigth 1-2 times F ood should be spread in certain 4-5 places all around the pond W et food 6-4% of total fish weigth 1-2 times F ood should be given usingmetal trey or other things in certain 4-5 places all around the pond under 1-2 foot

43. REGULAR SAMPLING AND HEALTH & GROWTH CHECK T his procedure is carried out for collecting information about the growth and health of fishes. G enerally mesh barrier is used for sampling. B ut cast net and other gears are also used. H elps farmers to identify disease affected fish and to find solution for it. G rowth rate reveal the quality and demand of food.

44. DISEASES As other animals fishes also suffer from different types of diseases and infections and also affected by parasites. Generally different types of parasites, bacteria, virus causes the fish diseases. Sometimes lack of food, unsuited food, low oxygen concentration, high temperature variation, unhealthy environment also cause fish disease.

45. DISEASES PREVENTION Diseases prevention is more preferable over treatment of diseases. Standard water quality and environmental conditions should kept. Pond should be free of aquatic weeds. Enough sun light penetration should be assured. Removal of undesirable species. Removal of extra mud from the pond bottom. Not to use the pond for any other purpose but fish culture.

46. DISEASES AND REMADY OF CARP FISHES

47. DISEASE C A USE SINGS REMADY Ulcerative syndrome (ক্ষত রোগ) Primarily attacked by virus and then attacked by algae and bacteria. P rimarily red laceration appears. B y the time the laceration become deeper. S ometimes cotton fiber like structure appear from the wounding area. F ish moves abnomally and unbalncedly. L ime and salt should be applied both at a rate of 1kg/decimal F or small fish and egg bearing fishes , their food should contain 60-100mg /kg Teramicine. E xcessively affected fish should be buried under soil.

48. DISEASE C A USE SINGS REMADY Fin Rot ( লেজ ও পাখনা পচা রোগ ) T his disease is caused by bacteria. A t first some abnormal stypes appear on the fin. T hen it begins to decay. A fter the decay of fin is done , it begins to decay the fish muscle and the coudal bone become uncover. P rimarily affected fish’s affected fin is cutted off partially. T hen the fis is treated with 2% silver nitret or 2.5% salt water for 2-3 min. F or big fishes Tetracycline injection is injected at the rate of 10mg / kg body weight. T he pond have to be treated with lime and salt both at the rate of 1kg/decimal.

49. DISEASE C A USE SINGS REMADY D ropsy ( পেট ফোলা রোগ ) W hen the fish is affected by aeromonas bacteria . S cales become loose. E yes become swollen. G reenish and light yellowish liqued deposits in the O rgans inside the body cavity. A bdomen become excessivly swollen. A ffected fish should be treated with Copper sulphate solution (1:2000) fore 1-2 min. F ood containing 7-8 g/kg Furazlidon or 100mg /kg Oxyteytracycline should be provided for 7 days

50. DISEASE C A USE SINGS REMADY W hite spot ( ফুটকি রোগ ) C aused by parasite protozoans. Nu m e orus white spots become visible on body, fin, gill, etc. O vermuch mucus secration. R espiration become difficult. F omalin should be applied at the rate of 30mg/L. T he affected fish should be treated with 25mg/L & 0.1 mg/L malakite green for 2 houres once in a week. L ime should be applied to the pond at the rate of 1kg/decimal.

51. DISEASE C A USE SINGS REMADY A rgulosis ( উকুন) M ain cause of this disease is a flatened lifelike parasite named Argulus. Nu m e rus small scathe on fish skin become visible. F ish rub its body to hard substrats. L iming at a rate of 1-2 kg/decimal. A pplication of 0.50mg/L diptarex or 0.25mg/L malathion. T he affected fish should be tereated with 500mg/L potassium permanganate . S olution for 30 min.

52. HARVEST H ervesting means collection of fish for marketing purpose after they occupy a desirable size. I n our country pepole generally use mesh barrier, cast net, scup net, etc. A fter hervesting fish are rady for marketing.

53. MARKETING A fter hervesting fishes are taken to the market for selling. I f the nearest market is not so far from the farm or pondthen the fishes should be transported to the market alive. O therwise it shuld be transported with ice for preservation.