Polyneopteran Insect Orders.pptx

Orthoptera
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Plecoptera
Phasmida
Preying mantis
Locust
Grasshopper
Stonefly

1. PLECOPTERA,DERMAPTERA,EMBIDINA ZORAPTERA,ORTHOPTERA,PHASMATODEA POLYNEOPTERAN ORDERS (ORTHOPTEROID GROUP) PRESENTER KAMALRAJ.G I M.Sc ( Agrl.Ento ) ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY TOPIC

2. POLYNEOPTERAN ORDERS

3. Classification of insects Super class or epiclass : HEXAPODA Entognatha Ectognatha C lass: INSECTA S ubclass: DICONDYLIA I nfraclass: PTERYGOTA D ivision: NEOPTERA Subdivision: POLYNEOPTERA ( orthopteroid group) Plecoptera Dermaptera Zoraptera Orthoptera Embiodea Phasmatodea Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea Mantodea Blattodea Orders

4. ORDER-PLECOPTERA Scientific classification Common name -stonefly Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Exopterygota Order: Plecoptera Families Perlidae  (Common Stoneflies) Taeniopterygidae  (Winter Stoneflies)  Nemouridae  (Spring Stoneflies)  ETYMOLOGY Pleco : twisted or plaited Hind wings are folded at rest Ptera : wings Spot ID Key Characters: Ladder-like  pattern of veins and crossveins runs diagonally across wing Long antennae and cerci Wings fold flat and extend past tip of abdomen

5. Soft bodied insect of moderate to large sized. Antenna setaceous Mouthparts weak, biting type Hind wing pair in most species with a large anal lobe Body flattened, legs widely separated Tracheal gills present as “tufts” behind the head, and around the anus Each segment of thorax is covered by a large dorsal sclerite Cerci long, multi-segmented

6. Growth and development Plecoptera life cylce Nymphs are found under the stones in streams or lakes

7. Female with Eggs Large no.of eggs are laid singly or, more often in batchs of 100 or more Development is slow, frequently taking more than a year with many moulds ( upto 33) over a period of 3 years for one species Most of stonefly larvae are phytopagous , feeding on Lichens, algae etc, Approx. 3713 species in world, 116 species from India Naiad Many stonefly do not Feed as adults. Others feed on lichen, rotten wood Adult

8. Young ones are naiads and look like may fly naiads STONE FLY Have cerci but no caudal filament Have two tarsal claw MAY FLY Always having both cerci and caudal filament Only one tarsal claw

9. Stoneflies require clean, well-oxygenated water to survive. They are extremely sensitive to water pollution and are used by ecologists as indicators of water purity. Economic Importance FUN FACT Aquatic insects were the theme for a series of six postage stamps issued by Poland on July 16, 1999. Immature and adult stages in the life cycle of a stonefly ( Perla marginata ) are depicted on this stamp.

10. ORDER EMBIOPTERA Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Infraclass: Neoptera Order: Embioptera Families Andesembiidae Anisembiidae Archembiidae Scientific classification Common Name:   Webspinners / Embiids Etymology “ Embio ” meaning lively “ Ptera ” meaning wings

11. Appearance of Immatures and Adults: Antennae slender, filiform Mouthparts mandibulate , prognathous Tarsi 3-segmented; basal segment of front tarsi enlarged, bearing silk glands Hind femur enlarged , adapted for running backward Wings present only in adult males, highly flexible, smoky in color Cerci 1-2 segmented; asymmetrical in males

12. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM MALE FEMALE Sexual dimorphism exist; females are apterous , males winged or wignless ; when winged look like adult winged termite ex, Embio major

13. Egg on gallery wall Nymph First  instar  larva in gallery Adult LIFE CYCLE

14. Habit and habitat The outstanding features of embiids is the abitility to spin silk the foretarsi Foretarsi consist of silk glands which are globules arranged like pomegranate seeds Larval embiid in gallery They prepare galleries in conceled places like under bark, stones, cracks crevices or termite mounds They live within the galleries except during dispersal; galleries are like Water to fish Approx world 457 species 31 species from india

15. Many insects produce silk, but only the Embioptera make it with glands located in the forelegs.  Other insects produce silk with their Malpighian tubules or with modified salivary or labial gland Females of different species are so similar in appearance that it is often impossible to tell them apart.  Identification keys are based entirely on male characters . Web spinners have no economic significance. The insects are small, reclusive, and do not feed on living plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE FUN FACT

16. ORDER-DERMAPTERA Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Exopterygota Order: Dermaptera Families : Dermapteridae Forficulidae Labiduridae Carcinophoridae Scientific classification Etymology “Derma” means skin “ Ptera ” means wings Common Name:   Earwigs

17. Immatures Structurally similar to adults Developing wingpads may be visible on thorax Adults Dorsoventrally flattened Winged or apterous Mouthparts mandibulate , prognathous Tarsi 3-segmented Front wings short and leathery Hind wings semicircular and pleated (fan like) Cerci enlarged to form pincers (forceps)

18. Fore wings Modified into very short leathery Tegmina , devoid of veins Hind wings Semi circular, made up of anal fan with modified radial venation and almost completely folded beneath tegmina when at rest

19. Biology and Maternal Care Eggs are laid in batches in the short burrow excavated by the female in the debris Females remain with egg and nymphs, found licking the eggs removing fungal spores Defend the burrow from any intruder

20. Maternal care

21. Sexual Dimorphism Hind wing unfolded Hind wing folded

22. Habit and habitat They are mainly nocturnal and occur in crevices under bark of Trees, fallen logs and crawl beneath all kinds of debris on the ground Their food consist of wide range of livings and dead plant and animal matter ( both phytopagous and predatory ) The foreceps are used for capturing prey, for offence and defence and Occationally for assisting in folding of the hind wing beneath the tegmina Approx world 6042 species 463 species from india

23. Order:Zoraptera Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Order: Zoraptera Family: Zorotypidae Etymology “ Zor ” Meaning Pure “ Aptera ” Meaning Wingless Common Name:   Zorapterans / Angel Insects Scientific classification

24. Structurally similar to adults Always wingless Appearance of Immatures Antennae 9-segmented Mouthparts mandibulate , hypognathous Soft-bodied, small (usually less than 3 mm) Wings often absent, with reduced venation when present Tarsi 2-segmented Cerci one-segmented Appearance of Adults

25. Fun facts The name zorapterans was given before winged forms were discovered Zoraptera is the third smallest insect order.  Only Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea contain fewer species. In most Zoraptera , there are two forms of adults: winged individuals are usually brown in color and have both eyes and ocelli , wingless individuals are usually blind and pale ( unpigmented ) in color. Some species of Zoraptera have been found living in the nests of termites and mammals.  No one is sure what these insects are doing there.

26. Wingless forms lack compound eyes and ocelli but winged forms have compound eyes and three ocelli Wings are paddle shaped and shed like in ants and termites Feed on fungal spores and small dead arthropods Ex; Zorotypus ceylonicus Apprx . World -44 species None from India

27. ORDER:PHASMATODEA Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Phasmatodea Suborder:Verophasmatodea Infraorder: Areolatae Family:Phylliidae (leaf insect) Infraorder: Anareolatae Family:Phasmatidae (stick insect) Scientific classification Common Name:   Walkingsticks / Stick Insects / Leaf Insects / Phasmids Etymology “ phasm ” meaning ghost, refers to the cryptic appearance and behavior of these insects

28. Appearance of Immatures and Adults Antennae long, slender, setaceous Mouthparts mandibulate , prognathous Body long, cylindrical Prothorax shorter than meso - or metathorax All legs similar, cursorial leg Tarsi 5-segmented Wings often reduced or absent Cerci short, unsegmented

29. Camouflage Stick and leaf insects have developed the shape and colour of the leaves and twigs of plants they live on. They can change colour to match changed surroundings. If disturbed, they may sway gently like leaves or twigs in the breeze. They may drop to the ground, pull their legs to their body and remain very still, perfectly camouflaged as a stick. If grabbed by a predator, they can drop a leg, and later grow a replacement

30. Family 1.Phyllidae ( leaf insects) Family 2.Phasmatidae ( stick insect) Darsoventraly flattened and leaf-like Elongate,body cylindrical and stick like Tibiae with a small triangular area Ex:Phyllium crurifolium Tibia without a triangular apical area. Ex . Carausius morosus Usually 2 families are recognized under phasmatodea

31. Habit and Habitat Slow moving herbivores found on tree and shrubs feeding foliage, found in tropical Asia and Australia Sexual reproduction common although few species reproduce parthenogenetically Few stick insects like Carausius sp ., can regenerate lost legs.( autotomy ) For example, if a predator attacks and takes away part of its legs, the lost portion is regenerated again If a nymph happens to be caught by a predator, they escape by automizing their legs subsequently regenerate autoamputation .

32. Fun facts Phasmid eggs often resemble seeds .  The eggs may remain dormant for over a year before hatching. In some parts of the tropics, stick insects may be so abundant that eggs falling out of the trees may sound like rain on a tin roof . Some walking sticks are sold as pets.  Glands located on the thorax of many species can produce a foul-smelling liquid that repels predators . Some phasmids change color with changes in temperature, humidity, or light intensity.  Stick insects can play dead ( thanatosis ) Stick insects are the world's longest ( Phryganistria chinensis ), which measures 640mm

33. ORDER; ORTHOPTERA Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Superorder: Orthopterida Order: Orthoptera Common Name:   Grasshoppers / Locusts / Crickets / Katydids ETYMOLOGY “ ortho ” meaning straight “ ptera ” meaning wing

34. Suborder: Caelifera Super family Acridoidea Acrididae Grasshoppers locusts Tetrigidae Pygmy grasshoppers

35. Suborder: Ensifera Superfamilies Grylloidea Gryllidae  -true crickets Gryllotalpoidea Myrmecophilidae  - ant crickets Gryllotalpidae  -mole crickets

36. Schizodactyloidea Family  Schizodactylidae  - dune or splay-footed crickets Tettigonioidea Tettigoniidae  - bush crickets, katydids Rhaphidophoroidea   Rhaphidophoridae  - camel crickets

37. Characters They are medium to large sized insects Antenna is filiform . Mouthparts are mandibulate . Prothorax is large. Pronotum is shield like curved, ventrally covering the pleural region Hindlegs are saltatorial

38. Forewings are leathery, thickened and known as tegmina . They are capable of bending without breaking. Hindwings are membranous with large anal area. They are folded by longitudinal pleats between veins and kept beneath the tegmina

39. Cerci are short and unsegmented . Ovipositor is well developed in female Metamorphosis is gradual. In many Orthopterans the newly hatched first instar nymphs are covered by loose cuticle and are called pronymphs . Specialized stridulatory (sound-producing) and auditory (hearing) organs are present

40. Sub order : Caelifera Acrididae : (Locusts, Grasshoppers) Antenna is short Tarsus is three segmented Ovipositor is short and horny Tympanum is located one on either side of the first abdominal segmen

41. Cont, Sound is produced by femoro -alary mechanism. A row of peg like projections found on the inner side of each hind femur is rubbed against the hard radial vein of the closed tegmen . Locusts are a serious threat to tropical agriculture. They swarm under favourable conditions and mainly feed on grasses, cereals etc.

42. Sub order : Ensifera Tettigonidae : (Katydids, Long horned grasshoppers) Antenna is long, slender as long as or longer than the body. Tarsus is four segmented Ovipositor is sword like Auditory organs are found in foretibiae . In each foretibia a pair of tympanum is present.

43. Cont, Sound production is alary type . A thick region on the hind margin of the forewing (scraper) is rubbed against a row of teeth on the stridulatory vein (file) present on the ventral side of another forewing which throws the resonant area on the wing (mirrors) into vibrations to produce sound.

44. Gryllidae (Cricket) Antenna is long. Tarsus is four segmented. Ovipositor is slender and needle like . Forewings are abruptly bent down to cover the sides of the body Hindwings are acuminate. They are produced into a pair of long processes which project beyond the abdomen

45. Cont, Cerci are long and unsegmented Auditory organs and stridulatory organs are similar to long horned grasshopper Males stridulate during night. They produce a shrill chirping noise. Gryllus sp . It is household pest.

46. Gryllotalpidae : (Mole crickets) They are brown coloured insects found inside the burrows. Eyes are reduced Pronotum is elongate, ovate and rounded posteriorly Forelegs are fossorial Tibiae are expanded and digitate Hindwings are extended beyond the tegmina as a pair of processes

47. Cont, Special stridulatory structures are absent. A humming sound is produced by rubbing the forewings A pair of tympanum is found on the order surface of the tibiae Ovipositor is vestigeal Mole crickets burrow into the soil and feed on tender roots of growing plants. Gryllotalpa africana is a pest on stored potatoes.

48. Difference Suborder ensifera Suborder caelifera Antennae with well over 30 segments , about as long than body Antennae with less than 30 segments and shorter than half the body length Tympanal organs when present on fore tibia Tympanal organs when present at base of abdomen (sides of first abdominal segment) Ovipositor when present sword like or stilletoform Ovipositor short and robust Sound produced usually by rubbing forewings together (alary type) Sound production usually by rubbing femur and forewings together ( femoroalary type)

49. Suborder Ensifera Suborder caelifera Long horned grasshopper crickets and mole crickets Short horned – grasshoppers,locusts .

50. Suborder Ensifera Suborder caelifera Antennae with well over 30 segments, about as long than body Antennae with less than 30 segments and shorter than half the body length

51. Suborder ensifera Suborder caelifera Sound produced usually by rubbing forewings together(alary type) Sound production usually by rubbing femur and forewings together ( femoroalary type ) Tympanal organs when present on fore tibia Tympanal organs when present at base of abdomen (sides of first abdominal segment ) Ovipositor when present sword like Ovipositor short and robust

52. Phase theory of locust- Uravov They used to solitarious in habit. Solitarious individuals are repelled from other locusts. Walk slowly with creeping. Active mostly at night. Nymphs and adults are definitely gregarious . They are attracted to conspecifics. Walk rapidly with upright gait. Active mostly at day. Solitary Gregarious Transient phase

53. The solitary phase nymphs are greenish in early instar , white older adults and greyish . Phase solitary Phase Gregarious Body is pinkish with black pattern in early intars and yellow in adults Pronotum longer and crested, long femur Short pronotum , saddle shaped and shor femur

54. REFERENCES https://genent.cals.ncsu.edu/insect-identification/order https://wiki.bugwood.org/Orthoptera https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/orthoptera.html Gullan , P.J. and P.S. Cranston. 2010. The Insects- An Outline of Entomology, Wiley- Blackwell, Sussex, UK. 565 p Chapman, R.F. 2013. The Insects: Structure and function. Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh, Cambridge, UK, 961 p.

55. THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION