Pomegranate

production aspects of pomegranate in India.

1. 1 welcome Andrew L Myrthong 2014-12-126 Dept. of Pomology and Floriculture

2. 2 Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass : Rosidae Order : Myrtales Family : Punicaceae Genus : Punica Species : granatum Binomial name : Punica granatum

3. 3 Common Names: Pomegranate, Granada (Spanish), Grenade (French ), Anar (Hindi) Origin : The pomegranate is native of Iran Adaptation : Altitude – 1850m MSL Semi-arid with cool winter and hot summer Deciduous or Evergreen Hot and dry climate during fruit development and ripening Optimum temperature – 38 C Sweetness ∞ temperature Deep loamy to alluvial soil

4. 4 World Scenario Popular in Eastern as well as Western parts of the world Mediterranean region, Spain, Iran, India, Turkey, South East Asia, Afghanistan, tropical Africa, parts of USA etc It is grown for its fully luscious grains called ‘Arils’; the fruits are very attractive with sweet acidic taste The fruits are mainly used for dessert purposes The fruits are also processed to make juice, syrup, jam, jelly, wine, to flavour cakes, baked apples, etc Of late, its nutritional and medicinal values are given ample importance

5. 5 Indian Scenario According to the data published by National Horticulture Board of India the area decreased from 109.00 thousand ha in 2008-09 to 107.00 thousand ha in 2010-11 similarly , the production has decreased from 807.00 thousand tons to 743.00 thousand tons during the same period

6. 6 Year Area in 000’ HA Production in 000’ MT Productivity (MT/HA) 2008-09 109.00 807.00 7.40 2009-10 125.00 820.00 6.60 2010-11 107.00 743.00 6.90

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9. species 9 Two species: Punica protopunica found wild in Socotra Island( Y emen) Punica granatum : 2 subspecies Chlorocarpa - found in Trans Caucasus Porphyrocarpa - found in Central Asia

10. 10 Cultivars          Ganesh : S election from  ‘ Alandi ’ D eveloped by Dr. Cheema at Pune P rolific bearer, fruit very large, rind yellowish red, pinkish aril with soft seeds C ommercial cultivar of Maharashtra The average yield ranges  from 8-10 kg per tree .      

11. 11 Phule Arakta :   Pre-released in the year 1989, now released as ‘ Phule Arakta ’ by MPKV, Rahuri Heavy yielder, fruits are bigger in size sweet with soft seeds, bold red arils It also possess glossy, attractive, dark red skin H igh yield (30-35 kg/tree ) Fruits are ready for harvesting within 120-135 days (Early variety)   ·                                      

12. 12 Mridula :    Ganesh X Gul -E-Shah Red This variety has all the characters of the Ganesh variety except the arils are dark red in colour The colour of the arils in ' Ambe ' bahar and ' Mrig ' bahar is dark red in colour while it is pink during the 'Hasta' bahar The average fruit weight is 250-300 grams                                                 

13. 13 Bhagwa : The fruit is glossy red in colour with soft seeds and high TSS

14. Dholka : Popular variety of Gujarat with fruits of large size, rind greenish yellow, flesh aril pinkish white seeds soft, juice acidic, suitable for processing Jodhpur Local: Medium sized fruit with hard rind, fleshy aril light pink, sweet, juicy, seed moderately hard Bassein Seedless :   from Karnataka. Flowers throughout the yearFruit medium to large in size, rind brownish green, fleshy aril, TSS 16-17 Brix Ruby: Multiple Hybrid from IIHR, yield 16-18t/ha In South India, ‘ Paper Shell ’, ‘ Spanish Ruby ’, ‘ Muscat Red ’ & ‘ Velladu ’ have shown promise 14

15. 15 Balegal Cloud Crab Early Wonderful Fleshman Green Globe Home King Phoenicia:( Fenecia ) Sweet Utah Sweet Wonderful Francis Granada Green Globe

16. 16 Botany Shrub with multiple trunks and has a bushy appearance Grows upto 5m when domesticated and more than 7m under wild condition Deciduous tree Young branches are polygonal (quadrangular) and round when mature Stiff angular branches often spiny Leaves oblanceolate , obtuse and acuminate

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18. 18 F lowering occurs 1 month after bud break Bears in both season growth on spurs Terminal flowers are in cluster while flower on spurs are mostly solitary Flower are red in colour with 5-8 crumbled petals Three types: Hermaphrodite flowers (vase shaped) , male flowers (bell shaped) and intermediate Cultivars with higher vase shaped to bell shaped ratio will have higher yield potential Stigma receptive one day before anthesis and continues upto the second day. Anthesis completed in 3-5 hours Self pollinated and cross pollinated Heterostyly- hermaphrodite (pin) and male flowers ( thrumb ) Flowers

19. 19 Fruit Develops from the ovary and is a fleshy berry Fruit is crowned by a prominent calyx Connected to the tree with a short stalk After fruit set, sepals change colour from orange red to green In later stage of maturation colour changes again until final characteristic colour is obtained

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21. 21 The multi-ovule chambers ( locules ) are separated by membranous walls (septum) and fleshy mesocarp The chambers are organized in a nonsymmetrical way Usually the lower part of the fruit contains 2 to 3 chambers while its upper part has 6 to 9 chambers The chambers are filled with many seeds (arils ) The arils contain a juicy edible layer Colour of the edible layer vary depending upon the variety The arils vary in size and the seeds vary in hardness The fruit ripens in 5-8 months

22. 22 Propagation Seedlings: Variation in characters Low yield Poor quality fruits Air layering: treatment with 10000ppm IBA in lanolin as carrier was found to improve rooting.

23. 23 Cutting: Hardwood cutting is most common One year old fully mature wood are utilised or Suckers which arise from the base of the stem Cuttings are 20-25cm long IAA 200ppm or IBA 50ppm increased the rooting percentage Set in beds with 1-2 buds above the soil for 1 year

24. 24 Micropropagation Depends on factors such as genotype, explant, season, media and growth regulators Mahisi et.al. (1991)- shoot tip as explant Drazeta (1997)- apical vegetative bud as explant Yang and Ludders (1993)- nodal leaf and stem as explant Complete protocol for in vitro regeneration using cotyledonary nodes reported by Naik et.al. (2000)

25. 25 Planting and Plant density Square or hexagonal system Pit size: 60cm 3 Spacing: 5 x 5m Planting density is the yield contributing factor Investigation at MPKV, Rahuri showed that increased plant density also increased yield per hectare without affecting fruit quality 1000 plants(4x2.5m) gave 2.30 time higher yield and 2.44 times more profit than normal density of 400 plants(5x5m).

26. 26 Training and pruning Training: Multiple stem training Main stem is pinched at a height of about one metre from the ground surface 4-5 well distributed branches are allowed to grow on all sides The desired shape is obtained within 2-3 years

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28. 28 T raining on a single stem is not advocated since Tree produces suckers Highly susceptible to stem borer Plants are allowed to grow as a bush with a number of main shoots arising at ground level Too many stems also hinder interculture operations Maintenance of 3-4 stems per plant is recommended

29. 29 Pomegranate orchard

30. 30 Pruning: Removal of suckers (water sprouts), dead and diseased branches Developing a sound framework Limited pruning of the bearing tree Annual pruning during winter should be confined to shortening of the previous season’s growth

31. 31 Pruning delays bud sprouting , flower appearance and harvesting Highest yield from unpruned trees Pruned trees gave- Better quality Increases fruit size,juice content and TSS Reduced sun scorched and internal breakdown

32. 32 Irrigation: regular irrigation during initial phase Also from flowering to ripening of fruits Drip preferred over traditional check basin system Manuring and fertilization: FYM – 20kg per tree at the onset of monsoon N- 1000g, P 2 O 5 - 1000g K 2 0- 1500g per tree Foliar spray of 0.25% ZnSO 4, FeSO 4, and MnSO 4 and 0.15% boric acid increased yield

33. 33 Mulching: B lack polyethylene mulch resulted in the best plant growth, earliest flowering and highest yield Intercropping: Desirable since crop takes 4-5 years to come to good bearing Low growing vegetables and pulse crops

34. 34 Crop Regulation: Withheld watering two months prior to normal flowering season After two months, applied manures and fertilizers and give light irrigation 3-4 days later, heavy irrigation at normal interval

35. 35 Three flowering season: Ambe Bahar (February-March) Mrig Bahar ( J une-July) Hasta Bahar (September-October)

36. 36 Flower thinning : Sevin ( carbaryl ) and NAA Fruit growth and development: Single sigmoid growth pattern Linear increase in size, diameter, volume and weight except specific gravity which decreased gradually Color changes from greenish to deep pink with red and yellow patches at maturity Aril/rind and TSS/acidity ratio increases

37. 37 Effect of Growth Regulators: Desai et al. (1993) NAA (250ppm) + carbaryl (0.7%) = large fruits(≥200g) Manual removal of flowers + GA (20ppm)= Large fruits with highest mean weight(224.2g) 2,4-D @ 20ppm on cv. Ganesh at flowering and 45 and 90 days later increased fruit length, girth, weight and volume Glutathione @ 25, 50 or 75 ppm applied 3-4 weeks after anthesis improved the TSS:Acid ratio and decreased the percentage of fruit cracking

38. 38 Effect of Bagging: Hussein et al. (1994) reported Bagging reduced the percentage of fruit fly ( Virachola livia ) Increased fruit yield per tree, individual fruit weight and size, TSS:acid ratio Improves the rind colour and reduced the rust patches Reduced fruit cracking

39. 39 Harvesting and Yield: Ready in 5-7 months after the appearance of blossoms Skin turns slightly yellow The fruit gives a metallic sound when tapped Tree starts yielding from 4 th year onwards giving 20-25 fruits per tree 10 th year 100-150 fruits per tree Average yield : 200-250 fruits per tree Economic yield : 25-30 years

40. 40 R ipening and storage It is a non climacteric fruit Can be kept well for 2 months at 0 o C, one month at 4.5 o C and 15 days at room temperature Bavistin @0.2% enhanced shelf life upto 30 days at room temperature and prevents post harvest fungal rot RH: 80-85% CA storage with 6.0:3.0%(CO 2 :O 2 ) showed minimal quality and weight loss

41. 41 Pests Pomegranate butterfly or fruit borer: Virachola isocrates ; V. livia Most important and widely distributed Symptoms: Offensive smell, excreta of caterpillars come out of the entry holes Apply metacid 50 EC 1ml/l at fortnight interval Foliar application of synthetic pyrethroids @ 150g a.i /ha

42. 42 Symptoms of fruit borer

43. 43 Bark eating caterpillar: Inderbela tetraonis ; I. quadrinotata Bores the bark and feed inside old trees 10-12 holes in a badly infected tree One caterpillar in each hole Injecting quinalphos @0.05% and fenvalerate @0.01% along with petrol and kerosene

44. 44 Stem borer: Olenecampetus bilobus Common in neglected orchards Makes hole and bore through the branches Main trunk is mostly affected Control same as bark eating caterpillar

45. 45 Leaf footed plant bug: Leptoglossus mambranaceus Adult bugs damaga the fruits Pierce the rind of the ripening fruits with their strong proboscis Infested fruits drop down Spray malathion @ 0.1%

46. 46 Sap sucking insects: Mealy bugs, scale insects, white flies, thrips , aphids, mites Prune the affected parts Spray malathion @ 0.1% Bag worm: Clania cramen Carob moth: Ectomyelois ceratoniae Nematode: Meloidogyne Incognita and M. javanica

47. 47 Diseases Fruit spot: Dreschslora rostrata Small irregular spots surrounded by greenish yellow border Infestation extends to inner tissues causing browning of the aril Pruning the dead and diseased branches Spray dithane M-45 or captan @ 500g in 200l of water

48. 48 Fruit rot: 1. Glomerella cingulata Discoloration of fruits from lower part or the sides Discolored areas become brown to black Whole fruit rots in a week 2. Phomopsis sp Rainy season Flowers fail to set fruit Young fruits drop Yellow to black spot all over the fruit Pruning affected twigs and fruits and burning them Bavistin @0.5%, Dithane M-45 @ 0.25% spra y

49. 49 Leaf spot: Bacteria- Xanthomonas punicae Fungi- Pseudocercospora punicae , Curvularia lunata , Colletotrichum gleosporoides Indefinite black color spots on upper surface of the leaf extending rapidly Blackish or brownish spots on the fruits Spraying dithane M-45@ 0.2%, Captan @ 0.1% at 15 DI or Copper oxychloride @ 0.2%

50. 50 Postharvest diseases Aspergillus rot - Aspergillus nidulans Internal rot – Aspergillus clavatus Soft rot – Rhizopus arrhizus Spicaria rot – Spicaria spp. Black mould – Aspergillus niger Bortrydiplodia rot – B. theobromae Penicillium rot – Penicillium expansum Control by preinfection dip in 500ppm 2,4-D or spraying of sulphur compounds on packing straw

51. 51 Botrydiplodia rot Black mould Aspergillus rot

52. 52 Disorders Fruit cracking or splitting: Frequent in dry atmosphere of the arid regions Cause: (i)Due to sudden change in soil moisture content (ii)Deficiency of Ca or B Fruits though sweeter lose keeping quality and unfit for shipment Adequate and regular irrigation and interculture

53. 53 Sun Scald : Causes: Fruits on trees mainly facing direct sun rays reveal sun scald. Improper pruning is one of the reasons Nature of damage: Peel of affected fruits reveal sun Burn symptoms reducing market value of such fruits Detection and diagnosis : Affected fruits reveal sun burn particularly on the fruit surface

54. 54 Internal break down of arils : Causes: Complex (Exact cause to be established) Delayed harvesting, Varietal character, Nutritional deficiency etc Nature of damage : blackening and rotting of arils and the fruits become unfit for consumption Detection and diagnosis : Mainly affects fruits which appear healthy but when cut, reveal disco loured , rotten and shrivelled arils. Studies on diagnosing the disease are inconclusive

55. 55 Pomegranate decline: Cause: sudden drop in temperature in late autumn and early winter when the trees are not fully dormant Detection and diagnosis: yellowing, wilting and death of some branches

56. 56 Breeding and Improvement Three methods: Collection of superior germplasm from indigenous and exotic sources Improvement by selection Controlled hybridization

57. 57 Objectives To obtain suitable types which produce small soft seeds with attractive red (pink) aril To develop easily manageable upright growth habit of the tree To develop thornless twigs , a desirable character as it helps in cultural management of the tree To develop varieties resistant to fruit borer ( Virachola isocrates ) and fruit rot ( Phomopsis spp.) To develop varieties free from fruit cracking

58. 58 Biotechnology The problem of stem borer can be tackled by using Bt genes Protocols for somatic embryogenesis are available Biochemical and molecular markers can be use for characterizing wide amount of variability and genetic resources Anther culture shown promising

59. 59 Grade Grade requirements Grade tolerances Extra class superior quality shape, and colour typical of the variety free of defects 5% (no. or wt.)not satisfying the requirements of the grade, but meeting those of class I grade Class I good quality a slight defect in shape, colour and skin (i.e. scars, scratches,scraps and blemishes) not exceeding 5% of the total surface area 10% of pomegranates not satisfying the requirements of the class, but meeting those of class II Class II Defects as above not exceeding 10% of the total surface area 10% by of pomegranates not satisfying the requirements of the grade, but meeting the minimum requirements

60. 60 Provision concerning sizing

61. 61 Packaging F or export purposes, a cardboard corrugated fibreboard box of 4.0 or 5.0 kg capacity is used The dimensions of such boxes depending upon the capacity are : S.No . 4 Kg Box 5 Kg Box 1 375 x 275 x 100 mm 480 x 300 x 100 mm

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63. 63 Packed pomegranates ready for shipment

64. 64 Exports and export potential A. Domestic Strengths for Exporting Pomegranate: India is the largest producer of pomegranates in the world India produces finest varieties of pomegranate having soft seeds, very less acids and very attractive colour of the fruits and grains With adoption of different “ bahars ”, India can supply pomegranates almost throughout the year Maximum cultivation of pomegranate is in states of Maharashtra and North Western Karnataka which are very close to the western port of Mumbai for exporting to Gulf and European countries

65. 65 Agri Export Zone for enhancing exports of pomegranate has been established in Maharashtra state There is strong research support for scientific cultivation of pomegranate like Nrc for Pomegranate Solapur , MPKV, and IIHR Bhagwa variety has high acceptance in European market Farmers have been trained for export quality production and have registered with GLOBALGAP certification

66. 66 B. Exports: The major Markets of India’s pomegranate during the year 2011-12 were UAE, Bangladesh, Netherlands, UK, Saudi Arabia and Russia .

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68. 68 C. Measures for enhancing competitiveness for export Our efforts needs to be towards lowering production cost by increasing productivity S etting up special production areas in east zone for export to SE Asian countries through eastern port Packhouse facilities need to be established Popularising the brand Manipulation of flowering to avoid competition from other exporting countries Endorsing to other countries by holding fruit fairs, exhibitions etc

69. Health Benefits of Pomegranate Super food Rich in antioxidants Good for heart Reduce blood sugar levels Reduce blood pressure Eliminate free radicals Harmonize immune system Slows down ageing 69

70. 70 References Bose, T. K., Patil , A. V. and Karale , A.R. 2002. Pomegranate. In: Bose, T. K., Mitra , S. K. and Sanyal , D. ( eds ), Fruits: Tropical and Subtropical Volume-II (3 rd Ed.). Naya Udyog , Calcutta, pp. 125-162 APEDA. Pomegranate [On-line]. Available:agriexchange.apeda.gov.in /Mar ket%20 Profile/MOA/Product/Pomegranate.pdf (1 march 2015) Holland, D., Hatib , K. and Bar- Ya’akov , I. 2009. Pomegranate : Botany, Horticulture , Breeding. In: Janick , J.(ed.) Hortic . Rev. 35:127-191

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