Pond Design And Construction System In An Aqua Farm.

Here all the information about pond design and construction in an aqua farm discuss.

1. Pond Design And Construction System In An Aqua Farm. MD . ASRAFUR RAHMAN ASH1402072M Noakhali Science & Technology University

2. Presentation outline Introduction Suitable fish breeds in pond culture Criteria for selecting of suitable fish species The breeds which are suitable for pond culture Site selection Fish pond design and construction Different kinds of pond Construction material of ponds Pond construction Conclusion

3. Introduction The fish culture has been an essential occupation in villages and rural areas. It is also a development project in rural areas suffering from the protein deficiency. The farming of fish can be in natural ponds or in man-made ponds. The fishes can be farmed in fresh waters, marine waters, ponds and running waters. The fishes like carp and oreachromis are easy for rearing and can be profitable if there is a management plan of rearing the fishes.

4. Inputs and outputs of fish farming

5. Suitable fish breeds in pond culture There are many species that are reared in ponds successfully, but there are some restricted numbers of species which are only cultivated in commercial scale. Criteria for selecting of suitable fish species High market demand with high price. The fishes which are pleasant to taste and which have high nutrient value. These are easy to breed and easy to rear seeds. The breeds which are adaptable to drained and undrained pond environment. Fast growing breeds. The breeds that can convert the artificial feed efficiently. The breeds which are not easily susceptible to disease.

6. The breeds which are suitable for pond culture Catla Rohu Mrigal Silver carp Grass carp Common carp Tilapia etc.

7. Site selection Soil The soil quality influences the pond productivity and water quality and determines the dyke construction. The properties of soil texture and soil permeability are determined to decide the suitability of a site. Loamy, clay loamy and silt clay soil types are most suitable for pond construction. Rocky, sandy, gravel and limestone soil types are to be avoided.

8. Site selection(Contd..) Evaluation of soil suitability Soil suitability can be evaluated by three methods. Squeeze method Ground water test Water permeability test

9. Site selection(Contd..) Water Natural water bodies such as reservoir, river, and lakes have stable water quality parameters (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, ph , alkalinity and water hardness) when compared to bore well and well water. The ideal water temperature is 20˚ – 300˚c for a fish farm. Water salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in water. A few freshwater fishes such as tilapia and catfishes grow even in salt water, but the carps can withstand only in freshwater.

10. Site selection(Contd..) Topography Type of pond construction is determined by the land topography. Normally, flood prone areas and poor rainfall areas need to be avoided. Areas such as Industrial zones, Fields with underground oil pipelines, Irregular land area, Fields with high electricity poles and Radio masts and highly rooted vegetation area are also not recommended for pond construction.

11. Site selection(Contd..) Biological factors Biological factors include the species to be cultured, seed source and culture type and they need to be considered before site selection of farm. Social and economic factors It is important to get to know the social and economic background of the area and understand the culture and traditions, particularly ideas and beliefs locally associated with aquaculture practices. The social fabric, market, and its structure, services directly or indirectly linked with aquaculture sector such as transportation, storage, wholesale market aspects etc. Are to be considered. The land identified for farm should be without legal issues and fish farming should be accepted by the local people.

12. Fish pond design and construction Survey for fish pond construction: The land should be surveyed before constructing the pond to find out its topography. The first step in the construction of fish pond is making the land which is proposed for the pond. The main wall should be constructed near the natural slope. The mark on the wall should be near the lower end of the pond where the natural slope is greatest.

13. Fish pond design and construction(Contd..) Designing the fish pond: The first step taken in designing the fish pond is soil immunity, soil type, topography and water supply. There should be a clarity maintained that how many nurseries, rearing and stocking ponds are to be constructed. If the fish farm is constructed only for the production of seed, then there is minimal usage of the nursery and stocking a pond. In a small area the ponds can be constructed. In case of rearing and producing the seeds, then more stocking ponds will be constructed to produce fishes and seeds and also to produce table size fish after stocking fingerlings.

14. Fish pond design and construction(Contd..) As we farm all fishes, then we need to construct all types of ponds which are based on the intended stocking density. An acre of land is must for the fish pond. Less than an acre is rarely satisfactory for fish population over many years. In small areas the management required is more, but the income is less. For the designing and construction, we need to consider some important things like exact size, maximum depth, average depth, and water volume of the pond.

15. Different kinds of pond The ponds differ according to the sources of water. The water can be drained from the pond. The different water sources of the pond are: Ground-fed ponds: The water is supplied from either a spring into the ponds or any other area close to it. Supply of water may vary, but the quality will be constant. The water is supplied into the ponds by seepage. The level of water in the pond varies with the level of the water-table. Rain-fed water: The ponds are filled with rain water and the surface runoff, the water is not supplied in dry season. The ponds are often in small depression in impermeable soil, with a dike built at the lower side to maintain more soil.

16. Different kinds of pond (Contd..) Water running-fed water: The ponds can be filled with the nearby streams, a lake, a reservoir or an irrigation canal. The water can be filled with running water, steam straight into the ponds. By water entering a channel from which the controlled amounts can be filled to the ponds. Pump-fed ponds: Water can be pumped from the well, spring, lake, reservoir and irrigation canal.

17. Different kinds of pond (Contd..) Different drainage ponds: Undrainable ponds: These ponds can’t be drained by gravity. These are generally filled by groundwater or surface runoff and their water level may vary seasonally. These ponds have two main origins. Drainable ponds: These ponds have set a level in draining the water. They can easily drain the water by gravity. These can get filled by surface water from streams, spring and pump fed. Pump-drainable ponds: These ponds can be drained till particular level and the rest water should be pumped out. These ponds are set and only used where ground water does not seep back in to any extent.

18. Construction material of ponds The earthen ponds are most common and can be easily constructed. These ponds are entirely constructed with soil. The walled ponds are constructed with blocks, bricks and concrete walls. These ponds are all sometimes constructed with wooden planks and corrugated metals. The lined ponds are constructed with earthen ponds with plastic and rubber sheet.

19. Steps for constructing a pond These are the steps which are followed while constructing the pond: Step 1: the site should be prepared by removing unwanted things in site such as trees, bushes, stones and rocks. Step 2: the construction of seepage is free and the dyke should be secured by using the clay core. Step 3: the pond should be dug and construction of the dyke is done over clay core. Step 4: the construction of the inlet and outlet should be done. Step 5: the dyke should be covered with soil and implanted by the plants and grass species like Rhodes grass and star grass. Step 6: the pond should be fenced so that the animals or theft incidents can be avoided.

20. Site preparation The site is cleaned of ropes, cables and other items. The obstacles like trees and bushes should be removed around the site as they hinder movement of heavy equipment. These all are removed either manually, by animal power or by using machinery.

21. Construction of dyke The dyke is constructed compact, solid and leak free. The dyke is constructed using a slit of 15 – 30%, the sand percentage is 45-55%, and the clay percentage is 30 – 35%. The embankment slope in horizontal to vertical should be 2:1 in good quality clay soil and 3:1 for the loamy soil or sandy soil. The dyke is raised by using the clay buddle which is deposited in 10 – 15 cm thick layer and it is either formed in the center or inside the waterside of the pond. As for the safety measure extra outlet should be constructed on the embankment to avoid the damage due to excess level of the water raised in the pond.

22. Types of ponds For specific life stage developments of fish specific kinds of ponds are required. The different types of ponds are nursery, rearing, stocking, treatment and brood stock pond. The total farm area can be divided into 5 % of nursery, 20 % of rearing pond, 70 % of stocking pond and 5 % of treatment pond.

23. Nursery pond P ond size is about 0.01 – 0.05 hectares Depth1.0 – 1.5 m. The 3 days old spawn are stocked. R eared for a maximum of 30 days, which attain a length of 2-3 cm. Rearing pond A pond where the fries are reared which turn into the fingerlings and attain the length of 10 – 15 cm as this size is marketable size. These are cultured for 2 – 3 months. The rearing pond size varies from the 0.05 – 0.1 hectares and with water depth of 1.5 – 2.0 cm.

24. Stocking pond The fingerlings are reared into the market size that is 10 – 15 cm. The culture period is 8 – 10 months. The stocking pond is also used for the brood stock pond and the breeding pond as per the requirement. The pond area of the stocking is 1-2 hectares with a greater depth of 2.5 – 3.0 m. Marketing pond Which is small but quite deep, is used to keep fish caught from a stocking pond for sale at short notice when the demand and price are high. These ponds can be 0.05-0.10 ha in size with a water level of 3-4 m in summer.

25. Brood stock pond (0.2-0.4 ha) are perennial and have a water depth of 2m in the summer. Treatment pond The treatment tank is a large settling tank. The water used in fish ponds is purified biologically here. These are also used as the stocking ponds. For easy netting operation the flat bottom is recommended.

26. The farmer should use the “altitude area” for constructing the “nursery pond followed by rearing pond”. The “lowest area” of the farm should be used in construction of “stocking pond and treatment pond”.

27. Pond construction The ponds are constructed with 2 types. They are Dug out ponds The dug out pond is constructed by digging the soil, which is most suitable for the fish farming and construction of ponds in plain areas. It should be constructed scientifically and mathematically by using and maintaining the size, shape, depth, and other factors. Embanking ponds These embanking ponds are mostly suitable for the hilly areas. The erection of dykes may be on 1 or 2 sides depending on the need. This pond is economically available, but it is not ideal for the fish culture because it doesn’t have any size, shape and depth fixed as per the mathematical knowledge or scientific knowledge of the fish culture.

28. Inlet and outlet construction: The inlet is known as feeder canals; these are constructed to provide the quality of water to the ponds. These are not constructed to the ponds which are filled by rainwater. The inlets are constructed on the top of the pond and the screens are used to filter the pumped water and avoid the entry of unwanted particles into the pond system. The outlet is constructed in the bottom of the pond. The outlet is used to de-water the pond during the harvesting and partially draining the pond. The outlet is constructed before the dyke construction.

29. Soil and vegetation coverage of the dyke The soil erosion is reduced by growing the creeping grass on the top and sides of the dyke. For the embankment the banana and coconut trees can be grown. The embankment slope is planted with grasses such as hybrid napier , gunny grass and elephant grass to supply feed to the grass carps reared in the ponds.

30. Pond fencing The ponds are fenced to protect the farm from the theft. The live fences are sometimes broken because of the wind break and it increases farm diversity. There are many ways of constructing the fences. The types of fences are live fence, piled fence, woven fence, post & rail fence, wire fence, wire netting fence and stone wall. There are both advantages and disadvantages of these fences. The wired net fence is mostly used to protect the fish farm and also to stop the intruders.

31. Conclusion When the construction site has been prepared, the fish pond and its water control structures can be built. Dikes are the most important part of a fish pond, as they keep the necessary volume of water impounded and form the actual pond; their design and construction is particularly important.

32. Thank you for your kind attention

33. Any question?