population and migration Ap human geography

population and migration pattern and process / Ap human geography

1. Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

2. Population Density = Number of people in a specific area Population Distribution = How people are spread across the region. Population Compositio n = The characteristics of a population such as age and gender Population Scale = The size and characteristics of a population . (small or large)

3. Demography: is the study of the characteristics of a human population .

4. 1.Why is the population growing so quickly? 2. Which areas are growing fastest in the world? Why? 3. What effects has this growth had on social and ecological system? 4. Do you think that the world’s population will keep growing? Why?

5. Population Density is the number of persons per unit of land area. Ecumene : The part of the Earth that is fit for humans to live. Nearly 75 % of the Earth's inhabitants live on 5% percent of the Earth's surface, and 50% of these people live in urban centers

6. How can we express the density of humans on the surface of the Earth? Physiologic density: is the number of persons per unit of agricultural land. Is the land very fertile and productive, or is the soil poor and overworked? Agricultural density: is the number of farmers living in rural areas per unit of agricultural land.This figure omits people who live in cities. Crude density, or Arithmetic density: is the number of people per unit of land. How can we compute the arithmetic density of the population? Divide the total land area of a region by the total population T otal land area Total population

7. 4. Carrying capacity: defined as how many people an area can support on a sustained basis, relates to density because together, they define whether or not an area is overcrowded. High carrying capacity: because of fertile soil and modern agricultural techniques. Low carrying capacity: L ike Greenland is an ice place.

8. The table below summarizes the place characteristics that produce high and low population densities in the world.

9. Population Distribution

10. Population distribution: is the pattern of where humans live. Humans are not spread throughout the world. Most people live in the Northern Hemisphere, on continental margins, and in lowlands. In another way it meanS how people spread across a large area.

11. Migration : is the movement of humans from one place to another. People migrate from dangerous or difficult circumstance to where they can find jobs and new lives. Migrations between countries on a continent (intercontinental) within a country (interregional) from the rural countryside to urban centers (rural to urban)

12. T he crude birth rate (CBR) : measures the number of babies born per 1,000 people. The total fertility rate (TFR) measures the number of babies born per reproductive-age woman. It is a more accurate. The crude death rate (CDR) or mortality rates refers to the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people.

13. What are the reasons that reduced death rates? Improved antibiotics 2. vaccinations 3. Pesticides 4. access to medical care 5. safe water supplies. The greatest drop in death rates has occurred in the "infants one-year-and-under" age cohort in 1945. What caused death in sub-Saharan African area? HIV/AIDS is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide food shortages threaten the survival of many families

14. The rate of natural increase (NIR or RNI) is found by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate. The crude death rate _ The crude birth rate = NIR/RNI It is very large in the Southern Hemisphere (especially Africa) negative in Europe low in the United States less-developed countries (LDCs) tend to have higher rates of natural increase than more-developed countries, although the pattern is not universal.

15. Doubling Time: - This is how long it takes for a country’s population to double in size if the growth rate remains the same. -Use a simple rule called the "Rule of 70" to find this time: Divide 72 by The Rate of Natural Increase (72 ÷ RNI ). - Example: If a country's population grows at 2% per year, it will take 35 years for the population to double (72 ÷ 2 = 35) .

16. Population momentum: means that even though the fertility rates may be decreasing, the population can still be increasing because of the large number of young people. Example: (Asia/ Latin America)

17. J-Curve: - When a population grows quickly, it forms a shape on a graph that looks like a “J.” -The population growth keeps rising faster and faster, causing decrease in food, water, and space) for everyone

18. The stages in demographic transition are as follows: * Stage 1: Slow population growth, when the birth and death rates are both high. (like most of the world before the Industrial Revolution) * Stage 2: The population increases greatly as the death rate drops and birth rate stays high. ( like many of the Less Developed Countries (LDC) * Stage 3: The population growth slows because of a falling birth rate. (like More Developed Countries) * Stage 4: The rate of natural increase is low or decreasing because of low death rates and low birth rates. ( Most Developed Countries( DCs) like The United States) * Stage 5: Higher death rates than birth rates and the population of elderly is greater than the youthful population. ( We can see this in many European countries and Japan)

19. What are the characteristics of Stage 4? Have higher levels of education Stronger economies Improved healthcare More women in the workforce A fertility rate of approximately two children per woman .

20. A ssumptions made by experts: Thomas Malthus: a British scholar, made the assumption regarding the relationship between population growth and food supply that population always grows geometrically, while food supply only grows arithmetically. This assumption is not always valid. Neo-Malthusians: believes that population growth has a tendency to exceed food supply growth and suggests that governmental policies can keep population growth. Replacement level: The population level necessary to assure the population continues to replace itself Zero population growth (ZPG) : a condition in which births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration for individual countries, would present unique socio economic problems.

21. A triangular population diagram Very wide bottom means a large number of babies and children. Disadvantages: ( Future needs) social services Immunizations Schools

22. A rectangular or cylindrical pyramid A larger aging cohort Disadvantages: Future needs : Medical care Services Like “Japan”

23. D ependency ratio: The ratio of people under age 15 and those 65 and older to those age 15 to 65. 1 : 15 Children 65: up elderly people 15: 65 Young people

24. Dependency ratio Examples Many countries in Europe, such as Sweden, Austria, Italy, and Greece and Japan They will decrease in workforce at the same time as the number of dependents to each worker increases. ( no workers and more dependents) Disadvantages: Government spending for adult daycare nursing homes home-care social services Increase the government expenditures for education child welfare and health services maternity services will decrease

25. Population Movement E. G. Ravenstein, a geographer, proposed several migration principles such as: * Move only a short distance. * Usually settle in urban areas if moving long distances. * Move in steps. * Move from rural to urban. * Start a migration flow that produces a movement in the opposite direction. * Are adults (families with children are less likely to move). * If international, are young males, whereas more internal migrants are female. (But this has changed recently; now, from 40 to 60 percent of international migrants are female

26. The majority of international migrants are young adults in all regions of the world. Female migrants usually move for better economic opportunities. Many migrants send remittances (money) back home to their families. For example, Indians have been sending remittances from the Persian Gulf back home to India that contribute more to the Indian balance of payments than all other forms of capital inflow added together. Brain drain refers to the migration or emigration of highly skilled and educated individuals from one country to another. This typically occurs when professionals, such as scientists, doctors, engineers, and academics, leave their home country to pursue better opportunities abroad, including higher salaries, better working conditions, and advanced research facilities.

27. "Push and Pull" Migration Factors T he major reasons why migrants move. It is divided into push factors (factors that encourage leaving) and pull factors (factors that draw the migrant to the new location).

28. All moves are influenced by: Place utility: which is the person's satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a place. People will choose whether to remain or move based on place utility. Distance decay :is the principle that says migrants try to minimize the friction of distance.This means that migrants will be more inclined to move to locations closer to them; they will be less interested in moving to distant locations. Intervening opportunity: is the idea that migrants will choose a location closer rather than farther. The closer opportunities will appear more attractive to the migrant than those farther away.

29. Voluntary and Involuntary Migrations Not everyone who migrates really wants to make the move. Sometimes forced, or involuntary, migrations occur as people are forced out of their homes by the government or some other group.

30. T ypes of migrants: Immigrant: A person who is entering another country with the intention of living there. Emigrant: A person who is leaving one country with the intention of living in a different country. Refugees: A person who is residing outside the country of his or her origin because of fear of persecution because of religion, ethnicity, race, or political ideology. Internally Displaced Person (IDP): A person who is forced out of the home region because of war, political or social unrest, environmental problems, etc., but does not cross any international boundaries.

31. Refugees have become a huge problem in the world today For example: Southwest Asia facing the worst problems. Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan, it has generated thousands of refugees; 250,000 refugees have fled from the Darfur province to Eastern Chad since the conflict began. Refugees typically flee their home in fear without official documents , taking only the clothes on their backs .

32. Spatial Patterns and theories of Migration

33. Spatial Patterns How long do migrants usually stay when they move? Short-term migration: occurs when a Person moves to another country for a period of at least three months but less than a year. migrants permitted into a country to fill a labor need on the assumption that the workers will go "home" once the labor need subsides. They generally have short-term work visas and send remittances back to their home country. Local movements or internal migration: occur as people leave an area in a country or region and go to another part of the same country or region. Because of a drought or other agrarian hardship in one part of the region makes life intolerable, - One type of local movement that is prevalent in Western nations is residential relocation because of the desire for a better school district, a more convenient location, changes in life cycle, income level, job location, perceived safety of neighborhood (this occurs in India) The ability to move within the country or region helps people survive hardships without going too far from home. Cyclic movement: to move away from home for a short period, includes commuting, seasonal movement, and nomadism.

34. Migration takes many spatial forms. A large move from one continent or culture to another, A small, incremental moves. The table here summarizes the forms of migration.

35. Theories of Migration Human Capital Theory of Migration When migrants move from one location to another, they shift human capital. The human capital theory of migration states that educated workers often migrate from poor countries to wealthy countries seeking better-paying jobs. This movement of human capital benefits both countries. The capital-rich country gains talented labor and the labor-rich country receives much-needed capital as the migrants send remittances to their families. The loss of labor in the poor country also increases the wage rate for those who do not emigrate. When workers migrate, their education benefits the country where they move to work.

36. Barriers to Migration : ( Prohibition) Moving is not always easy! There are barriers to migration financial and emotional costs knowledge of opportunities in the new place personal characteristics such as gender, economic status, and age. The elderly and the poor are least likely to migrate whereas educated males between the ages of 18 to 34 are most likely to migrate. Immigration is usually controlled by government policies. Government immigration quotas may limit the number of persons from each region entering a country.

37. 2. Life Course Theory of Migration ( Life circle) The life course theory of migration states that the interaction of life course events (becoming married, having a child, becoming divorced or …etc) with migration has important reflections on a society. Studies show that married individuals are less likely to move than are single people Child bearing is an important cause for housing- and environment-related moves. Having children prevent you from travelling outside. The need for additional space or the desire to raise children are major reasons why families decide to change their residence. They need more space. When the families grow, the possibility for them to move for a long-distance is decreased, especially to urban sites. Because of the economic and psychological costs of moving from one region to another increase as the family with school-age children grows in size.