Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement.pptx

AN EASY AND AUTHENTIC OVERVIEW OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

1. ‘WHAT IS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT? ANALYZE THE ROLE OF positive and negative reinforcement in motivating student learning’

2. OPERANT CONDITIONING Theory invented by famous psychologist B.F Skinner . Theory of operant conditioning advocates the idea of practicing reinforcement in order to increase the recurrence of desired behaviors. According to psychologist and critic B.F Skinner, “Operant conditioning means, the alteration of behavior by reinforcement that is given after the desired goal is achieved or a desired response becomes apparent” (1938).

3. REINFORCEMENT The process of encouraging or establishing a belief or pattern of behavior is called reinforcement. There are two types of reinforcements: Positive reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

4. A very effective tool to alter and shape a behavior into a particular form. Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating item to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited. This methodology makes the behavior more likely to happen in the future . POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

5. On the other hand, negative reinforcement occurs: when the possibility of a desired behavior is strengthened by the removal of a mal stimulus by positive means. The negative stimulus that is excluded during the implementation of negative reinforcement is referred to as a process of negative reinforcing. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

6. The two main professional fields where the two reinforces are BEING practiced in abundance are : business and education

7. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: Positive reinforcement that is being practiced in educational institutions is: A very potent tool that can help teachers in molding and altering the behaviour of a student, as well as a class/group of students. It works by praising and rewarding a particular desired behavior, in order to increase its recurrence. Positive reinforcement revolves around three phases.

8. Usually students respond more positively towards politeness and tokens of appreciation rather than criticism . The positive response rate of a student increases when he/she is appreciated specifically on his/her achievement out of a population of students . In targeted phase, the focus of target is the maleficent behaviour of a particular students that refrains him/her from better performance in academic activities. That is why the first phase is called targeted phase. Phase: 1 targeted phase

9. Specific timing can be used in scenarios where teacher faces a bold criticism from a rebellious student during class. In this case it is appropriate to not to shun that particular student in front of the whole class. However, a teacher can call the particular student to a private corner or in his/her office and resolve the issue through polite discussion. By using this approach a teacher can diminish the insecurities of a student, motivate him/her towards achieving academic excellence and promote his/her healthy psychological growth. PHASE:2 SPECIFIC TIMING

10. It is the promotion of the knowledge of the fact to the students that : Rewards can be given any time, due to any positive behavior and achievement. It will keep the students intrinsically motivated towards achieving the rewards and good/better grades. This aspect can ultimately lead the teachers as well as the students to better results . By using the technique of irregular rewarding teachers can attract more motivated and positive responses from the students, especially when students are awarded with extra marks as a reward for thei r hard work. PHASE: THREE IRREGULAR REWARDING

11. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT In negative reinforcement: A desired behavior and response is strengthened by excluding a negative stimulus that causes the malfunctioning of an individual’s behavior in any matter . Negative reinforcement is not punishment. It is actually the adaptation of a positive technique in order avoid a negative outcome.

12. Even in order to practice negative reinforcement, a teacher should make use of positive reinforcement . For example, during a semester due to some reason, the students fail to come up to the expectations of the teacher . In this case, instead of strictly marking their assignments, a teacher should practice leniency/flexibility. In the class, a teacher should highlight their mistakes and teach them the accurate method. Afterwards, if she receives the same response again then she should practice strictness in marking in order to make sure that the students struggle to achieve academic excellence. WHAT SHOULD TEACHERS DO?

13. Mostly teachers in the educational institutions misuse the technique of negative reinforcement. Their act of misusing the technique lead them to conduct punishment . This becomes the cause of demotivating students . As a result the students suffer and they withdraw certain courses because of harsh attitude and undue criticism of the instructor.

14. Maintaining a balance while implementing these two techniques on students is very important . The practice of moderation in the implementation of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement can keep the students motivated towards achieving academic/educational excellence. (The End) CONCLUSION