post independence programmes in India2.pptx

slides are related to post independence rural development programmes in India

1. Rural development initiatives in post independence period-2

2. Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) For all round development of agriculture and improvement in the living conditions of the farmers in the hilly areas, some pioneering projects were taken up in Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh under the Indo-German assistance programmne as early as 1962. Four districts, viz., Mandi and Kangra from Himachal Pradesh, Almora from Uttar Pradesh and Nilgiries from Tamil Nadu were covered under this programme . The strategy adopted for these projects was integrated development of agriculture with subsidiary occupations.

3. The two central sector projects in Pauri Garhwal (U. P.) and Manipur, have the following programmes for the economic development of these regions: ( i ) Intensive campaign by way of composite demonstration of the new agricultural technology covering use of improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc. together with multiple cropping; (ii) development of horticulture by way of establishing progeny orchards for the supply of seeds and plant material, rejuvenation of existing orchards, extension of area under new orchards both on individual holdings and community lands;

4. (iii) land development by way of terracing and other soil, conservation measures; (iv) harnessing of small streams, etc. by way of installation of lift irrigation, pump sets, construction of small dams; (v) starting of processing industries and cold storage facilities; (vi) construction of link roads; and (vii) identification of growth centers around which the processing and marketing facilities can be effectively linked to the interior areas.

5. The pattern of assistance to these projects is more or less similar to SFDA/MFAL projects. The grant-in-aid from the centre released in favour of the agency is mainly intended for accelerating the production of food grains, horticulture crops, dairy and poultry products and investment for creating production assets in the field of irrigation, land development, animal husbandry and communications.

6. High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) Historical Development of Rural Extension in India. Considering the low productivity of traditional crop varieties tested under intensive technology packages of IADP and IAAP a few mexican dwarf wheat varieties were tested in 1963-64, particularly for fertilizer response. Success with these, as well as an exotic paddy variety Taichung Native-1 and several maize and bajra hybrids etc , particularly in combating the droughts of 1965-67, led the government to introduce the 'High Yielding Varieties Programmes' to be implemented by the state governments in a phased manne

7. The Central Government's role include ( i ) evolving and processing the original scheme (ii) coordination at the central level, bringing together the State Governments, obtaining their consensus and ensuring their participation in the programme . The State Governments were to take action for: ( i ) Selection of areas for the implementation of HYVP. (ii) Development of staff at par with the IADP pattern in the selected districts. (iii) Working out of a training programme for all levels. (iv) Proper arrangement of inputs like fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, plant protection equipment and credit on the basis of proper need assessment. The introduction of HYV programme produced very good results and led to the "Green Revaluation" in India.

8. Applied Nutrition Programme The Applied Nutrition Programme primarily an education oriented programme started as early as 1963. It was designed to: ( i ) make the community conscious of nutrition, (ii) impart nutrition education to children and mothers, (iii) bring about a change in food and dietary habits through local production and demonstration of improved methods of working and feeding .

9. It aimed to establish an effective field service for improvement in the consumption of nutritive foods like fruits, vegetables, fish and poultry in rural areas. Some of the highlight of the programme are as under: 1) With a view to providing nutritive foods for children in rural areas and to remove malnutrition amongst them, a programme was launched for planting quick growing fruit trees in school compounds, community lands and other waste lands in the blocks covered under the applied nutrition program.

10. ii)The Director General, Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare provided added educational and health care services like (a) guidance of the medical aspects of nutrition and child care to be incorporated into the training given under applied nutrition programme , (b) technical supervision, guidance and coordination of the work of nutrition officers and their units, (c) promotion of participation of medical and paramedical personnel and of appropriate training institutions in the programme , (d) the review of job distribution of health workers with a view to provide guidance on how nutrition activities should be included in their routine work.

11. Small Farmer Development Agency (SFDA) and Marginal Farmers& Agricultural Labourers Development Agency (MFAL) Farmers All India Rural Credit Review Committee (1969) recommended the establishment of an agency to assist the small farmers. marginal farmers and agricultural labourers who had not benefited from the gains of the Grcen Revoluation . Therefore in the fourth plan in 1971 ,SFDA & MFAL were introduced. The Small Farmer Development Agency (SFDA) acted as a catalyst in identifying small farmers, and their problems, and helping them to obtain inputs from various developmental organizations. .

12. SFDA projects were started in eighty seven areas in the country. Each project was to cover 50,000 families of identified small farmers who owned land holdings ranging from 2.50 to 5:00 acres. Programmes based on land and animal husbandry were included in the project. The SFDA provided subsidy to the extent of 25 per cent to identified small farmers on capital investments and inputs. The role of MFAL was similar.

13. Farmer's with less than 2.50 acres of land holding were termed as marginal farmers. It was to promote the economic interests of marginal farmers and agricultural labourers through generation of employment. During the Fifth Plan based on the recommendations of the National Commission of Agriculture, the SFDA and the Marginal Fanners and Agricultural Labourers (MFAL) schemes were merged into one composite scheme called the Small Farmers, Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers

14. Crash Scheme for Rural Employment and Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Project The Crash Scheme for Rural Employment was conceived at a time when the various special rural development programs like SFDA, MFAL, DPAP, etc. had not spread out fully, and a minimum measure of effort was considered necessary to relieve the stress caused by unemployment and under-employment. The scheme was introduced in April, 1971. The scheme had two basic objectives, viz. (1) direct generation of employment in the districts covered, by. applying labour intensive techniques (2) the production of assets of durable nature in consonance with local development plans.

15. The scheme was intended to generate employment for 1,000 persons on an average for ten months in the district. Out of total outlay, about 70 percent was intended for wages and 30 per cent for the cost of materials. The work under the scheme generally related to road building, reclamation and development of land, drainage, flood protection and anti-water logging, minor irrigation, soil conservation and afforestation. This scheme of rural employment besides solving the employment problem also contributed to the various programmes of development. It was also the intention to know in full the dimensions of the problems of unemployment, on the basis of which useful programmes could be drawn up in the future.

16. Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Project, (PIREP) was initiated in 15 selected blocks in October, 1972 for a period of three years with the following objectives: i )To provide gainful employment in acquiring skills of a high order in selected compact areas progressively, to all those who offer their services for a wage. ii) To utilize the funds of the project for creating durable assets preferably those which will further generate employment. iii) To find out the regular employment in the secondary and tertiary sectors. iv) To study through the implementation of the projects, the nature and dimension of employment among the rural wage-seeking labourers.

17. Drought-Prone Area Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programme (DDP) DPAP Many programmes are available in our country for an overall development of land, water and other natural resources. Among them the Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programme are important ones. It was started in 1970-71 to find out solutions to reduce the people's hardship caused by drought. Those schemes, which involved a lot of labour such as medium and minor irrigation, road construction, soil conversation and afforestation, were taken up under this programme

18. Later, a review of the progress of the Fourth Five-Year Plan suggested the need for a separate programme meant only for drought-prone areas. The rural Works Programme was, therefore, re-named as the Drought-Prone Areas Programme (DPAP). The objective of DPAP is to develop land and other natural resources. This makes land bear the bad effects of drought with minimum loss. If the bad effects of drought are reduced, the suffering of the people are also reduced.

19. From April 1, 1995, the DPAP is being carried out in 946 blocks of 149 districts in 13 States namely, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. DDP The problem of desert areas have been receiving the attention of the Government since 1951-- 52. The immediate fore-runner of the present Desert Development Programme , however, was the interim report of the National Commission on Agriculture in 1974.

20. The Commission identified hot desert areas in the country. It suggested the following two programmes for these areas: i ) Afforestation Ii )Livestock Development; and In its final Report, the Commission also suggested that there is a need for indepth study of the problems of cold desert in Ladakh valley of Jammu & Kashmir and Lahul & Spiti Valley of Himachal Pradesh.

21. As a result of these suggestions, the DDP was started in 1977-78 both in hot and cold desert areas. The DDP is in progress in 227 blocks of 36 districts in seven States namely, Gujarat, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan (all hot-desert areas), and Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir (cold desert areas). The focus of both the DPAP and DDP is to reduce/minimize the bad effects of drought on production of crops, livestock and productivity of land, water and human resources

22. Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) In consultation with Ministries of Agriculture and Education and also Planning Commission, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) proposed to establish Farm Science Centres (Krishi Vigyan Kendras ) to provide voctional traning to farmers and field level extension functionaries. ICAR constituted a committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta to prepare a detailed plan for implementation of KVKs scheme and its report was submitted in 1974.

23. The objective of KVKs include ( i ) planning and conducting surveys to prepare resources inventory and indentify training needs (ii) planning and conducting production oriented, need based short and long term on and off campus courses (iii) to organize farm science clubs in rural schools and villages (iv) providing practical traning facilities to teachers and students of vocational agriculture and higher secondary school (v) imparting general education to rural illiterates and schools dropouts (vi) providing traning facilities in areas of home making, home crafts, cottage industries, etc.

24. Each Kendra has adequate academic freedom to develop its own programmes in conformity with the needs of the area in which it is situated. The National Commission on Agriculture had recommended at least one Kendra in each district. The first KVK was established at Pondicherry in 1974, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University being the implementing agency. Currently, there are 183 functional and 78 recently sanctioned 'Krishi Vigyan Kendras ' in the country implemented by State Agricultural Universities, ICAR Institutes and Voluntary Organization

25. Minimum Needs Programme Flowing from the Directive Principles of the Constitution, social justice has, from the start, been a basic objective of development planning. National Program of Minimum Needs was initiated in the Fifth Five Year Plan period. The programme seeks to provide a minimum level of social consumption for different areas and sections of the community by establishing a network of certain essential services. The programme has been conceived in terms of pre-determined norms for each ingredient of social consumption which is uniformly applied to the various areas of the country.

26. The programme is essentially rural oriented and covers. 1) Provision of facilities for elementary education for children upto the age of fourteen at the nearest possible places from their houses. ⅱ) Ensuring in all areas a minimum uniform availability of public health facilities which would include preventive medicine, family planning, nutrition, etc., detection of early morbidity and adequate arrangements for informing about serious cases to an appropriate higher authority. iii)Supplying safe drinking water to villages suffering from chronical scarcity or famine, or having unsafe sources of drinking water.

27. iv)Provision of all weather roads to all villages having a population of 1500 persons or more, and for a cluster of villages in case of hilly, tribal and coastal areas. Provision of developed house sites for landless labourers in rural areas. v)Carrying out environmental improvement of urban slums. vi)Ensuring the spread of electrification of the rural areas.

28. An important aspect of implementation of the national programme of minimum needs relates to the provision of services at location-specific points which needs careful spatial planning. An examination of the various plans made by the State Governments at district and area levels show that adequate attention has not been given to this spatial aspect of planning.

29. Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP ) An integrated sub-plan approach for tribal development was adopted during the Fifth- Five-Year Plan. These sub-plans continue to operate in 16 States and 4 Union Territories. About two thirds of the tribal population of the country in estimated to be covered by these sub-plans.

30. Excise and forest policies were reviewed and suitable measures taken to end exploitation in tribal areas. The programmes under the tribal sub-plan are supported by the sectoral outlays in the state plan, central programmes and institutional finance available for different programmes . Besides, special central assistance is provided to the tribal sub-plan to fill the gaps so as to make the delivery of services complete and to accelerate the programmes under state and central plans. .

31. In the Fifth Plan, the quantum of outlay in the tribal sub-plan was determined from out of the divisible part of state plans on the basis of (a) total population, (b) geographic area, (c) the relative development, (d) state of services in sub-plan areas. Similarly, the central Ministers were required to identify the programmes relating to tribal development concerning their sectors

32. Command Area Development Programme (CADP) Since Independence, there has been significant progress in the development of irrigation facilities. The irrigation Commission (1969-72), set up by the government to analyse the constraints and deficiencies prevailing in the command areas, in its report of March 1972, recommended a review of the existing irrigation projects with a view to improving their efficiency and usefulness. In May 1973 the Planning Commission drew the attention of the State Governments to the under-utilization of the irrigation potential created by big, medium and minor irrigation projects. On the recommendation of the central team appointed by the Planning Commission, CADP was launched in 1975 (Fifth Five Year Plan) as a centrally sponsored scheme in 50 selected irrigated projectes of 13 states identified in consultation with the state governments.

33. The main objectives of CADP were: 1) to optimize agricultural production through better management of land and water usc in the command areas of irrigation projects where there was considerable gap between the potential created and its utilization. ii) to ensure supply of inputs, and iii) to provide institutional finance to the farmers. The guideline issued by the Planning Commission provided for the organization of CAD Committees at the State level under the Chairmanship of Chief Minister.

34. However, in some of the states these committees were not functioning and had not met for years. The organizational pattern also differs from State to State. The high level committee appointed by the Department of Irrigation to review the organizational set up of CADP in its report of 1982 mentioned that the present organization is mainly geared for on-farm development works. The report also pointed out that the CADAs have not been able to achieve the objective of equitable distribution of water up to the tail due to inadequate organizational structure at the field level.

35. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas The basic objective of IRDP was to improve the social and economic conditions of rural people. The Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) as a sub- programme of IRDP sharply focused on rural women below poverty line to enhance their income generating capabilities and to improve their quality of life. The details of this programme are given in RDD-2 Block-1 The aim of DWCRA was to improve the social and economic conditions of rural poor women. DWCRA was started in 1982-83 in 50 selected districts. Subsequently, it covered all the rural districts of the country.

36. The merit of launching a programme exclusively for the development of women and children was to: D ii) increase their earning and income; iv) help them have access to social services. provide self-employment to poor rural women; make them economically independent and capable of taking decisions in family matters; and The most important aspect of the DWCRA scheme was the organization of poor women, into groups. A group was organized when the people themselves want to form a group. Membership of them group was not decided by any agency except that all the members of the group must be women and below the poverty line. The focus of DWCRA was on income generating activities for women.

37. The main problem faced by groups of women was how to select proper productive activities. Therefore, the foremost requirement was to make them aware about how to select a good activity, which will help them to earn some money. Training is a important part of any development programme . There were two types of training requirements for DWCRA.

38. One for functionaries/officials involved in the implementation of DWCRA and another training for DWCRA groups. The aim of the training was to make women's groups competent and capable of running a production activity. The DWCRA programme was sponsored by the Central Government. Like IRDP, this programme was also implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDA's) at the District Level.

39. Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) To begin with, IRDP was the only self-employment programme . Over the years number of supporting programmes were added such as Traning of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women and Children in Rural Arcas (DWCRA), Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA), & Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY). The overall objective of these programmes was to make the rural poor cross the poverty line by generating sustainable income.

40. With so many programmes for self-employment in operation, they tended to be viewed as separate programmes . There was also the absence of proper linkages and as a result all of them got engaged in achieving individual targets. In the process, the objective of sustainable income generation on a collective basis was lost

41. This had to the restructuring of these programmes . The purpose was to make the programme more kffective in providing sustainable income. Keeping in view the strengths and weaknesses of earlier programmes , a new self- employment programme called ' Swarajayanti Gram Sarozgar Yojana' (SGSY) was introduced from April 1999. It covers all aspects of self-employment such as: organization of poor into SHG's (Self Help Groups); training; credit; technology; infrastructure build up; capacity building of SHGs; and marketing With the coming into force of SGSY, the earlier programme of self-employment as mentioned above are no longer in operation.

42. The objective of Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) is to provide sustainable income to the rural poor. The programme aims at setting up a large number of micro-enterprises in the rural areas. The basic idea is that the rural poor in India has varied competencies and if they are provided with necessary support at the right time, they can become very successful producers of valuable goods and services. Once they achieve these, they will be able to cross the poverty line. There are number of other rural development programmes initiated from time to time to address one or the other aspects of rural development. These among others include Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) etc. They are also under revamping process

43. Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) The promotion and active support of voluntary organizations (VO's) have been part of the government policy since the Third Five Year Plan: Later plans have stressed the importance of involving VO's in all rural development programmes . In Seventh Plan, the emphasis shifted from Rural Development to introducing technical and professional skills in VO's, so as to enable them to handle their bigger roles efficiently. In the non-farm sector, the institutions like IIT's, polytechnics, CSIR Institutions and large number of voluntary and other organizations evoived technology, which could not even cross fences of these institutions. There was a lack of proper mechanism for transferring the same to the users.

44. Hence a new institution named "Council for Advancement of Rural Technology (CART) was established in the year 1982 under the Ministry of Rural Development. The Seventh Plan also listed programmes and areas in which VO's participation was particularly important. These include Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), provision of safe drinking water, promotion of the small family norm, afforestation, rural housing literacy and primary health care. This necessitated a more integrated mechanism for involving VO's fully in the development process.

45. In keeping with the goverment policy towards VO's, the Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) was created in September, 1986 as a nodal agency by merging two organizations, namely People's Action for Development (India) and Council for Advancement of Rural Technology (CART). This is an independent body, which governs or controls itself but receives support from the Ministry of Rural Development.

46. The basic objectives of CAPART are: to promote voluntary action for implementing rural development programmes ; provide new technology: help in the transfer of suitable technologies to the field; to fund voluntary organization projects that aims to

47. In recent years CAPART has promoted marketing activities for rural micro-enterprise. They have also organized "Gram Shree Melas" throughout the country for marketing the products of rural artisans. Upto 1995-96, a total of 14,000 projects had been sanctioned by CAPART to about 5,500 VOs. The amount sanctioned was Rs. 350 crores. Assistance from CAPART continues to be a major source of funding for VOs in the country.