Postharvest technology and manageent.ppt

Sorting
In Bangladesh, sorting is practiced for most of the fruits and vegetables to remove
damaged, diseased and insect infested produce on the basis of visual observation.
However, in the advanced countries different types of sorters are used. The commonly�used sorting equipments are belt conveyor, push-bar conveyor and roller conveyor
(Kitinoja and Kader 2003).
9.2 Washing
Washing is a standard postharvest handling operation for many fruits and vegetables to
remove adherences, dirt, latex and external pathogenic structures. Unfortunately, in
Bangladesh fruits and vegetables are hardly washed before entering into the marketing
channel, and this contributes to poor quality and considerable losses of the produce.
Chlorination of wash water is very important in postharvest handling. Chlorine can reduce
the spread of contamination form one item to another during the washing stage. The pH of
the wash water should be maintained at 6.5 to 7.5 for best results. Typically 1 to 2 mL of
chlorine bleach per liter of clean water provides 100 to 150 ppm total Cl (Kitinoja and
Kader 2003).
9.3 Grading
Grading is one of the important postharvest operations. In Bangladesh, grading is
practiced in limited scale based on size, especially for mango, banana, pineapple, papaya
and jackfruit. Otherwise, no grading standard is found available for most of the fruits and
vegetables. In case of banana, the ‘Bepari’ prefers to purchase well-shaped and well�developed bananas. They usually purchase bananas on the basis of flatness of angularity of
the fingers. They grade bananas based on bunch size into large, medium and small. Brinjal
and cucumber are not properly graded by the growers. Regarding the grading of okra, the
‘Bepari’ prefers to purchase well-shaped okra pods. They rely on the visual/external
quality parameters of okra pods like tenderness (by tip pinching), color, size and shape of
the pods. However, tenderness is found to be the common means of judging the quality of
the okra pods prior to taking decision on whether the produce to be purchased or not.
There are no scientific methods of grading or grade standards of fruits and vegetables in
Bangladesh. In this regard, the introduction of UREPGAP (common standards for
agricultural farm management practices in the European countries) in the 1990s in Europe
would be worth mentioning. Therefore, emphasis must be given to develop GAP (Good
Agricultural Practices) for the horticultural produce in Bangladesh not only for export but
also for domestic market development in order to ensure quality and safety in the
horticultural supply chain. Sizing rings are used based on the size and shape of commodity
to manually grade horticultural produce (FAO 1989). Automatic grading of fruits is also a
common practice in the developed countries. Automatic rotary cylinder sizer is used to
grade fruits in the developed countries (Reyes 1988). However, the advanced practice of
grading fruits and

1. Department of Horticulture
PatuakhaliScience and Technology University

2. Course Title:
Horticultural seed and Post Harvest Technology
Course code: HRT 321
Credit Hour: 3

3. Course Teacher
HabibaZannatMeem
Lecturer
Department of Horticulture
PatuakhaliScience and Technology
University
Md. NazmulHasan Mehedi
Lecturer
Department of Horticulture
PatuakhaliScience and Technology
University
Horticultural seed
Technology
Post Harvest
Technology

4. Outline of the Talk
Acquaintance (Myself and Yourselves);
Career planning;
Syllabus/course content (Postharvest technology part);
Introduction to PHT;
Present status of postharvest losses;
Why postharvest management is important?
Major causes of postharvest loss;
How to reduce?
Book reference;
Recap
Questions/Comments

5. Course content
(Postharvest technology part)
Introduction to postharvest technology
Quality of horticultural crops
Postharvest physiology
Postharvest handling of horticultural crops
Postharvest technology for loss minimization
Processing and preservation of horticultural seeds

6. Some basic terminology
Harvest:isaspecificandsingledeliberateactiontoseparatesthefoodstuff
withorwithoutnon-edibleportionfromitsgrowthmedium.
e.g–PluckingofFandV
–Liftingoffishfromwater
–Liftingoftuberorrootsfromsoiletc.
Harvesting:istheprocessbywhichagriculturalcommoditiesaredetached
fromtheirmotherplantsforconsumptionorsaleorforotherpurposes.
Postharvest:allthesucceedingactionafterharvestaredefinedaspost-
harvesttechnique.
Post-harvestshelflife:Theperiodduringwhichconsumptionisconsidered
acceptableisdefinedasthetimeof“post-harvestshelflife”.

7. Itisabranchofagriculturethatdealswithalltheoperationsrightfrom
harvestingoreventhepre-harveststagestillthecommodityreachesthe
consumer
-eitherinfresh(grains,apple,mango,tomatofruits)
-orprocessedform(flour,juice,nectar,ketchup)
andutilizationofthewastes(pomace,peel,seed,skinetc.)ina
profitablemanner(manufactureoffermentedbeverages,colour
extraction,pectinextractionetc.)
Post harvest Management
Post-harvesttechnologyisinter-disciplinary“scienceandtechnique”
appliedtohorticulturalproduceafterharvestforitsprotection,
conservation,processing,packaging,distribution,marketingand
utilizationtomeetthefoodandnutritionalrequirementsofthepeoplein
relationtotheirneeds.
Post harvest technology

8. Fruitandvegetablesarehighlyperishableandunlessgreatcareistakenin
thereharvesting,handlingandtransportation,theysoondecayand
becomeunfitforhumanconsumption.
Flow chart for post-harvest handling operations of horticultural produce
Post harvest Handling

9. Ultimate fate of a horticultural produce

10. 13
Country Estimated level of losses (%)
1. India 32
2. Indonesia 20-30
3. Iran 25
4. Korea 10-25
5. Philippines 17-32
6. Sri Lanka 16-31
7. Thailand 17-25
8. Vietnam 20-25
9. Bangladesh 25-40
Estimated levels of post harvest losses of fruits in the Asia Pacific Region

11. EstimatedpostharvestlossesofselectedfruitsandvegetablesinBangladesh

20. Increase food and nutritional security
Increase of agriculture productivity is difficult
rather than to reduce the post harvest losses
More value added
To reduce the pressure on environment
Reduce impact of unfair trade
Decrease unemployment rate
Increase the quality of food
Why is Postharvest management is Important?

21. Causes of postharvest losses inBangladesh

22. Causes of postharvest losses
Horticulturalcropsnotonlyprovidenutritionalandhealthyfoodsto
humanbeings,butalsogenerateaconsiderablecashincomeforgrowers.
However,horticulturalcropstypicallyhavehighmoisturecontent,tender
textureandhighperishability.
Ifnothandledproperly,ahighvaluenutritiousproductcandeteriorate
androtinamatterofdaysorhours.
The causes of post harvest losses can be divided into different categories:
•Metabolic
•Mechanical
•Developmental
•Parasitic diseases
•Physiological deterioration
•Lack of market demand
•Cosumption

23. 15
Preharvest factors
Disease and disorders
Temperature
Radiation
Relative Humidity
Nutrition
Irrigation
PGRs

24. Damage of pineapple by sun burn Fruit cracking due to use of PGRs
Damage of jackfruit by borer
Damage of banana by beetle
Damage of fruit before harvesting

25. Physiological
deterioration
Mechanical
damage
Respiration
Pest & Disease
Ripening
HighTemperature injury
Low temperature injury
Overpacking/Underpacking
Poor harvesting practices
Careless handling
Supply of O2
Supply of CO2
Climacteric fruits
Non-climacteric fruits
Parasite
Fungi
After harvesting

26. 26
Source:www.fao.org.com
Postharvest loss of some fruits due to mechanical damage
Skin Abrasion of Banana
Bruising of papaya
Oil spotting of Lemon
Bruising of apple

27. Post harvest losses of some fruits due to physical deterioration
Source:postharvest.ucdavis.edu

28. A.Mango spread on floor for chemical spray
B.Mango subjected to chemical spray
Jackfruit covered by polythene
after chemical spray
Immature banana ripening
Immature pineapple ripening
Ripening of fruits by chemical spraying
Source: www.post.edu.com

29. Black rot of papaya
Anthracnoseof mango
Rhizopus rot of bananaCottony rot of lemon
Postharvest loss of some fruits due to pest and diseases
Source:www.fao.org.com

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30
During drying
During storage
Duringtransportation
During packaging
During processing
During handling in warehouse
Postharvest
Loss
Rupture of seed
Rodents
Insects
Birds
Microorganisms
Humidity
Temperature
High humidity
High temperature
Respiration
Microorganism
Contamination
Fig.6. Causes of postharvest loss at different steps

31. 25
Highly nutritious and antioxidant rich tomato fruits are lost after harvest
Postharvest bruises (A & B) and microbial damage (C) of banana fruits.
Damages of fruits in supply chain
Source: www.fao.org.com

32. Wetting floors
Supply moisture
by humidifier
Refrigeration
Rapid cooling after
harvesting
Shade in sunny place
Low temperature room
How to reduce the Post harvest losses of fruits
Watersupply
Use of fertilizers
Cultivation practices
Preharvest control of
disease
Field hygiene
Healthy planting
materials
Balanced
nutrition
Adequate
moisture
Control of pest
Preharvest
management Postharvest
management
Temperature
Relative
Humidity
source: Amiruzzaman, M. 2001

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33
Postharvest management
Harvesting
Maturity stage
Advanced stage
Increase shelf life and
quality of fruits
Reduce shelf life and
quality of fruits
Harvesting of mango

34. Sorting
Removal of diseased, damaged
and insect infested fruits
Visual observation
Roller conveyor
Push-bar conveyor
Bangladesh
Methods
Developed countries
Fruit sorting machine

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35
Fungicide treatment
Reduction of decay caused
by bacteria or moulds
Longer period of storage
Long distance transportation
Fungicide treated
mango
Without
Fungicide
treatment
Fungicide treatment of mango
Cont.

36. Grading Based on size, shape and color
No scientific methods of grading in
Bangladesh
Grading machine of fruits
Electronic fruit
color grader
Electronic fruit
weight grader

37. Waxing
To limit water loss from the fruits
To enhance appearance of fruits
Before waxing
After waxing
Waxing of fruits
To preservation of fruits
Cont.

38. Packaging
Long distance transportation
Long term storage of fruits
Marketing purpose
Long transportation
Multiple handling
Storage condition
Marketing
Packaging materials
Conventional method Improved method
Method of packaging
Bags, crates
Basket, cartons
bins etc

39. Transportation
Harvesting place Packaging house Distribution centre
Postharvest
operations
Wholesalers
Supermarkets
Retailers
Important consideration
Refrigerated vehicle
Modified atmosphere packaging
Perforated/ non-perforated bags
Potassium permanganate
Avoiding load
Transportation of fruit in controlled condition

40. Modern transportation systemTraditional transportation

41. Storage
Long term storage
Short term storage
Methods
Low temperature storage
Controlled atmosphere(CA)
Modified atmosphere(MA)
Air cooled storage
Ice refrigeration
Commercial cold storage
Low conc. Of oxygen
High conc. Of carbon dioxide
Plastic films
Heat treatment
Hot water treatment
Vapour heat treatment
Forced hot air treatment
Potassium permanganate
1-methyl cyclopropene
Chitosan
PVC
LDPE
Cont.

42. Modern Storage system

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43
Education and
training of farmer
Farmers
attitude
Presence of middlemen in
marketing channel
Consumer`s
behavior
Role of
mass media
Participation
of policy
makers
Challenges

44. source: The Business standard, 21 October, 2023

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45
Achievements

46. 36
46
Achievements

47. Reference Books
Yahia,E.M.2011.Postharvestbiologyandtechnologyoftropicaland
subtropicalfruits.Vol.1-4.WoodheadPublishingLimited,Oxfara.
Kader,A.A.(editor).2002.PostharvestTechnologyofHorticultural
Crops(3
rd
edition),UniversityofCalifornia,AgricultureandNatural
Resources,Publication3311,535pp.
Paliyath,G.,Murr,D.P.,Handa,AandS.Lurie(eds.)(2008).
Postharvestbiologyandtechnologyoffruits,vegetablesand
flowers,Wiley-Blackwell,IoWa.

48. Recap

49. Questions/Comments/Suggestions