Power point Project on Polymers for School

Project on Polymers

1. INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON POLYMERS Name: Ankita Kothari | Class: 12 ‘A’ | School: KV OFD, Raipur Dehradun

2. INDEX 1 Certificate 2 Aim 3 Introduction 4 Theory 5 Procedure 6 Observation 7 Conclusion 8 Result 9 Acknowledgement

3. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ankita Kothari student of class 12 th ‘A’ of KV OFD Raipur, Dehradun has completed her Chemistry Project on the Topic “POLYMERS" for the year 2017-18. She has summited this project to my entire satisfaction for the partial fulfillment of the certification of senior school of Central Board Of Secondary Education.

4. AIM The main objectives of the project are identical with those of support area. The project expectant endeavours to increase the university's quality in order to diversify and deepen the correspondence with the economy knowledge requirements. The project aspires to increase competencies of future graduates and improve their chances at the labour market through improved quality of the educational syllabi. The project objective is to contribute to meeting the priorities set in the strategic documents at the national, university and faculty levels. The areas of priority are especially increased internalization of the faculty and the studies as well as better placement of the graduates at the labour market.

5. A   polymer   is a large  molecule , or  macromolecule , composed of many repeated subunits. Because of their broad range of properties,  both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life. Polymers range from familiar  synthetic plastics  such as  polystyrene  to natural  biopolymers  such as  DNA  and  proteins  that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via  polymerization  of many small molecules, known as  monomers . INTRODUCTION

6. Their consequently large  molecular mass  relative to  small molecule   compounds  produces unique physical properties, including  toughness ,  viscoelasticity , and a tendency to form  glasses  and  semicrystalline  structures rather than  crystals . The term "polymer" derives from the ancient Greek word π ολύς ( polus , meaning "many, much") and μέρος ( meros , meaning "parts"), and refers to a  molecule  whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units, from which originates a characteristic of high  relative molecular mass  and attendant properties . THEORY

7. PROCEDURE Typically , PCR consists of a series of 20–40 repeated temperature changes, called cycles, with each cycle commonly consisting of two or three discrete temperature steps (see figure below). The cycling is often preceded by a single temperature step at a very high temperature (>90 °C (194 °F)), and followed by one hold at the end for final product extension or brief storage. The temperatures used and the length of time they are applied in each cycle depend on a variety of parameters, including the enzyme used for DNA synthesis, the concentration of bivalent ions and dNTPs in the reaction, and the  melting temperature  ( Tm ) of the primers.

8. OBSERVATION The surface of polymer film was observed (with a magnification factor of approx. 40,000). In the 3D topographic image on the left, small bumps on the surface can be observed. At the same time, it is also possible to obtain images showing the differences in viscoelasticity across the specimen surface, as shown in the phase image on the right.

9. Conclusion In the theater there are lots of polymers. If it weren't for polymers, our movie-going experience wouldn't be the same. Polymers are used in cameras, to create movie sets and fantasy sets. Without polymers, the entertainment world would not have many of the props and sets that we see today. When you look at the screen you are looking at polymers. The vinyl coating on the screen is a polymer. The film the movies are made on is a polymer. The carpet you walk on, the seats you sit on, and the bags that collect your trash are all polymers. You use polymers in all parts of your life, especially when going to the movies; otherwise it wouldn't be as interesting.

10. RESULT The carboxylic acids and amines link to form  peptide bonds , also known as  amide  groups.  Proteins  are condensation polymers made from  amino acid  monomers. Carbohydrates are also condensation polymers made from sugar monomers such as glucose (i.e.  cellulose   or   glycogen ) and galactose . Condensation polymerization is occasionally used to form simple hydrocarbons. This method, however, is expensive and inefficient, so the  addition polymer  of ethene (polyethylene) is generally used .

11. I would like to express my greatest gratitude towards my institution, honorable Principal Mrs. Uma S. Chandra and my Chemistry teacher Mrs. Mithlesh Kumari whose valuable guidance made it possible for me to complete the project. I wish to extend my thanks to my parents and my friends for encouragement and help given to me in making this project a success. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT