Power quality improvement using UPQC
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About This Presentation
IN this we improves the quality of power bu using UPQC
Slide Content
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING UNIFIED
POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC)
A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree
BACHELOR OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
AKASH VISHWAKARMA (Roll No.215507)
ANUP SHARMA (Roll No. 215515)
VIJAY PRATAP (Roll No. 215519)
Department of Electrical
Uma Nath Singh
VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY
JAUNPUR, UTTAR PRADESH
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING UNIFIED
POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC)
Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
AKASH VISHWAKARMA (Roll No.215507)
ANUP SHARMA (Roll No. 215515)
VIJAY PRATAP (Roll No. 215519)
Under the Supervision of
Mr. ANURAG SINGH
Department of Electrical Engineering
ath Singh Institute of Engineering & Technology
VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY
JAUNPUR, UTTAR PRADESH
[2015-2019]
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING UNIFIED
Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of
Institute of Engineering & Technology
VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY
POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC)
A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree
BACHELOR OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
AKASH VISHWAKARMA (Roll No.215507)
ANUP SHARMA (Roll No. 215515)
VIJAY PRATAP (Roll No. 215519)
Department of Electrical
Uma Nath Singh
VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY
JAUNPUR, UTTAR PRADESH
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING UNIFIED
POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC)
Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
AKASH VISHWAKARMA (Roll No.215507)
ANUP SHARMA (Roll No. 215515)
VIJAY PRATAP (Roll No. 215519)
Under the Supervision of
Mr. ANURAG SINGH
Department of Electrical Engineering
ath Singh Institute of Engineering & Technology
VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY
JAUNPUR, UTTAR PRADESH
[2015-2019]
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING UNIFIED
Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of
Institute of Engineering & Technology
VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled
Improvement Using Unified Power Quality
carried out by students of “
Technology Veer Bahadur Singh
year 2018 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
B. Tech. The report has not formed the basis for the award previously of any
degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title
Dr. Rajnish Bhaskar
(HEAD) (Supervisor)
UNSIET,VBSPU, Jaunpur
Date:-
Place:-
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Power Quality
Improvement Using Unified Power Quality Conditioner” is the bona
carried out by students of “Uma Nath Singh Institute of Engineering &
Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
. The report has not formed the basis for the award previously of any
degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title
Dr. Rajnish Bhaskar Mr. Anurag Singh
(HEAD) (Supervisor)
UNSIET,VBSPU, Jaunpur
Power Quality
is the bona fide work
ath Singh Institute of Engineering &
hal University, Jaunpur” during the
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
. The report has not formed the basis for the award previously of any
Mr. Anurag Singh
(HEAD) (Supervisor)
This is to certify that the project report entitled
Improvement Using Unified Power Quality
carried out by students of “
Technology Veer Bahadur Singh
year 2018 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
B. Tech. The report has not formed the basis for the award previously of any
degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title
Dr. Rajnish Bhaskar
(HEAD) (Supervisor)
UNSIET,VBSPU, Jaunpur
Date:-
Place:-
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Power Quality
Improvement Using Unified Power Quality Conditioner” is the bona
carried out by students of “Uma Nath Singh Institute of Engineering &
Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
. The report has not formed the basis for the award previously of any
degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title
Dr. Rajnish Bhaskar Mr. Anurag Singh
(HEAD) (Supervisor)
UNSIET,VBSPU, Jaunpur
Power Quality
is the bona fide work
ath Singh Institute of Engineering &
hal University, Jaunpur” during the
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
. The report has not formed the basis for the award previously of any
Mr. Anurag Singh
(HEAD) (Supervisor)
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Power Quality
Improvement Using Unified Power Quality Conditioner” submitted is our
original work and the report has not formed the basis for the award of any degree,
associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title.
Date:
Place:
AKASH VISHWAKARMA (215507)
ANUP SHARMA (215515)
VIJAY PRATAP (215519)
I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Power Quality
Improvement Using Unified Power Quality Conditioner” submitted is our
original work and the report has not formed the basis for the award of any degree,
associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title.
Date:
Place:
AKASH VISHWAKARMA (215507)
ANUP SHARMA (215515)
VIJAY PRATAP (215519)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude and heart full thanks to
all those who are helping me in complete this project.
I want to thank to “Mr. ANURAG SINGH”, who has always encouraged
and help me in making this project. In addition to this, I am grateful to other
faculties too who made me in right direction and gave me their precious time and
expert guidance whenever necessary through which I could achieve this extent.
At last but not the least I am feeling glad to say about my family whose
wishes are always with me, without which it was not possible for me to reach this
extent.
I hope my work is praised and my efforts render fruitful result.
THANK YOU
Date:-
Place:-
Akash Vishwakarma (215507)
Anup Sharma (215515)
Vijay Pratap (215519)
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude and heart full thanks to
all those who are helping me in complete this project.
I want to thank to “Mr. ANURAG SINGH”, who has always encouraged
and help me in making this project. In addition to this, I am grateful to other
faculties too who made me in right direction and gave me their precious time and
expert guidance whenever necessary through which I could achieve this extent.
At last but not the least I am feeling glad to say about my family whose
wishes are always with me, without which it was not possible for me to reach this
extent.
I hope my work is praised and my efforts render fruitful result.
THANK YOU
Date:-
Place:-
Akash Vishwakarma (215507)
Anup Sharma (215515)
Vijay Pratap (215519)
ABSTRACT
In this study, Generally, power supplied This paper deals with unified
power quality conditioners (UPQC’s), which aim at the integration of series-active
and shunt-active filter. The proposed system can maintain the disturbance occurs in
AC system. In other words, UPQC has the capability of improving power quality at
the point of installation on power distribution systems or industrial power systems.
In this paper, we present the compensation principle using PI and Fuzzy control
strategies of the UPQC. The results of simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK are
listed for comparison. The multivariable controller presents more interesting
results according to THD values.
Index Terms- Power Quality, UPQC, MVR, APF, Load Balancing,
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
In this study, Generally, power supplied This paper deals with unified
power quality conditioners (UPQC’s), which aim at the integration of series-active
and shunt-active filter. The proposed system can maintain the disturbance occurs in
AC system. In other words, UPQC has the capability of improving power quality at
the point of installation on power distribution systems or industrial power systems.
In this paper, we present the compensation principle using PI and Fuzzy control
strategies of the UPQC. The results of simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK are
listed for comparison. The multivariable controller presents more interesting
results according to THD values.
Index Terms- Power Quality, UPQC, MVR, APF, Load Balancing,
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE NO.
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii-v
List of Figures vi-vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-4
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Overview 2
1.3 Literature Overview 3
1.4 Objectives 4
CHAPTER 2: POWER QUALITY 5-11
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Linear and Non-linear load 6
2.2.1 Linear load 6
2.2.2 Non-linear load 6
2.3 Major Quality Problems 7
2.3.1 Short duration Voltage variation 7
2.3.2 Long Duration Voltage variation 8
2.3.3 Voltage Fluctuations 9
2.3.4 Waveform Distortion 10
CHAPTER 3: UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER 12-19
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 12
3.3 Basic Configuration of UPQC 14
3.3.1 DC link capacitor 14
3.3.2 Operation of UPQC 14
3.2.3 Active power filter 16
CONTENT PAGE NO.
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii-v
List of Figures vi-vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-4
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Overview 2
1.3 Literature Overview 3
1.4 Objectives 4
CHAPTER 2: POWER QUALITY 5-11
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Linear and Non-linear load 6
2.2.1 Linear load 6
2.2.2 Non-linear load 6
2.3 Major Quality Problems 7
2.3.1 Short duration Voltage variation 7
2.3.2 Long Duration Voltage variation 8
2.3.3 Voltage Fluctuations 9
2.3.4 Waveform Distortion 10
CHAPTER 3: UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER 12-19
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 12
3.3 Basic Configuration of UPQC 14
3.3.1 DC link capacitor 14
3.3.2 Operation of UPQC 14
3.2.3 Active power filter 16
3.4. Shunt Active Power Filter 17
3.5. Series Active Power Filter 19
CHAPTER 4: MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLLER 20-22
4.1 Introduction 20
4.2 Single Loop Control with PID controller 21
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23-28
5.1 Introduction 23
5.2 Simulation Model 24
5.3 Noisy or Disturbed Waveform 25
5.4 Compensated Waveform of Source Voltage 26
5.5 Compensated Waveform of Alternating Current 26
5.6 Advantages 27
5.7 Disadvantages 28
5.8 Applications 28
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 29-30
6.1 Conclusion 29
6.2 Future Scope 30
REFERENCES 31
3.5. Series Active Power Filter 19
CHAPTER 4: MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLLER 20-22
4.1 Introduction 20
4.2 Single Loop Control with PID controller 21
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23-28
5.1 Introduction 23
5.2 Simulation Model 24
5.3 Noisy or Disturbed Waveform 25
5.4 Compensated Waveform of Source Voltage 26
5.5 Compensated Waveform of Alternating Current 26
5.6 Advantages 27
5.7 Disadvantages 28
5.8 Applications 28
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 29-30
6.1 Conclusion 29
6.2 Future Scope 30
REFERENCES 31
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE
NO.
Fig. 2.1 Voltage Sag 7
Fig. 2.2 Voltage Swell 8
Fig. 2.3 Voltage Interruption 8
Fig. 2.4. Voltage Fluctuation 9
Fig. 2.5 Disturbed Electric signal due to noise 10
Fig. 3.1 General configuration of UPQC 13
Fig. 3.2 Control Diagram of UPQC 13
Fig. 3.3 Configuration of UPQC 14
Fig. 3.4 Circuit Diagram of UPQC 15
Fig. 3.5 Active Power Filter Configuration 16
Fig. 3.6 Control Design of Shunt APF 17
Fig. 3.7 Series Active Power Filter 17
Fig. 4.1 A View of PID Controller 21
Fig. 5.1 Simulation Model for Power Quality Improvement 24
Fig. 5.2 Source Voltage with Disturbed signal 25
Fig. 5.3 Alternating Current with Disturbed signal 25
Fig. 5.4 Waveform of Compensated Source Voltage 26
Fig. 5.5 Waveform of Compensated Alternating current 27
FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE
NO.
Fig. 2.1 Voltage Sag 7
Fig. 2.2 Voltage Swell 8
Fig. 2.3 Voltage Interruption 8
Fig. 2.4. Voltage Fluctuation 9
Fig. 2.5 Disturbed Electric signal due to noise 10
Fig. 3.1 General configuration of UPQC 13
Fig. 3.2 Control Diagram of UPQC 13
Fig. 3.3 Configuration of UPQC 14
Fig. 3.4 Circuit Diagram of UPQC 15
Fig. 3.5 Active Power Filter Configuration 16
Fig. 3.6 Control Design of Shunt APF 17
Fig. 3.7 Series Active Power Filter 17
Fig. 4.1 A View of PID Controller 21
Fig. 5.1 Simulation Model for Power Quality Improvement 24
Fig. 5.2 Source Voltage with Disturbed signal 25
Fig. 5.3 Alternating Current with Disturbed signal 25
Fig. 5.4 Waveform of Compensated Source Voltage 26
Fig. 5.5 Waveform of Compensated Alternating current 27
INTRODUCTION CHAPTER-1
1.1 Introduction
Presently, in order to compete in today’s markets, products have to be energy
efficient, cost effective and to have low maintenance costs. Thus, the rate of technologies today
employing advanced power electronics is increasing rapidly to meet their aims. However, the
increase of these products constitutes some power quality problems due to electrical noise
generation. For example, the switching actions of the power converters result in distorted supply
currents. This can lead to serious repercussions throughout the supply networks. One of the
problems will be the distortion of the supply voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC).
The supply voltage at the PCC, being the difference between the source voltage and the voltage
across the source impedance, becomes distorted when a nonlinear load connected at the PCC
injects a distorted current into the supply network. Other customers at the PCC will receive
distorted supply voltage, which may cause overheating of power factor correction capacitors,
motors transformers and cables, and thermal tripping of protective devices. Furthermore, if a
device that requires a sinusoidal voltage waveform for the proper operation on its circuitry is
installed at the PCC, it may mal-function.
Therefore, it is important to install compensating devices to eliminate
harmonic currents generated by the nonlinear loads. The use of unified power quality conditioner
(UPQC) is one of the ways to overcome the above power quality problems. Over the past few
years, major research works have been carried out on control circuit designs for UPQCs. The
objective is to obtain reliable control algorithms and fast response procedures to get the proper
switch control signals. Moreover, nowadays, to remain competitive, the employment of UPQCs
also has to be cost effective, while maintaining their robustness and efficiency. As a result,
modern control theories are considered and adopted to design control circuits for power quality
devices. In this paper, a new control design for the UPQC for system harmonics compensation is
proposed.
1.1 Introduction
Presently, in order to compete in today’s markets, products have to be energy
efficient, cost effective and to have low maintenance costs. Thus, the rate of technologies today
employing advanced power electronics is increasing rapidly to meet their aims. However, the
increase of these products constitutes some power quality problems due to electrical noise
generation. For example, the switching actions of the power converters result in distorted supply
currents. This can lead to serious repercussions throughout the supply networks. One of the
problems will be the distortion of the supply voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC).
The supply voltage at the PCC, being the difference between the source voltage and the voltage
across the source impedance, becomes distorted when a nonlinear load connected at the PCC
injects a distorted current into the supply network. Other customers at the PCC will receive
distorted supply voltage, which may cause overheating of power factor correction capacitors,
motors transformers and cables, and thermal tripping of protective devices. Furthermore, if a
device that requires a sinusoidal voltage waveform for the proper operation on its circuitry is
installed at the PCC, it may mal-function.
Therefore, it is important to install compensating devices to eliminate
harmonic currents generated by the nonlinear loads. The use of unified power quality conditioner
(UPQC) is one of the ways to overcome the above power quality problems. Over the past few
years, major research works have been carried out on control circuit designs for UPQCs. The
objective is to obtain reliable control algorithms and fast response procedures to get the proper
switch control signals. Moreover, nowadays, to remain competitive, the employment of UPQCs
also has to be cost effective, while maintaining their robustness and efficiency. As a result,
modern control theories are considered and adopted to design control circuits for power quality
devices. In this paper, a new control design for the UPQC for system harmonics compensation is
proposed.
1.2 Overview:-
In today’s world there is great importance of electrical energy as it is the most
famous from of energy and all are massively relying on it. Without supply of electricity life
cannot be imagined. At the same time the quality and continuousness of the electric power
supplied is also very important for the efficient functioning of the end user equipment. Many of
the commercial and industrial loads require high quality undisturbed and constant power. Thus
maintaining the qualitative power is topmost important in today’s world. Due to power
electronics devices there is serious effect on quality and continuousness of electric supply.
Because of power electronics devices there is uninterrupted power supply, flicker, harmonics,
voltage fluctuations e.tc. There is also PQ problems such as voltage rise/dip due to network
faults, lightning, switching of capacitor banks. With the excessive uses of non-linear load
(computer, lasers, printers, rectifiers) there is reactive power disturbances and harmonics in
power distribution system. It is very essential to overcome this type of problems as its effect may
increase in future and cause adverse effect.
Traditionally passive filters were used for reactive power disturbances and harmonics
generation but there is many problems with them like they are large in size, resonance problem,
effect of source impedance on performance.
Active Power Filters are used for power quality enhancement. Active power filters can be
classified according to system configuration. Active power filters are of two types series and
shunt. Combining both series APF & shunt APF we get a device known as UPQC. UPQC
eliminates the voltage and current based distortions together.
A Shunt APF eliminates all kind of current problems like current harmonic
compensation, reactive power compensation, power factor enhancement. A Series APF
compensates voltage dip/rise so that voltage at load side is perfectly regulated. The Shunt APF is
connected in parallel with transmission line and series APF is connected in series with
transmission line. UPQC is formed by combining both series APF and shunt APF connected
back to back on DC side.
In today’s world there is great importance of electrical energy as it is the most
famous from of energy and all are massively relying on it. Without supply of electricity life
cannot be imagined. At the same time the quality and continuousness of the electric power
supplied is also very important for the efficient functioning of the end user equipment. Many of
the commercial and industrial loads require high quality undisturbed and constant power. Thus
maintaining the qualitative power is topmost important in today’s world. Due to power
electronics devices there is serious effect on quality and continuousness of electric supply.
Because of power electronics devices there is uninterrupted power supply, flicker, harmonics,
voltage fluctuations e.tc. There is also PQ problems such as voltage rise/dip due to network
faults, lightning, switching of capacitor banks. With the excessive uses of non-linear load
(computer, lasers, printers, rectifiers) there is reactive power disturbances and harmonics in
power distribution system. It is very essential to overcome this type of problems as its effect may
increase in future and cause adverse effect.
Traditionally passive filters were used for reactive power disturbances and harmonics
generation but there is many problems with them like they are large in size, resonance problem,
effect of source impedance on performance.
Active Power Filters are used for power quality enhancement. Active power filters can be
classified according to system configuration. Active power filters are of two types series and
shunt. Combining both series APF & shunt APF we get a device known as UPQC. UPQC
eliminates the voltage and current based distortions together.
A Shunt APF eliminates all kind of current problems like current harmonic
compensation, reactive power compensation, power factor enhancement. A Series APF
compensates voltage dip/rise so that voltage at load side is perfectly regulated. The Shunt APF is
connected in parallel with transmission line and series APF is connected in series with
transmission line. UPQC is formed by combining both series APF and shunt APF connected
back to back on DC side.
1.3 Literature Review:-
Now a day’s power quality has become the most essential factor for
both power suppliers and consumers due to the degradation of the electric power energy market.
Efforts are being made to improve power quality. Today in this modern world power quality has
become a great issue. As many industries and for domestics use we need a voltage and current
free from all types of harmonics and unbalances. Due to problems in power quality there is
development of many methods to improve power quality by using active power filters. The
concept of power was introduced by the N.G. Hingrani. Power electronics devices consists of a
diode, thyristors, IGBT, diodes. The active power filters are used to remove harmonics from
current of load side and make supply current completely sinusoidal, and it also mitigate the
problems of supply voltage imbalance i.e. voltage rise/dip and make voltages at load side
balanced of equal magnitude. The active power filters can be combined together and made to
remove both problems due to voltage and current harmonics. There are wide range of controlling
techniques for active power filters The reactive power theory was used to do simulation of three
phase three wire line which is valid for both of the transient and steady state. The physical
meaning of instantaneous reactive power theory was described in . The instantaneous reactive
power theory with the non-linear loads is described in . The DVR model is discussed in for
removal of all kinds of voltage related problems. Here the operating system consist of PLL and
Park’s transformation is used for simulation. In three phase simulation of series active power
filter is done for removal of voltage unbalances in supply side and make load voltage balanced
and regulated. In chapter the operation of DSTATCOM is explained. In the operation of three
phase four wire shunt APF is explained which is used to suppress load current harmonics which
is due to non- linear loads. As the power quality is the most important factor so to get improved
power quality and removal of all type of harmonics from voltage and current we study UPQC
which is a very versatile device and can be used for both mitigate the problems due to current
harmonics and voltage disturbances. The voltage source inverter active filters are used for
removal of power quality problems. The shunt active power filer is used to remove all the
problems related to current harmonics and reactive power compensation so that the power
quality will improve.
Now a day’s power quality has become the most essential factor for
both power suppliers and consumers due to the degradation of the electric power energy market.
Efforts are being made to improve power quality. Today in this modern world power quality has
become a great issue. As many industries and for domestics use we need a voltage and current
free from all types of harmonics and unbalances. Due to problems in power quality there is
development of many methods to improve power quality by using active power filters. The
concept of power was introduced by the N.G. Hingrani. Power electronics devices consists of a
diode, thyristors, IGBT, diodes. The active power filters are used to remove harmonics from
current of load side and make supply current completely sinusoidal, and it also mitigate the
problems of supply voltage imbalance i.e. voltage rise/dip and make voltages at load side
balanced of equal magnitude. The active power filters can be combined together and made to
remove both problems due to voltage and current harmonics. There are wide range of controlling
techniques for active power filters The reactive power theory was used to do simulation of three
phase three wire line which is valid for both of the transient and steady state. The physical
meaning of instantaneous reactive power theory was described in . The instantaneous reactive
power theory with the non-linear loads is described in . The DVR model is discussed in for
removal of all kinds of voltage related problems. Here the operating system consist of PLL and
Park’s transformation is used for simulation. In three phase simulation of series active power
filter is done for removal of voltage unbalances in supply side and make load voltage balanced
and regulated. In chapter the operation of DSTATCOM is explained. In the operation of three
phase four wire shunt APF is explained which is used to suppress load current harmonics which
is due to non- linear loads. As the power quality is the most important factor so to get improved
power quality and removal of all type of harmonics from voltage and current we study UPQC
which is a very versatile device and can be used for both mitigate the problems due to current
harmonics and voltage disturbances. The voltage source inverter active filters are used for
removal of power quality problems. The shunt active power filer is used to remove all the
problems related to current harmonics and reactive power compensation so that the power
quality will improve.
1.4 Objective:-
The objective of this project are-
To explore the techniques for removal of current harmonics and mitigate the voltage
swell, sag.
Study the UPQC model for power quality improvement.
Investigate Shunt APF for compensating load current harmonics and so that current
drawn from supply is completely sinusoidal.
Investigate Series APF so to mitigate voltage dip and rise from source voltage and make
load voltage perfectly balanced.
The objective of this project are-
To explore the techniques for removal of current harmonics and mitigate the voltage
swell, sag.
Study the UPQC model for power quality improvement.
Investigate Shunt APF for compensating load current harmonics and so that current
drawn from supply is completely sinusoidal.
Investigate Series APF so to mitigate voltage dip and rise from source voltage and make
load voltage perfectly balanced.
POWER QUALITY CHAPTER-2
2.1 Introduction:-
In our day to day life, and in many industries there is very huge use of
power electronics devices, Programmable logic circuits (PLC), semiconductor devices, and
adjustable speed drives due to this there is power quality problems. There is also many external
and internal factors that effect the quantity and quality of power delivered. Many network faults,
switching of capacitor banks, voltage sag/swell, lightning, and harmonics also cause power
quality problems. Mainly loads work at 50 Hz and 60 Hz frequencies. But there are many loads
which work at integer multiple of 50 Hz and 60 Hz frequencies. Because of these loads there is
harmonics in power system.
2.2 Linear and Non- linear loads
2.2.1 Linear load:-
The loads which have current and voltage waveform sinusoidal are linear
loads. The current at any time is proportional to voltage. Linear load only change relative timing
(phases) between current and voltage there is no change in shape of current waveform.
According to Ohm’s law
I(t)=V(t)R (2.1)
According to this law if waveform of voltage is sinusoidal then the waveform of current will also
be sinusoidal.
Linear loads are capacitor and inductor. If capacitor is in load side then the current will lead
voltage. If inductor is in load side then voltage will lead. So waveforms in both case will be out
of phase.
2.2.2 Non-Linear loads
In non-linear loads the shape of current waveform changes its shape from original shape. Non-
linear loads produces harmonics with original fundamental component of AC current. Non-linear
loads examples are power electronics devices like BJT, MOSFET.
2.1 Introduction:-
In our day to day life, and in many industries there is very huge use of
power electronics devices, Programmable logic circuits (PLC), semiconductor devices, and
adjustable speed drives due to this there is power quality problems. There is also many external
and internal factors that effect the quantity and quality of power delivered. Many network faults,
switching of capacitor banks, voltage sag/swell, lightning, and harmonics also cause power
quality problems. Mainly loads work at 50 Hz and 60 Hz frequencies. But there are many loads
which work at integer multiple of 50 Hz and 60 Hz frequencies. Because of these loads there is
harmonics in power system.
2.2 Linear and Non- linear loads
2.2.1 Linear load:-
The loads which have current and voltage waveform sinusoidal are linear
loads. The current at any time is proportional to voltage. Linear load only change relative timing
(phases) between current and voltage there is no change in shape of current waveform.
According to Ohm’s law
I(t)=V(t)R (2.1)
According to this law if waveform of voltage is sinusoidal then the waveform of current will also
be sinusoidal.
Linear loads are capacitor and inductor. If capacitor is in load side then the current will lead
voltage. If inductor is in load side then voltage will lead. So waveforms in both case will be out
of phase.
2.2.2 Non-Linear loads
In non-linear loads the shape of current waveform changes its shape from original shape. Non-
linear loads produces harmonics with original fundamental component of AC current. Non-linear
loads examples are power electronics devices like BJT, MOSFET.
2.3 Major power quality problems
2.3.1 Short duration voltage variation:-
Due to faults there is voltage rise (swells), voltage dip (sag), or complete loss of voltages
(interruptions) which are temporary for certain interval of time depending upon the type of fault
occurred and location of fault. The duration is around 1 min for short voltage variation. Also if
duration of fault is for few millisecond then it is short duration voltage variation.
(i) Voltage sag:- Voltage sag is also called voltage dip . The rms line voltage decreases
to 10 % to 90 % of nominal line voltage. The time interval for voltage dip is about 0.5
cycle to 1 min. The equipment which cause voltage dip are induction motor starting
etc. Voltage dip is shown in fig.2.1
2.1 Voltage sag
(ii) Voltage swell:- Voltage swell is also called voltage rise. The rms line voltage
increases from 1.1 % to 1.8% of nominal line voltage. The duration for voltage rise is
around 0.5 cycle to 1 min. The voltage swell is caused due to energizing the large
capacitor bank and shutting down the large loads. Voltage swell is shown in fig.2.2
2.3.1 Short duration voltage variation:-
Due to faults there is voltage rise (swells), voltage dip (sag), or complete loss of voltages
(interruptions) which are temporary for certain interval of time depending upon the type of fault
occurred and location of fault. The duration is around 1 min for short voltage variation. Also if
duration of fault is for few millisecond then it is short duration voltage variation.
(i) Voltage sag:- Voltage sag is also called voltage dip . The rms line voltage decreases
to 10 % to 90 % of nominal line voltage. The time interval for voltage dip is about 0.5
cycle to 1 min. The equipment which cause voltage dip are induction motor starting
etc. Voltage dip is shown in fig.2.1
2.1 Voltage sag
(ii) Voltage swell:- Voltage swell is also called voltage rise. The rms line voltage
increases from 1.1 % to 1.8% of nominal line voltage. The duration for voltage rise is
around 0.5 cycle to 1 min. The voltage swell is caused due to energizing the large
capacitor bank and shutting down the large loads. Voltage swell is shown in fig.2.2
Fig.2.2 Voltage swell
(iii) Interruption:- Interruption is degradation in current or line voltage up to 0.1 pu of
the nominal value. It is for the time period of 60 seconds and not going beyond it. The
cause of interruption are failures in equipment, faults in power systems, control
malfunctions. It is shown in fig.2.3
Fig.2.3 Voltage interruption
2.3.2. Long- Duration voltage variation:-
The long duration voltage variations are caused because of sustained interruptions, under
voltages and over voltages.
(i) Sustained interruptions:- When there is zero supply voltage for a interval of time more than
60 sec, it is considered as sustained interruption in case of long duration voltage variation.
(iii) Interruption:- Interruption is degradation in current or line voltage up to 0.1 pu of
the nominal value. It is for the time period of 60 seconds and not going beyond it. The
cause of interruption are failures in equipment, faults in power systems, control
malfunctions. It is shown in fig.2.3
Fig.2.3 Voltage interruption
2.3.2. Long- Duration voltage variation:-
The long duration voltage variations are caused because of sustained interruptions, under
voltages and over voltages.
(i) Sustained interruptions:- When there is zero supply voltage for a interval of time more than
60 sec, it is considered as sustained interruption in case of long duration voltage variation.
(ii) Under voltages:- It is the reduction in rms ac voltage to lower than 90 % at power frequency
for a time interval 60 sec or may be greater than it. The switching off of capacitor banks and
switching on of loads cause under voltage as far as voltage regulation device on the system bring
back the voltage to the given tolerance limits. The under voltage is also caused due circuits
which are overloaded.
(iv) Over voltages:- It is the rise in rms ac voltage to more than 110 % at power frequency for a
time interval of more than 60 sec. Over voltages are caused due to the wrong tap settings of
transformers and switching of loads.
2.3.3 Voltage fluctuations
Fluctuations in voltage is irregular or repeated variations in magnitude of source voltage due to
sudden change in real and reactive power drawn by the load. The characteristics of voltage
fluctuation depend upon type of loads.
(i) 10% of nominal supply voltages. The Lamp flicker is the effect of voltage
fluctuations. Loads that cause fluctuations in voltages are arc furnaces, arc welders,
air conditioner units, rolling mills, cycloconverters C, and equipment with excessive
motor speed changes. Voltage fluctuations are shown in fig.2.4
Fig.2.4 Voltage fluctuations
for a time interval 60 sec or may be greater than it. The switching off of capacitor banks and
switching on of loads cause under voltage as far as voltage regulation device on the system bring
back the voltage to the given tolerance limits. The under voltage is also caused due circuits
which are overloaded.
(iv) Over voltages:- It is the rise in rms ac voltage to more than 110 % at power frequency for a
time interval of more than 60 sec. Over voltages are caused due to the wrong tap settings of
transformers and switching of loads.
2.3.3 Voltage fluctuations
Fluctuations in voltage is irregular or repeated variations in magnitude of source voltage due to
sudden change in real and reactive power drawn by the load. The characteristics of voltage
fluctuation depend upon type of loads.
(i) 10% of nominal supply voltages. The Lamp flicker is the effect of voltage
fluctuations. Loads that cause fluctuations in voltages are arc furnaces, arc welders,
air conditioner units, rolling mills, cycloconverters C, and equipment with excessive
motor speed changes. Voltage fluctuations are shown in fig.2.4
Fig.2.4 Voltage fluctuations
2.3.4 Waveform Distortion:-
A power system network tries to generate a sinusoidal voltage and current waveform but
due to certain problem it is not able to generate the sinusoidal nature waveform and distortions
occurs.
There are many causes of waveform distortion:
(i) DC Offset:- A DC offset is a presence of DC voltage or current in a AC power system.
Due to DC offset the signal shifts from its actual reference position.
(ii) Noise:-In signal processing
unknown) modifications that a
processing, or conversion. Sometimes the word is also used to mean signals that are random
(unpredictable) and carry no useful information; even if they are not interfering with
signals or may have been introduced intentionally, as in
Noise reduction, the recovery of the original signal from the noise
common goal in the design of signal processing systems, especially
Fig.2.5 Disturbed electrical signal due to noise
A power system network tries to generate a sinusoidal voltage and current waveform but
due to certain problem it is not able to generate the sinusoidal nature waveform and distortions
There are many causes of waveform distortion:-
A DC offset is a presence of DC voltage or current in a AC power system.
Due to DC offset the signal shifts from its actual reference position.
processing, noise is a general term for unwanted (and, in general,
modifications that a signal may suffer during capture, storage, transmission,
Sometimes the word is also used to mean signals that are random
(unpredictable) and carry no useful information; even if they are not interfering with
signals or may have been introduced intentionally, as in comfort noise.
, the recovery of the original signal from the noise-corrupted one, is a very
common goal in the design of signal processing systems, especially filters.
Disturbed electrical signal due to noise
A power system network tries to generate a sinusoidal voltage and current waveform but
due to certain problem it is not able to generate the sinusoidal nature waveform and distortions
A DC offset is a presence of DC voltage or current in a AC power system.
is a general term for unwanted (and, in general,
may suffer during capture, storage, transmission,
Sometimes the word is also used to mean signals that are random
(unpredictable) and carry no useful information; even if they are not interfering with other
corrupted one, is a very
A power system network tries to generate a sinusoidal voltage and current waveform but
due to certain problem it is not able to generate the sinusoidal nature waveform and distortions
occurs.
There are many causes of waveform distortion:
(i) DC Offset:- A DC offset is a presence of DC voltage or current in a AC power system.
Due to DC offset the signal shifts from its actual reference position.
(ii) Noise:-In signal processing
unknown) modifications that a
processing, or conversion. Sometimes the word is also used to mean signals that are random
(unpredictable) and carry no useful information; even if they are not interfering with
signals or may have been introduced intentionally, as in
Noise reduction, the recovery of the original signal from the noise
common goal in the design of signal processing systems, especially
Fig.2.5 Disturbed electrical signal due to noise
A power system network tries to generate a sinusoidal voltage and current waveform but
due to certain problem it is not able to generate the sinusoidal nature waveform and distortions
There are many causes of waveform distortion:-
A DC offset is a presence of DC voltage or current in a AC power system.
Due to DC offset the signal shifts from its actual reference position.
processing, noise is a general term for unwanted (and, in general,
modifications that a signal may suffer during capture, storage, transmission,
Sometimes the word is also used to mean signals that are random
(unpredictable) and carry no useful information; even if they are not interfering with
signals or may have been introduced intentionally, as in comfort noise.
, the recovery of the original signal from the noise-corrupted one, is a very
common goal in the design of signal processing systems, especially filters.
Disturbed electrical signal due to noise
A power system network tries to generate a sinusoidal voltage and current waveform but
due to certain problem it is not able to generate the sinusoidal nature waveform and distortions
A DC offset is a presence of DC voltage or current in a AC power system.
is a general term for unwanted (and, in general,
may suffer during capture, storage, transmission,
Sometimes the word is also used to mean signals that are random
(unpredictable) and carry no useful information; even if they are not interfering with other
corrupted one, is a very
(ii) Notching:- Notching is voltage disturbances caused periodically due to transfer of
current from one phase to another when power electronics equipment are commutated.
(iii) Harmonics:- The harmonics are sinusoidal currents and voltages which operate at
frequencies that are integer multiple of fundamental frequency. The 50 Hz and 60 Hz are
fundamental frequency. The harmonics are caused due to non- linear loads.
current from one phase to another when power electronics equipment are commutated.
(iii) Harmonics:- The harmonics are sinusoidal currents and voltages which operate at
frequencies that are integer multiple of fundamental frequency. The 50 Hz and 60 Hz are
fundamental frequency. The harmonics are caused due to non- linear loads.
UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER Chapter 3
3.1 Introduction
Basically UPQC (Unified Power Quality conditioner) is a equipment which is used
for compensate for voltage distortion and voltage unbalance in a power system so that the
voltage at load side is completely balance and sinusoidal & perfectly regulated and also it is used
to compensate for load current harmonics so that the current at the source side is perfectly
sinusoidal and free from distortions and harmonics. UPQC is a combination of a Shunt Active
power filter and Series Active power filter. Here Shunt Active power filter (APF) is used to
compensate for load current harmonics and make the source current completely sinusoidal and
free from harmonics and distortions. Shunt APF is connected parallel to transmission line. Here
Series APF is used to mitigate for voltage distortions and unbalance which is present in supply
side and make the voltage at load side perfectly balanced, regulated and sinusoidal. Series APF is
connected in series with transmission line. UPQC consists of two voltage source inverters
connected back to back through a DC link capacitor in a single phase, three phase-three wire,
three phase-four wire configuration. The inverter in shunt APF is controlled as a variable current
source inverter and in series APF is controlled as a variable voltage source inverter. Earlier
passive filters where also used for compensation of harmonics and voltage distortion but due to
their many disadvantages they are not used nowadays.
3.2 General UPQC:-
Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is the powerful tool to settle
the power quality problem. The general configuration of the UPQC is shown below. Fig. 1.
General configuration of the UPQC The UPQC has the capability of improving power quality at
the point of installation on power distribution systems or industrial power systems. The UPQC,
therefore, is expected to be one of the most powerful solutions to large capacity loads sensitive to
supply voltage flicker/imbalance.
3.1 Introduction
Basically UPQC (Unified Power Quality conditioner) is a equipment which is used
for compensate for voltage distortion and voltage unbalance in a power system so that the
voltage at load side is completely balance and sinusoidal & perfectly regulated and also it is used
to compensate for load current harmonics so that the current at the source side is perfectly
sinusoidal and free from distortions and harmonics. UPQC is a combination of a Shunt Active
power filter and Series Active power filter. Here Shunt Active power filter (APF) is used to
compensate for load current harmonics and make the source current completely sinusoidal and
free from harmonics and distortions. Shunt APF is connected parallel to transmission line. Here
Series APF is used to mitigate for voltage distortions and unbalance which is present in supply
side and make the voltage at load side perfectly balanced, regulated and sinusoidal. Series APF is
connected in series with transmission line. UPQC consists of two voltage source inverters
connected back to back through a DC link capacitor in a single phase, three phase-three wire,
three phase-four wire configuration. The inverter in shunt APF is controlled as a variable current
source inverter and in series APF is controlled as a variable voltage source inverter. Earlier
passive filters where also used for compensation of harmonics and voltage distortion but due to
their many disadvantages they are not used nowadays.
3.2 General UPQC:-
Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is the powerful tool to settle
the power quality problem. The general configuration of the UPQC is shown below. Fig. 1.
General configuration of the UPQC The UPQC has the capability of improving power quality at
the point of installation on power distribution systems or industrial power systems. The UPQC,
therefore, is expected to be one of the most powerful solutions to large capacity loads sensitive to
supply voltage flicker/imbalance.
Fig. 3.1
Control diagram of UPQC
Fig3.
3.1 General configuration of the UPQC
UPQC
Fig3.2 Control diagram of UPQC
Control diagram of UPQC
Fig3.
3.1 General configuration of the UPQC
UPQC
Fig3.2 Control diagram of UPQC
3.3 Basic configuration of UPQC
3.3.1 DC link capacitor:-
The two voltage source inverter are connected back to back through a DC capacitor. DC
capacitor is provides a DC voltage for working of both the inverter. The DC capacitor also
provides a real power difference between source and load during the transient period and also
acts as a energy storage elements. During steady state real power supplied by source should be
equal to the sum real power demand of load & a small amount of power which compensates for
active filter. DC capacitor voltage should be equal to reference value but due to disturbance in
real power balance between source and load due to change in load conditions the DC capacitor
value is changed from reference value.
Fig 3.3 Configuration of UPQC
3.3.2 Operation of UPQC:-
As given in fig.3.2 Vs is source voltage, Vc is series compensation voltage, is =source
current & IL is load current. The source voltage contains a positive, negative & zero & also
the harmonic components. The voltage at M is written as
RO =R1(P)+R1L(P)+∈G=2∞RG(P) (3.1)
3.3.1 DC link capacitor:-
The two voltage source inverter are connected back to back through a DC capacitor. DC
capacitor is provides a DC voltage for working of both the inverter. The DC capacitor also
provides a real power difference between source and load during the transient period and also
acts as a energy storage elements. During steady state real power supplied by source should be
equal to the sum real power demand of load & a small amount of power which compensates for
active filter. DC capacitor voltage should be equal to reference value but due to disturbance in
real power balance between source and load due to change in load conditions the DC capacitor
value is changed from reference value.
Fig 3.3 Configuration of UPQC
3.3.2 Operation of UPQC:-
As given in fig.3.2 Vs is source voltage, Vc is series compensation voltage, is =source
current & IL is load current. The source voltage contains a positive, negative & zero & also
the harmonic components. The voltage at M is written as
RO =R1(P)+R1L(P)+∈G=2∞RG(P) (3.1)
Eqn (3.1) can also written as
RO=R1(sin(SP+?1J))+R1L(sin(SP+?1L))+∈G=2∞RG(GSP+?G) (3.2)
Here v1n, v1p. are fundamental frequency of component of negative sequence and positive sequence.
And vk is the harmonic component & ?1J,1L,?G are phase angle of voltages.
3.3.3 Power flow analysis of UPQC in steady state:-
Fig. 3.4 Circuit diagram of UPQC
Here Circuit Diagram of UPQC is given in fig. 3.5. UPQC is used to eliminate harmonics present
in current and distortions of voltage and is used for reactive power compensation. In UPQC
series APF is used as voltage source inverter to compensate for voltage distortions and make
voltage at load side completely balanced and sinusoidal. Series APF injects a voltage which is
difference of source voltage and perfectly balanced load voltage. Shunt APF is used as to
eliminate harmonics present in load current so that source current is completely sinusoidal and
also used for compensation of reactive power. Shunt APF is also used to maintain value of DC
link capacitor constant.
RO=R1(sin(SP+?1J))+R1L(sin(SP+?1L))+∈G=2∞RG(GSP+?G) (3.2)
Here v1n, v1p. are fundamental frequency of component of negative sequence and positive sequence.
And vk is the harmonic component & ?1J,1L,?G are phase angle of voltages.
3.3.3 Power flow analysis of UPQC in steady state:-
Fig. 3.4 Circuit diagram of UPQC
Here Circuit Diagram of UPQC is given in fig. 3.5. UPQC is used to eliminate harmonics present
in current and distortions of voltage and is used for reactive power compensation. In UPQC
series APF is used as voltage source inverter to compensate for voltage distortions and make
voltage at load side completely balanced and sinusoidal. Series APF injects a voltage which is
difference of source voltage and perfectly balanced load voltage. Shunt APF is used as to
eliminate harmonics present in load current so that source current is completely sinusoidal and
also used for compensation of reactive power. Shunt APF is also used to maintain value of DC
link capacitor constant.
3.3.4 Active Power Filter:-
Traditionally
improvement, the passive filters consists of combination of capacitor, inductor and resistor.
Passive filters are used for harmonic filtering. Passive filters doesn’t depend upon the external
power source. It has many drawbacks such as it is larger in size, resonance problem, effect of
source impedance on performance, fixed compensation characteristics. So active power filters
(APF) came as alternate solution for passive filters. Active power filters removes harmo
not have drawbacks such as passive filters. Active power filters are classified as are shown in
fig.3.1
Fig. 3.5
-
Traditionally passive filters were used for power quality
improvement, the passive filters consists of combination of capacitor, inductor and resistor.
Passive filters are used for harmonic filtering. Passive filters doesn’t depend upon the external
many drawbacks such as it is larger in size, resonance problem, effect of
source impedance on performance, fixed compensation characteristics. So active power filters
(APF) came as alternate solution for passive filters. Active power filters removes harmo
not have drawbacks such as passive filters. Active power filters are classified as are shown in
. 3.5 Active power filter classifications
passive filters were used for power quality
improvement, the passive filters consists of combination of capacitor, inductor and resistor.
Passive filters are used for harmonic filtering. Passive filters doesn’t depend upon the external
many drawbacks such as it is larger in size, resonance problem, effect of
source impedance on performance, fixed compensation characteristics. So active power filters
(APF) came as alternate solution for passive filters. Active power filters removes harmonics and
not have drawbacks such as passive filters. Active power filters are classified as are shown in
Traditionally
improvement, the passive filters consists of combination of capacitor, inductor and resistor.
Passive filters are used for harmonic filtering. Passive filters doesn’t depend upon the external
power source. It has many drawbacks such as it is larger in size, resonance problem, effect of
source impedance on performance, fixed compensation characteristics. So active power filters
(APF) came as alternate solution for passive filters. Active power filters removes harmo
not have drawbacks such as passive filters. Active power filters are classified as are shown in
fig.3.1
Fig. 3.5
-
Traditionally passive filters were used for power quality
improvement, the passive filters consists of combination of capacitor, inductor and resistor.
Passive filters are used for harmonic filtering. Passive filters doesn’t depend upon the external
many drawbacks such as it is larger in size, resonance problem, effect of
source impedance on performance, fixed compensation characteristics. So active power filters
(APF) came as alternate solution for passive filters. Active power filters removes harmo
not have drawbacks such as passive filters. Active power filters are classified as are shown in
. 3.5 Active power filter classifications
passive filters were used for power quality
improvement, the passive filters consists of combination of capacitor, inductor and resistor.
Passive filters are used for harmonic filtering. Passive filters doesn’t depend upon the external
many drawbacks such as it is larger in size, resonance problem, effect of
source impedance on performance, fixed compensation characteristics. So active power filters
(APF) came as alternate solution for passive filters. Active power filters removes harmonics and
not have drawbacks such as passive filters. Active power filters are classified as are shown in
3.4 Shunt Active Power Filter:-
Active power filters are devices which generates the same
amount of harmonics which are generated by load but at 180 phase shifted. Active power filters
are devices such as amplifiers etc. Shunt APF injects the compensating current in the line at the
point of common coupling (PCC) so that the current at source sides become completely
sinusoidal and free from distortions. due to presence of non-linear load there is harmonics &
distortions in load current due to which source current also get effected and source current becomes
non-sinusoidal and distorted. So to remove this non-sinusoidal behavior of source current we use
Shunt APF which provides the compensating current which is same as harmonic generated by load
but 1800 phase shifted and this compensating current is given at PCC which helps in removing
distortions from source current and makes source current completely sinusoidal. Shunt APF is also
used for reactive power compensation & it also removes all problems which arises due to current
harmonics.
Fig 3.6 Basic control design of shunt APF
In Fig.3.6 given is=source current, ic=compensating current, iL= load current, Vdc= voltage
across capacitor 30
Active power filters are devices which generates the same
amount of harmonics which are generated by load but at 180 phase shifted. Active power filters
are devices such as amplifiers etc. Shunt APF injects the compensating current in the line at the
point of common coupling (PCC) so that the current at source sides become completely
sinusoidal and free from distortions. due to presence of non-linear load there is harmonics &
distortions in load current due to which source current also get effected and source current becomes
non-sinusoidal and distorted. So to remove this non-sinusoidal behavior of source current we use
Shunt APF which provides the compensating current which is same as harmonic generated by load
but 1800 phase shifted and this compensating current is given at PCC which helps in removing
distortions from source current and makes source current completely sinusoidal. Shunt APF is also
used for reactive power compensation & it also removes all problems which arises due to current
harmonics.
Fig 3.6 Basic control design of shunt APF
In Fig.3.6 given is=source current, ic=compensating current, iL= load current, Vdc= voltage
across capacitor 30
3.4.2 Basic Structure of Shunt APF
Basic structure of shunt APF consists of:-
(i) DC capacitor:- It is an energy storage device which provide real power difference between
source and load during transient periods.
(ii) Voltage source inverter:- VSI is a solid state device like IGBT, GTO etc. It is used to inject
compensating current so that the harmonics present in the load current are removed and harmonics
doesn’t affect source current. And the current taken from source is completely sinusoidal. The PWM
signal is given to VSI for its operation.
(iii) Hysteresis Current Controller:- Hysteresis current controller is used to generate PWM
signal for operation of VSI. The PWM signal is obtained by the error which we get from
comparing the reference current with the actual current.
(iv) PI controller:- PI controller is used to reduce steady state error. It is also used to calculate
pulse.
3.4.3 Steps for controlling shunt APF
(i) Generation of reference compensating current
(ii) Generation of gating signal by hysteresis current controller
3.4.4 Control scheme of shunt APF
Control pattern used in shunt APF is instantaneous reactive power theory which is also
known as “p-q theory”. It was introduced by Akagietal in 1983. The instantaneous reactive
power theory is based on time domain transformations, here 3 phases are transformed into
αβ0 coordinates. The coordinate 0 corresponds to a zero sequence component. “p-q theory”
corresponds to a algebraic transformations which is known as Clarke’s transformation.
Advantages of “p-q theory” it is simple as it only requires algebraic operations.
3.4.7 PI controller
PI controller is mainly used to reduce the steady state error. It is also used to find out the power loss
LHKOO which is used in real power calculations. Power Loss can also be filter loss.
3.4.8 DC voltage regulator
It consists of a energy storage element such as capacitor. It is used to provide real power difference
between source and load during transient period. DC capacitor value should be equal to reference
value but due to changes in load condition its value decreases from reference value.
Basic structure of shunt APF consists of:-
(i) DC capacitor:- It is an energy storage device which provide real power difference between
source and load during transient periods.
(ii) Voltage source inverter:- VSI is a solid state device like IGBT, GTO etc. It is used to inject
compensating current so that the harmonics present in the load current are removed and harmonics
doesn’t affect source current. And the current taken from source is completely sinusoidal. The PWM
signal is given to VSI for its operation.
(iii) Hysteresis Current Controller:- Hysteresis current controller is used to generate PWM
signal for operation of VSI. The PWM signal is obtained by the error which we get from
comparing the reference current with the actual current.
(iv) PI controller:- PI controller is used to reduce steady state error. It is also used to calculate
pulse.
3.4.3 Steps for controlling shunt APF
(i) Generation of reference compensating current
(ii) Generation of gating signal by hysteresis current controller
3.4.4 Control scheme of shunt APF
Control pattern used in shunt APF is instantaneous reactive power theory which is also
known as “p-q theory”. It was introduced by Akagietal in 1983. The instantaneous reactive
power theory is based on time domain transformations, here 3 phases are transformed into
αβ0 coordinates. The coordinate 0 corresponds to a zero sequence component. “p-q theory”
corresponds to a algebraic transformations which is known as Clarke’s transformation.
Advantages of “p-q theory” it is simple as it only requires algebraic operations.
3.4.7 PI controller
PI controller is mainly used to reduce the steady state error. It is also used to find out the power loss
LHKOO which is used in real power calculations. Power Loss can also be filter loss.
3.4.8 DC voltage regulator
It consists of a energy storage element such as capacitor. It is used to provide real power difference
between source and load during transient period. DC capacitor value should be equal to reference
value but due to changes in load condition its value decreases from reference value.
3.5 Series Active Power Filter:-
A series active power filter is equipment which is used to
mitigate the problems which are caused due to voltage distortions and voltage unbalance in source
voltage. The voltage distortions and unbalance means voltage dip, voltage rise, voltage fluctuations,
voltage flicker these are removed from the source voltage by means of Series APF. A series APF
injects a voltage component in series with supply voltage and removes harmonic component.
The series APF is used to remove all these voltage problems from supply voltage
and make load voltage perfectly balanced and regulated. Series APF is connected in series with
transmission line with a series transformer. The turns ratio of series transformer should be proper so
that the injected voltage should come properly. Here three phase reference voltage is calculated by
transforming =−>−? to @−M−0 reference frame and again by transforming @−M−0 to =−>−? frame.
After that the reference voltage is given to hysteresis voltage controller with the actual output voltage
of series APF (voltage we got across series transformer) and the PWM signal is generated which is
given to voltage source inverter. The DC voltage is given across VSI so to get real power difference
between source and load.
Fig3.7 Series Active Power Filter
A series active power filter is equipment which is used to
mitigate the problems which are caused due to voltage distortions and voltage unbalance in source
voltage. The voltage distortions and unbalance means voltage dip, voltage rise, voltage fluctuations,
voltage flicker these are removed from the source voltage by means of Series APF. A series APF
injects a voltage component in series with supply voltage and removes harmonic component.
The series APF is used to remove all these voltage problems from supply voltage
and make load voltage perfectly balanced and regulated. Series APF is connected in series with
transmission line with a series transformer. The turns ratio of series transformer should be proper so
that the injected voltage should come properly. Here three phase reference voltage is calculated by
transforming =−>−? to @−M−0 reference frame and again by transforming @−M−0 to =−>−? frame.
After that the reference voltage is given to hysteresis voltage controller with the actual output voltage
of series APF (voltage we got across series transformer) and the PWM signal is generated which is
given to voltage source inverter. The DC voltage is given across VSI so to get real power difference
between source and load.
Fig3.7 Series Active Power Filter
MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLLER CHAPTER 4
4.1 Introduction
Multivariable processes has more than one input variables or more than one
output variables. Here are a few examples of multivariable processes:
• A heated liquid tank where both the level and the temperature shall be controlled.
• A distillation column where the top and bottom concentration shall be controlled.
• A robot manipulator where the positions of the manipulators (arms) shall be controlled.
• A chemical reactor where the concentration and the temperature shall be controlled.
• A head box (in a paper factory) where the bottom pressure and the paper mass level in the head
box shall be controlled.
To each variable (process output variable) which is to be controlled a set point is
given. To control these variables a number of control variables are available for manipulation by
the controller function. Multivariable processes can be difficult to control if there are cross
couplings in the process, that is, if one control variable gives a response in several process output
variables. There are mainly two problems of controlling a multivariable process if these cross
couplings are not counteracted by the multivariable controller:
• A change in one set point will cause a response in each of the process output variables, not only
in the output variable corresponding to the set point.
• Assuming that ordinary single loop PID control is used, a controller will “observe” a
complicated dynamic system which consists of the multivariable process with all control loops!
This can make it difficult to tune each of the PID controllers, and the stability robustness of the
control system may be small.
1The following section describes the most common way to control multivariable processes —
namely single loop control with PID controllers.
1.2 Single loop control with PID controllers The simplest yet most common way to control a
multivariable process is using single loop control with PID controllers. There is one control loop
for each process output variable which is to be controlled. The control system structure is shown
4.1 Introduction
Multivariable processes has more than one input variables or more than one
output variables. Here are a few examples of multivariable processes:
• A heated liquid tank where both the level and the temperature shall be controlled.
• A distillation column where the top and bottom concentration shall be controlled.
• A robot manipulator where the positions of the manipulators (arms) shall be controlled.
• A chemical reactor where the concentration and the temperature shall be controlled.
• A head box (in a paper factory) where the bottom pressure and the paper mass level in the head
box shall be controlled.
To each variable (process output variable) which is to be controlled a set point is
given. To control these variables a number of control variables are available for manipulation by
the controller function. Multivariable processes can be difficult to control if there are cross
couplings in the process, that is, if one control variable gives a response in several process output
variables. There are mainly two problems of controlling a multivariable process if these cross
couplings are not counteracted by the multivariable controller:
• A change in one set point will cause a response in each of the process output variables, not only
in the output variable corresponding to the set point.
• Assuming that ordinary single loop PID control is used, a controller will “observe” a
complicated dynamic system which consists of the multivariable process with all control loops!
This can make it difficult to tune each of the PID controllers, and the stability robustness of the
control system may be small.
1The following section describes the most common way to control multivariable processes —
namely single loop control with PID controllers.
1.2 Single loop control with PID controllers The simplest yet most common way to control a
multivariable process is using single loop control with PID controllers. There is one control loop
for each process output variable which is to be controlled. The control system structure is shown
in Figure 1, where subsystems are represented by
are generally non-linear dynamic systems. Since this process has two control variables and two
process output variables, we say that the process is a 2x2 multivariable
4.2 Single loop control with PID controllers
The simplest yet most common way to control a multivariable process is using single loop
control with PID controllers. There is one cont
to be controlled. The control system structure is shown in Figure 1, where subsystems are
represented by transfer functions although these subsystems are generally non
systems. Since this process has two control variables and two process output variables, we say
that the process is a 2x2 multivariable process.
Fig. 4.1 A view of PID controller
Pairing of process output variables and control variables
process we must determine the pairing of process output variable (its measurement) and control
variable(via the PID controller). A natural rule for choosing this pairing is as
process couplings (from control variable to process
control loops. Following this rule is an effective use of the control variable, and supports stability
robustness against variations of the dynamic properties in other parts of
Figure 4.1 shows the correct control system structure if
in Figure 1, where subsystems are represented by transfer functions although these subsystems
dynamic systems. Since this process has two control variables and two
output variables, we say that the process is a 2x2 multivariable process.
Single loop control with PID controllers
The simplest yet most common way to control a multivariable process is using single loop
control with PID controllers. There is one control loop for each process output variable which is
to be controlled. The control system structure is shown in Figure 1, where subsystems are
represented by transfer functions although these subsystems are generally non
ocess has two control variables and two process output variables, we say
that the process is a 2x2 multivariable process.
Fig. 4.1 A view of PID controller
Pairing of process output variables and control variables In single loop control of a multivaria
pairing of process output variable (its measurement) and control
variable(via the PID controller). A natural rule for choosing this pairing is as follows: The strong
process couplings (from control variable to process output variable) should be contained in the
rule is an effective use of the control variable, and supports stability
robustness against variations of the dynamic properties in other parts of the control system.
s the correct control system structure if there are strong couplings.
transfer functions although these subsystems
dynamic systems. Since this process has two control variables and two
The simplest yet most common way to control a multivariable process is using single loop
rol loop for each process output variable which is
to be controlled. The control system structure is shown in Figure 1, where subsystems are
represented by transfer functions although these subsystems are generally non-linear dynamic
ocess has two control variables and two process output variables, we say
In single loop control of a multivariable
pairing of process output variable (its measurement) and control
follows: The strong
output variable) should be contained in the
rule is an effective use of the control variable, and supports stability
the control system.
ings. In most cases
are generally non-linear dynamic systems. Since this process has two control variables and two
process output variables, we say that the process is a 2x2 multivariable
4.2 Single loop control with PID controllers
The simplest yet most common way to control a multivariable process is using single loop
control with PID controllers. There is one cont
to be controlled. The control system structure is shown in Figure 1, where subsystems are
represented by transfer functions although these subsystems are generally non
systems. Since this process has two control variables and two process output variables, we say
that the process is a 2x2 multivariable process.
Fig. 4.1 A view of PID controller
Pairing of process output variables and control variables
process we must determine the pairing of process output variable (its measurement) and control
variable(via the PID controller). A natural rule for choosing this pairing is as
process couplings (from control variable to process
control loops. Following this rule is an effective use of the control variable, and supports stability
robustness against variations of the dynamic properties in other parts of
Figure 4.1 shows the correct control system structure if
in Figure 1, where subsystems are represented by transfer functions although these subsystems
dynamic systems. Since this process has two control variables and two
output variables, we say that the process is a 2x2 multivariable process.
Single loop control with PID controllers
The simplest yet most common way to control a multivariable process is using single loop
control with PID controllers. There is one control loop for each process output variable which is
to be controlled. The control system structure is shown in Figure 1, where subsystems are
represented by transfer functions although these subsystems are generally non
ocess has two control variables and two process output variables, we say
that the process is a 2x2 multivariable process.
Fig. 4.1 A view of PID controller
Pairing of process output variables and control variables In single loop control of a multivaria
pairing of process output variable (its measurement) and control
variable(via the PID controller). A natural rule for choosing this pairing is as follows: The strong
process couplings (from control variable to process output variable) should be contained in the
rule is an effective use of the control variable, and supports stability
robustness against variations of the dynamic properties in other parts of the control system.
s the correct control system structure if there are strong couplings.
transfer functions although these subsystems
dynamic systems. Since this process has two control variables and two
The simplest yet most common way to control a multivariable process is using single loop
rol loop for each process output variable which is
to be controlled. The control system structure is shown in Figure 1, where subsystems are
represented by transfer functions although these subsystems are generally non-linear dynamic
ocess has two control variables and two process output variables, we say
In single loop control of a multivariable
pairing of process output variable (its measurement) and control
follows: The strong
output variable) should be contained in the
rule is an effective use of the control variable, and supports stability
the control system.
ings. In most cases
it is easy to determine the strong pairings. One example is a heated liquid tank where both level
and temperature is to be controlled. The two control variables are power supply via a heating
element and liquid supply. This process is multivariable with cross couplings since both power
supply (control variable 1) and liquid supply (control variable in fluences both process output
variables (level and temperature). There are model based methods for analysis of process
couplings, as RGA-analysis (Relative Gain Array) and singular value analysis, and there are
multivariable control functions that includes a decoupled that counteracts the couplings in the
process.
and temperature is to be controlled. The two control variables are power supply via a heating
element and liquid supply. This process is multivariable with cross couplings since both power
supply (control variable 1) and liquid supply (control variable in fluences both process output
variables (level and temperature). There are model based methods for analysis of process
couplings, as RGA-analysis (Relative Gain Array) and singular value analysis, and there are
multivariable control functions that includes a decoupled that counteracts the couplings in the
process.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION CHAPTER 5
Using the Matlab/Simulink software, several simulations are implemented to evaluate
the proposed "Adaptive Noise Canceling" based UPQC. Data used for simulation system are
shown in Table 1. The following simulations correspond to a voltage with 10%-third harmonic
content, as shown in Fig.5, with amplitude of 300V and frequency of 50 Hz. The voltage source
supplies the parallel association of a non-linear load. Fig.5.2 shows the load current, without
compensation, for this test. From Figs.5.3 and 5.4, it can be seen that the both voltage and
current present a harmonic content. The shunt active filter of the UPQC is controlled to mitigate
current harmonics. In this way, it is expected that the source current becomes sinusoidal and also,
is phase with the fundamental source voltage.
5.2 Simulation model for power quality improvement:-
A simulation model for power
quality improvement b0y using Unified Power Quality Conditioner is shown as below-
Using the Matlab/Simulink software, several simulations are implemented to evaluate
the proposed "Adaptive Noise Canceling" based UPQC. Data used for simulation system are
shown in Table 1. The following simulations correspond to a voltage with 10%-third harmonic
content, as shown in Fig.5, with amplitude of 300V and frequency of 50 Hz. The voltage source
supplies the parallel association of a non-linear load. Fig.5.2 shows the load current, without
compensation, for this test. From Figs.5.3 and 5.4, it can be seen that the both voltage and
current present a harmonic content. The shunt active filter of the UPQC is controlled to mitigate
current harmonics. In this way, it is expected that the source current becomes sinusoidal and also,
is phase with the fundamental source voltage.
5.2 Simulation model for power quality improvement:-
A simulation model for power
quality improvement b0y using Unified Power Quality Conditioner is shown as below-
Fig.5.1 Simulation model for power quality improvement
5.3 Noisy or disturbed waveforms
The supply voltage waveform which is injected in
below-
Fig.5.1 Simulation model for power quality improvement
Noisy or disturbed waveforms:-
which is injected in UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform shown
UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform shown
5.3 Noisy or disturbed waveforms
The supply voltage waveform which is injected in
below-
Fig.5.1 Simulation model for power quality improvement
Noisy or disturbed waveforms:-
which is injected in UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform shown
UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform shown
Fig.5.2
The alternating current waveform which is injected in UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform
shown below-
Fig.5.2 Alternating Current
Fig.5.2 Source voltage with disturbed signal
The alternating current waveform which is injected in UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform
Fig.5.2 Alternating Current with disturbed signal
The alternating current waveform which is injected in UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform
The alternating current waveform which is injected in UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform
shown below-
Fig.5.2 Alternating Current
Fig.5.2 Source voltage with disturbed signal
The alternating current waveform which is injected in UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform
Fig.5.2 Alternating Current with disturbed signal
The alternating current waveform which is injected in UPQC. This is a disturbed waveform
5.2 Compensated waveform of source voltage:
After passing inside the UPQC the cyclic process start through MVC and resulting a well shaped
waveform of Alternating voltage and current
Fig.5.4 presents the resulting source voltage, after compensation. It can also be seen that the
resulting voltage is almost a perfect sine wave. The THD value of the source voltage before the
compensation was 10%, and it was improved to 1.7% after the compensation
filter of the UPQC has compensated the voltage distortion.
Fig.5.40 Waveform of Compensated
5.3 Compensated waveform of Alternating current
After showing the waveform of source voltage
well shaped after passing from UPQC so the waveform of Alternatong current is shown below
5.2 Compensated waveform of source voltage:-
After passing inside the UPQC the cyclic process start through MVC and resulting a well shaped
waveform of Alternating voltage and current Fig.5.3 presents the compensating voltage and
presents the resulting source voltage, after compensation. It can also be seen that the
resulting voltage is almost a perfect sine wave. The THD value of the source voltage before the
compensation was 10%, and it was improved to 1.7% after the compensation. The series active
filter of the UPQC has compensated the voltage distortion.
Waveform of Compensated Alternating Voltage
sated waveform of Alternating current:-
source voltage we can also say that alternating current also get to
well shaped after passing from UPQC so the waveform of Alternatong current is shown below
After passing inside the UPQC the cyclic process start through MVC and resulting a well shaped
compensating voltage and
presents the resulting source voltage, after compensation. It can also be seen that the
resulting voltage is almost a perfect sine wave. The THD value of the source voltage before the
. The series active
we can also say that alternating current also get to
well shaped after passing from UPQC so the waveform of Alternatong current is shown below-
After passing inside the UPQC the cyclic process start through MVC and resulting a well shaped
waveform of Alternating voltage and current
Fig.5.4 presents the resulting source voltage, after compensation. It can also be seen that the
resulting voltage is almost a perfect sine wave. The THD value of the source voltage before the
compensation was 10%, and it was improved to 1.7% after the compensation
filter of the UPQC has compensated the voltage distortion.
Fig.5.40 Waveform of Compensated
5.3 Compensated waveform of Alternating current
After showing the waveform of source voltage
well shaped after passing from UPQC so the waveform of Alternatong current is shown below
5.2 Compensated waveform of source voltage:-
After passing inside the UPQC the cyclic process start through MVC and resulting a well shaped
waveform of Alternating voltage and current Fig.5.3 presents the compensating voltage and
presents the resulting source voltage, after compensation. It can also be seen that the
resulting voltage is almost a perfect sine wave. The THD value of the source voltage before the
compensation was 10%, and it was improved to 1.7% after the compensation. The series active
filter of the UPQC has compensated the voltage distortion.
Waveform of Compensated Alternating Voltage
sated waveform of Alternating current:-
source voltage we can also say that alternating current also get to
well shaped after passing from UPQC so the waveform of Alternatong current is shown below
After passing inside the UPQC the cyclic process start through MVC and resulting a well shaped
compensating voltage and
presents the resulting source voltage, after compensation. It can also be seen that the
resulting voltage is almost a perfect sine wave. The THD value of the source voltage before the
. The series active
we can also say that alternating current also get to
well shaped after passing from UPQC so the waveform of Alternatong current is shown below-
Fig.5.4 Waveform of Compensated Alternating Current
So by the use of UPQC for non
over other custom devices, It compensates load current and load voltage distortion and also
balances unbalance loads at single installation. These compensated voltage and current shows
above.
5.4 Advantages of UPQC:-
UPQC can compensate both voltage related problems such as voltage harmonics, voltage
sags/swells, voltage flicker as well as current related problems like reactive power
compensation, power factor correction, current harmonics and
compensation.
There is a significant increase in interest for using UPQC in distributed generation
associated with smart grids because of availability of high frequency switching devices and
advanced fast computing devices (microcontrollers, DSP, FPGA) at lowe
Fig.5.4 Waveform of Compensated Alternating Current
linear and voltage sensitive loads has the following advantages
over other custom devices, It compensates load current and load voltage distortion and also
balances unbalance loads at single installation. These compensated voltage and current shows
-
UPQC can compensate both voltage related problems such as voltage harmonics, voltage
sags/swells, voltage flicker as well as current related problems like reactive power
compensation, power factor correction, current harmonics and
There is a significant increase in interest for using UPQC in distributed generation
associated with smart grids because of availability of high frequency switching devices and
advanced fast computing devices (microcontrollers, DSP, FPGA) at lower cost.
sensitive loads has the following advantages
over other custom devices, It compensates load current and load voltage distortion and also
balances unbalance loads at single installation. These compensated voltage and current shows
UPQC can compensate both voltage related problems such as voltage harmonics, voltage
sags/swells, voltage flicker as well as current related problems like reactive power
load unbalance
There is a significant increase in interest for using UPQC in distributed generation
associated with smart grids because of availability of high frequency switching devices and
r cost.
So by the use of UPQC for non
over other custom devices, It compensates load current and load voltage distortion and also
balances unbalance loads at single installation. These compensated voltage and current shows
above.
5.4 Advantages of UPQC:-
UPQC can compensate both voltage related problems such as voltage harmonics, voltage
sags/swells, voltage flicker as well as current related problems like reactive power
compensation, power factor correction, current harmonics and
compensation.
There is a significant increase in interest for using UPQC in distributed generation
associated with smart grids because of availability of high frequency switching devices and
advanced fast computing devices (microcontrollers, DSP, FPGA) at lowe
Fig.5.4 Waveform of Compensated Alternating Current
linear and voltage sensitive loads has the following advantages
over other custom devices, It compensates load current and load voltage distortion and also
balances unbalance loads at single installation. These compensated voltage and current shows
-
UPQC can compensate both voltage related problems such as voltage harmonics, voltage
sags/swells, voltage flicker as well as current related problems like reactive power
compensation, power factor correction, current harmonics and
There is a significant increase in interest for using UPQC in distributed generation
associated with smart grids because of availability of high frequency switching devices and
advanced fast computing devices (microcontrollers, DSP, FPGA) at lower cost.
sensitive loads has the following advantages
over other custom devices, It compensates load current and load voltage distortion and also
balances unbalance loads at single installation. These compensated voltage and current shows
UPQC can compensate both voltage related problems such as voltage harmonics, voltage
sags/swells, voltage flicker as well as current related problems like reactive power
load unbalance
There is a significant increase in interest for using UPQC in distributed generation
associated with smart grids because of availability of high frequency switching devices and
r cost.
5.5 Disadvantages of UPQC:-
Voltage unbalanced could occur between the different levels.
Requires excessive number of diode/flying capacity/inverter.
Central control is required and it is complicated.
Conduction loss is high.
Capacity expansion is difficult.
5.6 Applications of UPQC:-
It has to be observe to be satisfaction for various power quality improvement.
It is useful for balancing power factor, voltage and current harmonic mitigation.
Mitigation of voltage sag, swell and voltage dip.
Source current THD and load voltage THD improved.
In addition of this performance of UPQC has been found satisfactory during transient
condition.
Voltage unbalanced could occur between the different levels.
Requires excessive number of diode/flying capacity/inverter.
Central control is required and it is complicated.
Conduction loss is high.
Capacity expansion is difficult.
5.6 Applications of UPQC:-
It has to be observe to be satisfaction for various power quality improvement.
It is useful for balancing power factor, voltage and current harmonic mitigation.
Mitigation of voltage sag, swell and voltage dip.
Source current THD and load voltage THD improved.
In addition of this performance of UPQC has been found satisfactory during transient
condition.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE CHAPTER-6
6.1 Conclusion:-
Unified quality conditioner was studied and investigated in this thesis for power quality
enrichment. UPQC is a type of advance hybrid filter which uses series APF for removal of
voltage related problems like voltage dip/rise, fluctuation, imbalance and shunt APF for removal
of harmonics in current harmonics. What type of problems are there in power quality was studied
and discussed. UPQC system is developed and discussed in detail.
The simulink models of Shunt APF , Series APF, UPQC are developed.
Here Unified power Quality Conditioner work with Multivariable Controller as a feedback
and give us a desired alternating waveform. In this input waveforms are full from noise and
we can say that it is an disturbed waveform but after entering inside the UPQC and MVC as
a feedback it gives us an pure alternating waveforms.
Shunt APF model is developed using “p-q Theory” and control techniques used here is
hysteresis current controller. The simulation is done and current harmonics are eliminated
and current drawn from source is completely sinusoidal. The THD of source current is
within the limit that is 5%.
Series APF model is developed using Park’s transformation and controlling techniques
used are hysteresis voltage controller. The simulation is done and source voltage dip/rise
are mitigated and load voltage is made completely balanced.
UPQC model was developed by joining Shunt APF and series APF back to back using DC
capacitor. The controlling techniques used here are hysteresis band controller. The
simuation is done and current harmonics are removed and source current is completely
sinusoidal. And the voltage dip/rise in supply side is mitigated and load voltage is perfectly
balanced. The THD of source current is within the limit that is lees than 5%.
6.1 Conclusion:-
Unified quality conditioner was studied and investigated in this thesis for power quality
enrichment. UPQC is a type of advance hybrid filter which uses series APF for removal of
voltage related problems like voltage dip/rise, fluctuation, imbalance and shunt APF for removal
of harmonics in current harmonics. What type of problems are there in power quality was studied
and discussed. UPQC system is developed and discussed in detail.
The simulink models of Shunt APF , Series APF, UPQC are developed.
Here Unified power Quality Conditioner work with Multivariable Controller as a feedback
and give us a desired alternating waveform. In this input waveforms are full from noise and
we can say that it is an disturbed waveform but after entering inside the UPQC and MVC as
a feedback it gives us an pure alternating waveforms.
Shunt APF model is developed using “p-q Theory” and control techniques used here is
hysteresis current controller. The simulation is done and current harmonics are eliminated
and current drawn from source is completely sinusoidal. The THD of source current is
within the limit that is 5%.
Series APF model is developed using Park’s transformation and controlling techniques
used are hysteresis voltage controller. The simulation is done and source voltage dip/rise
are mitigated and load voltage is made completely balanced.
UPQC model was developed by joining Shunt APF and series APF back to back using DC
capacitor. The controlling techniques used here are hysteresis band controller. The
simuation is done and current harmonics are removed and source current is completely
sinusoidal. And the voltage dip/rise in supply side is mitigated and load voltage is perfectly
balanced. The THD of source current is within the limit that is lees than 5%.
6.2 Future Scope
The UPQC model can be enhanced and enriched to terminate the power quality problems in a
power system. The various ways for doing that:-
The prototype of this UPQC model can be established in laboratory.
UPQC model can be established for three phase four wire system for the non-linear load and
unstable voltage.
Here the UPQC model developed was right shunt UPQC, further we can develop model for
left shunt UPQC.
We can connect wind turbines, solar energy system that is renewable source of energy to
UPQC to get improved power in consumer ends during serious conditions.
The UPQC model can be enhanced and enriched to terminate the power quality problems in a
power system. The various ways for doing that:-
The prototype of this UPQC model can be established in laboratory.
UPQC model can be established for three phase four wire system for the non-linear load and
unstable voltage.
Here the UPQC model developed was right shunt UPQC, further we can develop model for
left shunt UPQC.
We can connect wind turbines, solar energy system that is renewable source of energy to
UPQC to get improved power in consumer ends during serious conditions.
References:-
1. H. Akagi, “Trends in active line conditioner”, IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, vol.9,
no.3, 1994.
2. H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “ The Unified Power Quality Conditioner : The integration of series
and shunt active filters” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.13, no.2 March 1998.
3. N. Hingorani, “Introducing Custom Power,” IEEE Spectrum, Vol.32, Issue: 6, June 1995,pp
41-48.
4. H. Awad, M. H.J Bollen, “Power Electronics for Power Quality Improvements,” IEEE
Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2003, vol.2, pp. 1129-1136
5. Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad and Ambrish Chandra , “A Review of Active Filters for Power
Quality Improvement” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol.46, No.5, oct. 1999, pp.960-
971..
6. H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae , “Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive
Power in Three Phase Circuits”, in Proeedings. IPEC-Tokyo’83 International Conf. Power
Electronics, Tokyo,.pp.1375-1386.
7. A. Banerji, S. K. Biswas, B. Singh, “DSTATCOM Control Algorithms: A Review,”
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS), Vol.2, No.3, September
2012, pp 285-296.
8. Mehmet Ucar and Engin Ozdemir, “Control of a 3-phase 4-leg active power filter under non-
ideal mains voltage condition,” Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 58–73.
9. Srinivas Bhaskar Karanki, Mahesh K. Mishra,B. Kalyan Kumar,"Particle Swarm
Optimization Based Feedback Controller for Unified Power-Quality Conditioner", "IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 4, October 2010".
10. Vasudhra Mahajan, Pramod Agarwal, Hri Om Gupta “Simulation of shunt active power
filter using Instantaneous Power Theory” IEEE conference on Applied Power Electronics.
11. Matin Kesler, Angin Ozadmir, “Synchronous Reference Frame based Control method of
UPQC under balanced and distorted load conditions”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol.58, no.9, sep 2011.
12. Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad and Ambrish Chandra , “A Review of Active Filters for
Power Quality Improvement” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.46, No.5, oct
1999, pp 960-971.
1. H. Akagi, “Trends in active line conditioner”, IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, vol.9,
no.3, 1994.
2. H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “ The Unified Power Quality Conditioner : The integration of series
and shunt active filters” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.13, no.2 March 1998.
3. N. Hingorani, “Introducing Custom Power,” IEEE Spectrum, Vol.32, Issue: 6, June 1995,pp
41-48.
4. H. Awad, M. H.J Bollen, “Power Electronics for Power Quality Improvements,” IEEE
Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2003, vol.2, pp. 1129-1136
5. Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad and Ambrish Chandra , “A Review of Active Filters for Power
Quality Improvement” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol.46, No.5, oct. 1999, pp.960-
971..
6. H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae , “Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive
Power in Three Phase Circuits”, in Proeedings. IPEC-Tokyo’83 International Conf. Power
Electronics, Tokyo,.pp.1375-1386.
7. A. Banerji, S. K. Biswas, B. Singh, “DSTATCOM Control Algorithms: A Review,”
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS), Vol.2, No.3, September
2012, pp 285-296.
8. Mehmet Ucar and Engin Ozdemir, “Control of a 3-phase 4-leg active power filter under non-
ideal mains voltage condition,” Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 58–73.
9. Srinivas Bhaskar Karanki, Mahesh K. Mishra,B. Kalyan Kumar,"Particle Swarm
Optimization Based Feedback Controller for Unified Power-Quality Conditioner", "IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 4, October 2010".
10. Vasudhra Mahajan, Pramod Agarwal, Hri Om Gupta “Simulation of shunt active power
filter using Instantaneous Power Theory” IEEE conference on Applied Power Electronics.
11. Matin Kesler, Angin Ozadmir, “Synchronous Reference Frame based Control method of
UPQC under balanced and distorted load conditions”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol.58, no.9, sep 2011.
12. Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad and Ambrish Chandra , “A Review of Active Filters for
Power Quality Improvement” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.46, No.5, oct
1999, pp 960-971.
13. Fang Zheng Peng,and Jih-Sheng, “Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory for
Three phase Power Systems”IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 45,
no. 1, February 1996.
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Conference on Applied Power Electronics, Feb. 2010, pp. 374-379.
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under Different Situation,” IEEE Proceedings Power and Energy Society General Meeting, July
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harmonic compensation” ,IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution,2009,Vol.3,Iss. 6, pp.
547-560
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