Powerpoint presentation about the influence of cultural and helath belief system on

study about the influence of cultural and health belief system on health care practice

1. THE INFLUENCE OF
CULTURAL AND HEALTH
BELIEF SYSTEM ON
HEALTH CARE
PRACTICES
Prepared by: Group 3

2. CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
01.
02.
DESCRIBE THE MAJOR CULTURAL BELIEF SYSTEMS OF
PEOPLE FROM DIVERSE CULTURES.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST PROFESSIONAL AND FOLK
HEALING SYSTEMS.
03.
IDENTIFY THE MAJOR COMPLEMENTARY AND
ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE THERAPIES.
04.
DESCRIBE THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON SYMPTOMS
AND ILLNESS BEHAVIORS.
05.
CRITICALLY ANALYZE THE EFFICACY OF SELECTED HERBAL
REMEDIES IN THE TREATMENT OF HEALTH PROBLEMS.

3. Cultural Belief System
Cultural Belief systems develop from the shared experiences of a social
group and are expressed symbolically
The explanations usually involve methaphoric imagery of
magical,religious,natural/holistic,scientific, or biological form

4. a way of viewing the
world and the
phenomena in it
PARADIGM
Includes assumptions, premises and linkages
that hold together a prevailing interpretation
of reality.

5. WORLDWIDE
Reflects the group’s total configuration of beliefs and practices and permeates every
aspect of life within the group’s culture

6. Theories of health and disease or illness causation
are based on a group’s prevailing

7. Key Ideas
1. Perceived susceptibility
2. Perceived barrier
3. Self efficacy

8. MAGICO- RELIGIOUS HEALTH PARADIGM
Is an arena dominated by supernatural forces
The fate of the world and those in it, including humans, depends on the action
of God, the gods, or other supernatural forces for good or Evil.
Christian Scientist believe that physical healing can be effected through prayer
alone.

9. FIVE CATEGORIES OF EVENTS ARE BELIEVED
TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ILLNESS IN THE
MAGICO- RELIGIOUS PARADIGM.
Sorcery
Breach of taboo
Intrusion of a disease object
Intrusion of a disease- causing spirit
And loss of soul

10. In the magico-religious paradigm, illness is initiated by a supernatural agent
with or without justification, or by another person who practices sorcery or
engages the services of sorcerers.
The cause- and - effect relationship is not organic: rather, the cause of health or
illness is mystical.
This paradigm, health and illness are viewed as belonging first to the
community and then to the individual. Therefore, one person’s actions may
directly or indirectly influence the health or illness of another person. This sense
of community is virtually from the other paradigms.

11. SCIENTIFIC OR BIOCHEMICAL HEALTH
PARADIGM
Life is controlled by a series of physical and biochemical processes that can be
studied and manipulated by humans.

12. SPECIFIC FORMS OF SYMBOLIC
THOUGHT PROCESSES
CHARACTERIZED THE SCIENTIFIC
PARADIGM

13. DETERMINISM
which states that a cause-and-effect relationship exists for all natural
phenomena
MECHANISM
assumes that it is possible to control life processes through mechanical,
genetic, and other engineered interventions
REDUCTIONISM
according to which all life can be reduced or divided into smaller parts
OBJECT MATERIALISM
which states that what is real can be observed and measured

14. All aspects of human health can be understood through the natural
sciences, biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.
This fosters the belief that psychological and emotional processes can
be reduced to the study of biochemical exchanges. Only the
observable is real and worthy of study. Effective treatment consists of
physical and chemical interventions, often without regard to human
relationships.
Disease is viewed metaphorically as the breakdown of the human
machine because of wear and tear (stress), external trauma (injury,
accident), external invasion (pathogens), or internal damages (fluid and
chemical imbalances, genetic or other structural changes).
Disease causes illness, has a more or less specific cause, and has a
predictable time course and set of treatment requirements.
BIOCHEMICAL MODEL

15. Biochemical Model What It Means in Nursing
Health and illness can be explained by
science (biology, chemistry, physics)
Nurses use scientific knowledge to diagnose
and treat patients
Mental health is caused by brain chemistry
Medications are often used for conditions
like depression and anxiety
The body is like a machine that can break
down
Nurses help “fix” the body through
medicines, surgery, or therapy
Diseases have specific causes and
treatments
Nurses follow evidence-based treatments
like giving antibiotics for infections

16. Forces of nature itself must be kept in natural balance or harmony.
Seeks to maintain a sense of balance between humans and the larger
universe.
Explanations for health and disease are based on imbalance or disharmony
among the human, geophysical, and metaphysical forces of the universe
The essence of health and healing is the quality of wholeness we associate
with healthy functioning and well-being.
Health is viewed as a positive process that encompasses more than the
absence of signs and symptoms of disease. It is not restricted to biologic or
somatic wellness but rather involves broader environmental, sociocultural,
and behavioral determinants.
HOLISTIC HEALTH PARADIGM

17. Metaphors used in this paradigm, such as the healing power of nature, health
foods, and Mother Earth, reflect the connection of humans to the cosmos
and nature
A strong metaphor in the holistic paradigm is exemplified by the Chinese
concept of yin and yang, in which the forces of nature are balanced to
produce harmony.
The yin force in the universe represents the female aspect of nature. It is
characterized as the negative pole, encompassing darkness, cold, and
emptiness.
The yang, or male force, is characterized by fullness, light, and warmth. It
represents the positive pole. An imbalance of forces creates illness.

18. ASPECT BIOCHEMICAL MODEL HOLISTIC MODEL
Cause of Disease
Specific biological factors (e.g.,
bacteria, viruses, genes)
Imbalance between body, mind,
environment, and universe
Treatment Approach
Medications, surgery, scientific
interventions
Lifestyle changes, emotional
support, spiritual healing, natural
medicine
Focus
Physical symptoms and
measurable data
Whole-person care, including
emotional, social, and spiritual
health
Example:
Tuberculosis
Caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, treated with
antibiotics
Caused by poverty, malnutrition,
overcrowding, and bacteria, treated
by addressing all these factors

19. HEALTH AND ILLNESS
BEHAVIOURS

20. HEALTH AND ILLNESS
BEHAVIOURS
The series of behaviours typifying the health-seeking process have been
labeled health and illness behaviours
HEALTH BEHAVIOUR
is any activity undertaken by a person who believes himself or herself to be
healthy for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting disease in an
asymptomatic stage
ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR
is any activity undertaken by a person who feels ill to define the state of his
or her health and discover a suitable remedy

21. SICK ROLE BEHAVIOUR
is any activity undertaken by a person who considers himself ill to get well
or to deal with the illness.
THREE SETS OF FACTORS INFLUENCE THE COURSE OF BEHAVIOURS
AND PRACTICES CARRIED OUT TO MAINTAIN HEALTH AND PREVENT
DISEASE:
1. One’s beliefs about health and illness
2. Personal factors such as age, education, knowledge, or experience with a
given disease condition
3. Cues to action, such as advertisements in the media, the illness of a relative,
or the advice of friends.

22. MECHANISCS DETERMINANTS OF ILLNESS
BEHAVIOR
The more frightening or visible the symptom, the greater the likelihood
that the individual will intervene.
QUALITY OF SYMPTOM
SERIOUSNESS OF SYMPTOM
The perceived threat of the symptom must be serious for action to be
taken. Often others will step in if the person’s behavior is considered
dangerous (e.g., suicidal behavior) but will be unaware of potential
problems if the person’s behavior seems natural (“he always acts that
way”).

23. Behaviors that are very disruptive in work or other social situations are
likely to be labeled as illness much sooner than the same behaviors in a
family setting. An individual whose activities are disrupted by a symptom
is likely to take that symptom seriously even if on another occasion he
would consider the same symptom trivial (e.g., acne just before a date).
DISRUPTION OF DAILY
ACTIVITIES
RATE AND PERSISTENCE OF
SYMPTOM
The frequency of a symptom is directly related to its importance; a
symptom that persists is also likely to be taken seriously.
TOLERANCE OF SYMPTOM
The extent to which others, especially family, tolerate the symptom
before reacting varies; individuals also have different tolerance
thresholds.

24. A person’s information about the symptom, knowledge base, and
cultural values all influence that person’s perception of illness.
SOCIOCOGNITIVE STATUS
DENIAL OF SYMPTOM
Often, the individual or family members need to deny a symptom for
personal or social reasons. The amount of fear and anxiety present can
interfere with perception of a symptom.
MOTIVATION
Competing needs may motivate a person to delay or enhance
symptoms. A person who has no time or money to be sick will often not
acknowledge the seriousness of symptoms

25. The symptom must be interpreted. Often people explain symptoms
within normal parameters (“i’m just tired”).
ASSIGNING OF MEANING
TREATMENT ACCESSIBILITY
The greater the barriers to treatment—whether psychological,
economic, physical, or social— the greater the likelihood that the
symptom will not be interpreted as serious or that the person will seek
an alternative form of care.

26. TYPES OF HEALING
SYSTEMS

27. Healing System
refers to the accumulated sciences, arts, and techniques of restoring and
preserving health that are used by any cultural group.
In complex societies, healers tend to compete with one another and/or to view
their scopes of practice as separate from one another. In some instances,
however, practitioners may make referrals to different healing systems.
Self-care
For common minor illnesses, an estimated 70% to 90% of all people initially try
self-care with over-the-counter medicines, megavitamins, herbs, exercise, and/or
foods that they believe have healing powers
The use of over-the-counter medications, or non-prescription medications, is a
common form of self-care.
When self-treatment is ineffective, people are likely to turn to professional and/or
folk (indigenous, generic, traditional) healing systems.

28. Tips for Making Informed Decisions and Evaluating Information
about Dietary Supplements
Basic points to consider:
1. Do I need to think about my total diet?
Yes, dietary supplements are intended to supplement your diet, not to replace
the varieties of food that are important for your health.
2. Should I check with my doctor or health care provider before using a
supplement?
Yes, this is a good idea. Dietary supplements are not always risk free.
3. Evaluate product websites and labels carefully; under the law, manufacturers of
dietary supplements are responsible for making sure their products are safe
before they are marketed.
4. Think twice about believing what you read. Here are some assumptions that
raise safety concerns:
“Even if a product may not help me, it at least will not hurt me.”
“When I see the term ‘natural,’ it means that a product is healthful and safe.”
“A product is safe when there is no cautionary information on the product label.”
“A recall of a harmful product guarantees that all such harmful products will be
immediately and completely removed from the marketplace.”

29. Tips for Making Informed Decisions and Evaluating Information
about Dietary Supplements
Basic points to consider:
5. Contact the manufacturer for more information about the specific product that
you are purchasing.
Professional Care Systems
Referred to as scientific or biomedical systems, are formally taught and learned.
Professional care is characterized by specialized education and knowledge,
responsibility for care, and expectation of remuneration for services rendered.
Nurses, physicians, physical therapists, and other licensed health care providers are
examples of professionals who comprise professional care systems.
Folk Healing System
Set of beliefs that has a shared social dimension and reflects what people actually
do when they are ill.
All cultures of the world have had a lay health care system, which is sometimes
referred to as indigenous or generic.

30. An umbrella term for hundreds of therapies based on health care systems of people
from around the world.
Some of these therapies have ancient origins in Egyptian, Chinese,
Greek, and American Indian cultures.
Integrative Health Care
Defined as a comprehensive, often interdisciplinary approach to treatment,
prevention, and healthpromotion
Complementary, Integrative, and Alternative Health System
The key consideration that defines folk systems is their history of tradition: many
folk healing systems have endured over time through oral transmission of beliefs
and practices from one generation to the next. A folk-healing system uses healing
practices that are often divided into secular and sacred components.
If clients use folk healers, these healers should be an integral part of the health care
team and included in as many aspects of the client’s care as possible.

31. Healers and their scope of practice
There are different types of healers or also called as culture or folk practitioner.

36. 1.Alternative medical systems - are built on complete systems of theory and
practice. Examples of alternative medical systems that have developed in
Western cultures include homeopathic medicine and naturopathic medicine.
Examples of systems that have developed in Eastern cultures include traditional
Chinese medicine and Ayurveda, which originated in India.
2.Natural Products - include herbs (also known as botanicals), vitamins,
minerals, and probiotics. They are often marketed to the public as dietary
supplements.
3.Mind and body practices - include a diverse group of techniques
administered by a trained practitioner or teacher that are designed to enhance
the mind's capacity to affect bodily functions and symptoms. The most
commonly used mind and body practices include deep breathing, meditation,
massage and yoga
COMPLEMENTARY HEALTH APPROACHES

37. 4.Manipulative and body-based methods - are based on manipulation
and/or movement of one or more parts of the body. An example includes
chiropractic manipulation.
5.Energy therapies involve the use of energy fields in two ways:
Biofield therapies are intended to affect energy fields that surrounds
and penetrate the human body.
Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies involve the unconventional use
of electromagnetic fields, such as pulsed fields and magnetic fields.
COMPLEMENTARY HEALTH APPROACHES

38. SELECTED COMPLEMENTARY
AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES

39. ACUPUNCTURE
The acupuncture technique that has been most studied
scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metallic
needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical
stimulation.

40. AROMATHERAPY
Involves the use of essential oils (extracts or essences) from
flowers, herbs, and trees to promote health and well-being.

41. AYURVEDA
Includes diet and herbal remedies and emphasizes the use
of body, mind, and spirit in disease prevention and
treatment.

42. CHIROPRACTIC
Focuses on the relationship between bodily structure (primarily
that of the spine) and function, and how that relationship affects
the preservation and restoration of health.

43. Dietary ingredients may include vitamins, minerals, herbs or
other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as
enzymes, organ tissues, and metabolites.
Dietary supplements come in many forms, including extracts,
concentrates, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, liquids, and
powders.
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

44. GUIDED IMAGERY
This involves thinking of a certain goal to help cope with health
problems. Guided imagery is most often used as a relaxation
technique. It involves sitting or lying quietly and imagining
yourself in a favorite peaceful setting such as a beach, meadow,
or forest.

45. HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE
A basic belief behind homeopathy is “like cures like.” In other words
something that brings on symptoms in a healthy person can -- in a
very small dose -- treat an illness with similar symptoms. This is
meant to trigger the body’s natural defenses.

46. MASSAGE
Therapists manipulate muscle and connective tissue to
enhance function of those tissues and promote relaxation
and well-being.

47. NATUROPATHY
Practitioners work with the patient with a goal of supporting this
power through treatments such as nutrition and lifestyle
counseling, dietary supplements, medicinal plants, exercise,
homeopathy, and traditional chinese medicine.

48. OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE
Is a form of conventional medicine that, in part, emphasizes
diseases arising in the musculoskeletal system.
Some osteopathic physicians practice osteopathic manipulation, a
fullbody system of hands-on techniques to alleviate pain, restore
function, and promote health and well-being.

49. QIGONG (“CHEE-GUNG”)
Is a component of traditional Chinese medicine that combines
movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance
the flow of qi (pronounced “chee” and meaning vital energy) in
the body, improve blood circulation, and enhance immune
function.

50. REIKI (“RAY-KEE”)
Reiki is based on the belief that when spiritual energy is
channeled through a Reiki practitioner, the patient’s spirit is
healed, which in turn heals the physical body.

51. THERAPEUTIC TOUCH
Is based on the premise that the healing force of the therapist
affects the patient’s recovery; healing is promoted when the
body’s energies are in balance. Bypassing their hands over the
patient, healers can identify energy imbalances.

52. THERAPEUTIC TOUCH
A basic belief behind homeopathy is “like cures like.” In other words
something that brings on symptoms in a healthy person can -- in a
very small dose -- treat an illness with similar symptoms. This is
meant to trigger the body’s natural defenses.

53. TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE (TCM)
TCM is based on a belief in yin and yang, defined as opposing
energies, such as earth and heaven, winter and summer, and
happiness and sadness. When yin and yang are in balance, you
feel relaxed and energized.

54. YOGA
Yoga is a term derived from a Sanskrit word meaning yoke or
union. Yoga involves a combination of breathing exercises,
meditation, and physical postures that are used to achieve a
state of relaxation and balance of mind, body, and spirit.

55. THANK YOU
Do you have any question?