ppt Educational-Research-and-Statisistics.pptx

ppt Report in Educational Research and Statistics

1. Presentation in Educational Research and Statistics Mishell a. fugaban Graduate school

2.   ATTITUDE SCALE   = to assess the  attitude  or belief of an individual Designed to measure.  Attitude can be defined as the way in which a person views and evaluates something or someone, a predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain idea, object, person, or situation. scale in research methodology refers to a set of standardized measures or items used to quantify a concept or construct of interest.

3. Attitudinal scale is a special type of questionnaire designed to produce scores indicating the intensity and direction of a person's feelings about an object or event. is a measurement tool used in psychology and social sciences to assess an individual's attitude toward a particular object, concept, or event. Attitudes refer to the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or beliefs that individuals hold towards an object or issue  a measure of the relative quantity of an attitude possessed by an individual as contrasted with a reference It can be used to measure the attitudes and opinions of customers, employees, or other stakeholders in a company. It can be qualitative or quantitative research: Qualitative attitudinal research uses open-ended questions to get at the underlying reasons for people's attitudes and opinions.

4. Attitude scales are mainly used in studies and surveys conducted by advertisers and agencies. Instead of only allowing 'yes' or 'no' answers, the attitude scale lets respondents add nuance to their answers. The more nuanced responses can be, the more detailed and insight-rich your analyses can be.

5. Is attitude scale quantitative or qualitative? I t can be qualitative or quantitative research: Qualitative attitudinal research uses open-ended questions to get at the underlying reasons for people's attitudes and opinions. Quantitative attitudinal research uses closed-ended questions to get at the frequency with which people have certain attitudes and opinions. Psychologists who want to produce quantitative data about people's attitudes often use attitude scales. These consist of a series of standardized questions (or scale items) the person (or respondent) answers, often by means of a pen and paper questionnaire

6. What is the function of the attitude scale? 1 . The Attitude Scale assesses students' attitudes and interests in college and achieving academic success. 2. The main benefit of the attitudinal question is that it provides the researcher with a way to measure the respondents' emotional responses to a construct. 3. Attitudinal scales are used in quantitative research to measure attitudes towards an issue. Their strength lies in their ability to combine attitudes towards different aspects of an issue and to provide an indicator that is reflective of an overall attitude.

7. Types of Attitudinal Scale  1. Likert-Type Scales = Likert  is named for American social scientist   Rensis Likert , who devised the approach in 1932. Likert scales are widely used in social and educational research. When using Likert scales, the researcher must consider issues such as categories of response (values in the scale), size of the scale, direction of the scale, the ordinal nature of Likert-derived data, and appropriate statistical analysis of such data

8. the typical Likert scale is a 5- or 7-point ordinal scale used by respondents to rate the degree to which they agree or disagree with a statement Likert scales are a non‐comparative scaling technique and are  uni -dimensional (only measure a single trait) in nature. Respondents are asked to indicate their level of agreement with a given statement by way of an ordinal scale. The Likert-type scale is the most widely used method of scale construction because of its relative ease of construction, its use of fewer statistical assumptions, and the fact that, in contrast to other scaling techniques, no judges are required 10  

9. Steps in construction of Likert attitude scale : 1.)   Discussion:  Informally discuss the issues with the people, extension workers, experts, NGOs and also consult secondary sources.  For example  if an investigator wants to develop a scale on attitude of schizophrenic patients among schizophrenic patients among caregivers, discuss the topic within caregivers, staff nurses who is giving care to schizophrenic patients, experts in the field such as psychiatrist, psychologist, psychiatric nurse, psychiatric social workers and NGOs. 2)    Review : Review related literature to the particular topic of interest. Refer journals, books, articles and net sources. Literature review helps in the process of item generation for the scale 11 3)    Writing statements:  Based on the discussion and extensive review, collect a set of such statements on the issues. Make the items simple and straight forward so that respondents are able to fill out the scale quickly and easily 12

10. 2 . dichotomous scale is a two-point scale that presents options that are absolutely opposite to each other. This type of response option does not give the respondent an opportunity to be neutral on his answer to a question. Examples: Yes - No. True - False Why use a dichotomous scale? They are great for factual reporting: as there's only two possible answers to analyze and report on. It's either one thing or another. They are short and simple: this makes it quick and easy to analyze your data findings What is the purpose of a dichotomous scale? As a result of its binary layout, a dichotomous scale is used when you need to gather precise data in research. In such situations, any answer that is indifferent, neutral, or described as “sitting on the fence” will not serve the purpose of the data collection  

11. dichotomous scale uses two choices that are the exact opposites. The two choices are in sharp contrast with each other.  Respondents don’t have an option to be neutral with dichotomous scales. For example: “Yes” or “No” “True” or “False” “Agree” or “Disagree” “Satisfied” or “Dissatisfied”

12. Dichotomous Scale Question Samples Did you enjoy using our product? Yes No Our service delivery is top-notch. Agree Disagree Was this article helpful to you? Yes No

13. 3. Semantic Differential Scale = is a rating scale used to measure the attitudes and opinions of respondents toward an object, person, event, or idea. It uses a set of bipolar adjectives, such as "good-bad," "happy-sad," "strong-weak," etc., placed at opposite ends of a continuum Why is semantic scale important? By measuring attitudes along several dimensions, semantic differential scales can reveal subtle and nuanced facets of people's attitudes that may be overlooked by simpler rating scales.

14. What is an example of a semantic scale? For example, love-hate, satisfied-unsatisfied, and likely to return-unlikely to return with intermediate options in between. Surveys or questionnaires using the semantic differential question is the most reliable way to get information on people's emotional attitude towards a topic of interest

15. THANK YOU! GOOD EVENING