Ppt methods of acquiring knowledge

its topic of research .

1. METHODS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE PRESENTED BY- M s. Jyoti dwivedi MSC nsg 1 st year

2. Knowledge is a complex, multifaceted concept. Information sources for  clinical practice vary in dependability  and  validity. A brief discussion of some  alternative  sources of evidence shows  how research  based information is different. Nursing has  historically acquired  knowledge through traditions, authority,  experience, borrowing , trial and error, role modeling and mentorship, intuition , reasoning and research. INTRODUCTION

3. Scientific method is a synthesis of a reason and observation . scientific method is with the verification of the acquired knowledge . it finds out some order in which things are related together. The conclusion which are arrived at by the scientific method have an objective nature. A scientific method is the way in which one can test opinions, impressions , or guesses by examining the available guidance both for and against them. DEFINITION Scientific method is “ an objective , logical and a systematic method”. Scientific method aims at discovering facts. ‘’The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observation that is used to explore observation and answer questions’’. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

4. Scientific methods have five basic concepts of It relies on empirical evidence. It utilizes relevant concepts. It is committed to only objective consideration. It result in probabilistic predictions. Testing the conclusion through replication. BASIC CONCEPTS

5. Purposiveness Validity Reliability Objectivity Accuracy and precision Replicability Testability Simplicity CHARACTERSTICS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS

6. STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHODS

7. Cont.. Ask a Question: The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where? For a science fair project some teachers require that the question be something you can measure, preferably with a number . Do Background Research: Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past.

8. Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work. It is an attempt to answer your question with an explanation that can be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then make a prediction: "If _____ [I do this] _____, then _____ [this] _____ will happen." State both your hypothesis and the resulting prediction you will be testing. Predictions must be easy to measure. Cont..

9. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment: Your experiment tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis is supported or not. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same. You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an accident. Cont..

10. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion: Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis or not. Scientists often find that their predictions were not accurate and their hypothesis was not supported, and in such cases they will communicate the results of their experiment and then go back and construct a new hypothesis and prediction based on the information they learned during their experiment. This starts much of the process of the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was supported, they may want to test it again in a new way. Cont..

11. Cont.. Communicate Your Results: To complete your science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster or during a talk at a scientific meeting. In a science fair, judges are interested in your findings regardless of whether or not they support your original hypothesis.

12. INTRODUCTION Research is considered to be the more formal , systematic and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis , for purpose of discovery and development of an organized body of knowledge. PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

13. Problem solving “ may be an formal application of problem identification, hypothesis formulating , observation , analysis and conclusion.” Problem solving approach is meaningful , development , sequential , based on the discovery of generalizations. ‘research essentially is problem solving process , a systematic , intensive study directed toward full , scientific knowledge of the subject studied .”( French Ruth ) The process of working through details of a problem to reach a solution. DEFINITION

14. Inductive approach Deductive approach Analytic approach Synthetic approach MAJOR APPROACHES-

15. The Six Steps Define the Problem Determine the Root Cause(s) of the Problem Develop Alternative Solutions Select a Solution Implement the Solution Evaluate the Outcome Six steps of scientific method of problem solving –

16. Problem solving models are used to address the many challenges that arise in the workplace. While many people regularly solve problems, there are a range of different approaches that can be used to find a solution. Complex challenges for teams, working groups and boards etc., are usually solved more quickly by using a shared, collaborative, and systematic approach to problem solving. The Six Step Problem Solving Model

17. The Six-Step method provides a focused procedure for the problem solving (PS) group. It ensures consistency, as everyone understands the approach to be used. By using data, it helps eliminate bias and preconceptions, leading to greater objectivity. It helps to remove divisions and encourages collaborative working. It stops PS groups diverging into different problems. It also helps PS groups reach consensus It eliminates the confusion caused when people use different problem solving techniques on the same issue. It makes the decision making process easier. It provides a justifiable solution. Advantages of Six-Step Problem Solving

18. All six steps are followed in order – as a cycle, beginning with “1. Identify the Problem.” Each step must be completed before moving on to the next step. The steps are repeatable. At any point the group can return to an earlier step, and proceed from there. For example, once the real problem is identified – using “2. Determine the Root Cause(s) of the Problem”, the group may return to the first step to redefine the problem. Cont..

19. Step One is about diagnosing the problem – the context, background and symptoms of the issue. Once the group has a clear grasp of what the problem is, they investigate the wider symptoms to discover the implications of the problem, who it affects, and how urgent/important it is to resolve the symptoms. At this stage groups will use techniques such as: Brainstorming Interviewing Questionnaires As this step continues, the PS group will constantly revise the definition of the problem. As more symptoms are found, it clarifies what the real problem is. Step One: Define the Problem

20. Once all the symptoms are found and the problem diagnosed and an initial definition agreed, the PS group begins to explore what has caused the problem. In this step the problem solving team will use tools such as: Fishbone diagrams Pareto analysis Affinity diagrams These techniques help collect the information in a structured way, and focus in on the underlying causes of the problem. This is called the root cause. At this stage, the group may return to step one to revise the definition of the problem. Step Two: Determine the Root Cause(s) of the Problem

21. Analytical , creative problem solving is about creating a variety of solutions, not just one. Often the most obvious answer is not the most effective solution to the problem. The PS group focuses on: Finding as many solutions to the problem, no matter how outlandish they may seem. Looking at how each solution relates to the root cause and symptoms of the problem. Deciding if different solutions can be merged to give a better answer to the problem. At this stage it is not about finding one solution, but eliminating the options that will prove less effective at dealing with both the symptoms and the root cause Step Three: Develop Alternative Solutions

22. In the fourth step, groups evaluate all the selected, potential solutions, and narrow it down to one. This step applies two key questions. Which solution is most feasible? Which solution is favoured by those who will implement and use it? Feasibility is ascertained by deciding if a solution: Can be implemented within an acceptable timeframe? Is cost effective, reliable and realistic? Will make resource usage more effective? Can adapt to conditions as they evolve and change? Its risks are manageable? Will benefit the organization? Step Four: Select a Solution

23. Once the solution has been chosen, initial project planning begins and establishes: The project manager. Who else needs to be involved to implement the solution. When the project will start. The key milestones What actions need to be taken before implementing the solution What actions need to be taken during the implementing the solution Why are these actions necessary? Step Five: Implement the Solution

24. The project implementation now needs to be monitored by the group to ensure their recommendations are followed. Monitoring includes checking: Milestones are met Costs are contained Necessary work is completed Many working groups skip Step Six as they believe that the project itself will cover the issues above, but this often results in the desired outcome not being achieved. Effective groups designate feedback mechanisms to detect if the project is going off course. They also ensure the project is not introducing new problems. This step relies on: The collection of data Accurate, defined reporting mechanisms Regular updates from the Project Manager Challenging progress and actions when necessary Step Six: Evaluate the Outcome

25. In Step Six, as the results of the project emerge, evaluation helps the group decide if they need to return to a previous step or continue with the implementation. Once the solution goes live, the PS group should continue to monitor the solutions progress, and be prepared to re-initiate the Six Step process when it is required. Overall, the Six Step method is a simple and reliable way to solve a problem. Using a creative, analytical approach to problem solving is an intuitive and reliable process. It helps keep groups on track, and enables a thorough investigation of the problem and solution search. It involves implementers and users, and finds a justifiable, monitorable solution based on data. Cont..

26. The Six Step Problem Solving Model provides a shared, collaborative, and systematic approach to problem solving. Each step must be completed before moving on to the next step. However, the steps are repeatable. At any point the group can return to an earlier step, and proceed from there. The goal is not to solve but to evolve, adjusting the solution continually as new challenges emerge, through repeating the Six Step Process. Step 1) Define the Problem – Identify problems through problem formulation and questioning. The key is asking the right questions to discover root causes. Step 2) Determine the Root Cause – During this process, assumptions are uncovered and underlying problems are further revealed. Also, this is an opportunity to collect and analyze data. Step 3) Develop Alternative Solutions – Decisions are made within the group to determine the appropriate solution and process through creative selection . . Key Points

27. Step 4) Select a Solution – Once the group has formed solutions and alternatives to the problem(s), they need to explore the pros and cons of each option through forecasting consequences. Step 5) Implement the Solution – Develop an action plan to implement and execute the solution process. Step 6) Evaluate the Outcome – This final stage requires an evaluation of the outcomes and results of the solution process. Ask questions such as: Did the option answer the questions we were working on? Did this process address the findings that came out of the assumptions? This process helps keep groups on track, and enables a thorough investigation of the problem and solution search. Cont..

28. Bilstein , libes kind and lott have adopted these problem solving steps in their book “ a problem solving approach to mathematics for elementary school teachers. They are based on the problem-solving steps in first outlined by George polya in 1945. Understanding the problem Can you state the problem in your own words? What are you trying to find or do? What are the unknowns? What information do you obtain from the problem? What information , if any , is missing or not needed. A FOUR –STEP PROCESS

29. Divising a plan Look for a pattern. Examine related problems , and determine if the same technique can be applied. Examine a simpler or special case of the problem to gain insights in to solution of the original problem. Make a table. Make a diagram. Write an equation. Use guess and check. Work backward. Identify a sub goal. Cont..

30. 3.Carrying out the plan Implement the strategy or strategies in step 2, and perform any necessary actions or computations. Check each step of the plan as you proceed. This may be intuitive checking or a formal proof of each step. Keep an accurate record of your work. 4. Looking back Check the result in the original problem. Interpret the solution in terms of the original problem. Determine whether there is another method of finding the solution. If possible, determine other related or more general problem for which the techniques will work. Cont..

31. Acquiring knowledge through tradition, authority, borrowing, trial and error, personnel experience, role-modeling, intuition and reasoning is important in nursing. However these ways of acquiring knowledge are inadequate in providing a scientific knowledge base for nursing. Research is needed to generate new, accurate scientific.   CONCLUSION

32. BT BASAVANTHAPPA, “NURSING RESEARCH “ 2 nd edition , published by jaypee . page no 08 ,9,16,17. BHARAT PAREEK ,SHIVANI SHARMA,” A TEXT BOOK OF NURSING RESEARCH AND STATICS”. PUBLISHED BY PEE VEE .9.10. SOUMYA KURIAL, “TEXT BOOK OF NURSING RESEARCH AND STATICS “Published by EMMESS , page no 33,34,35. 4. 4. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/problem-solving.html     BIBLIOGRAPHY