PPT-REVIEW ON LIGNUISTIC COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE.pptx

This presentation provides a comprehensive review of the fundamental linguistic components of language, including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It explains how each component contributes to the structure and function of language, highlighting their interrelationships in communication. Designed for students and educators, the presentation serves as a guide to understanding the essential building blocks of language in linguistic studies.

1. Language, Culture, and Society Ms. Sarah Mae Balangatan Course Instructor

2. Prayer

3. Attendance

4. Recapitulation

5. Review on Linguistic Components of Language

6. WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

7. LANGUAGE Linguists agree that a language can only be called a language if it has a system of rules (also known as grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the requirements for identifying a means of communication as a language.

8. Components of Grammar Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics

9. Views on Language Structural View It sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystem: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentence. To be able to understand and produce language . Functional View It sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things (functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc.). To be able to do things with it. Interactional view It considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. T o know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative context.

10. COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE Linguistic competence The knowledge of the language code, i.e. its grammar and vocabulary, the conventions of its written representation, and the grammar component includes. Sociolinguistic competence The knowledge of sociocultural rules of use, i.e. knowing how to use and respond to language appropriately. Discourse competence The knowledge of how to produce and comprehend oral or written texts in the modes of speaking/writing and listening/reading respectively. Strategic competence The ability to recognize and repair communication breakdowns before, during, or after they occur.

11. First Language (L1) vs. Second Language (L2) Native Language vs. Mother Tongue vs. Foreign Language

12. First Language (L1) vs. Second Language (L2) A first language is the mother tongue or native language of a person while a second language is a language a person learns in order to communicate with the native speaker of that language. The first language is like an instinct which is triggered by birth and developed with the experience of being exposed to it (acquired). A second language is a personal choice of a person (learned )

13. Activity No. 1: Poetry and Ponder

14. Native Language vs. Mother Tongue Mother tongue and Native language have similar meanings and are often actually interchangeable, however there is a subtle difference . Native language refers to the language of the area the person grows up in . For example , growing up in the United States, your native language would be English. It's the language used every day everywhere you go by the vast majority of the people there. Mother tongue refers to the language of the family you grew up in . The language your parents spoke in the house, or to each other out-and-about if applicable. Often, parents will use the same language as that of the region (parents in the U.S. speaking English) however it can differ.

15. Foreign Language A language is considered foreign if it is learned largely in the classroom and is not spoken in the society where the teaching occurs. Moeller & Catalano (2015) quoted National Standards in Foreign Language Education Project (NSFLEP, 2014) Seven reasons to study a foreign language (Dick, 2020) Learning a foreign language is sexy. Travel becomes cheaper and easier when you learn a foreign language Learning a foreign language opens up a world of job opportunities Foreign language study grows your brain Form meaningful friendships when you study a foreign language Studying a foreign language makes you more open-minded Foreign language study helps you better understand your own language and culture

16. Pidgins and Creoles

17. Pidgins and Creoles Pidgin This is a simplified language that develops when groups who don’t share a common language need to communicate. It has a basic structure and vocabulary, often borrowing words from different languages, but it’s not spoken as a native language. Pidgins usually arise in situations like trade or colonization. They’re used for practical communication but aren’t passed down through generations . Creole A creole language starts as a pidgin but becomes more developed over time. When children grow up learning a pidgin as their first language, they add complexity to it, turning it into a fully functional language with its own grammar and rules. Creoles are stable, natural languages that are passed down through generations, and they become the native language of a community .

18. MACRO AND MICRO LINGUISTIC STUDIES

19. Micro-linguistics Phonetics Articulatory phonetics - aims at describing the process of articulation. How do we create speech sounds? In what way does the production of one sound differ from that of another? Which articulation-related criteria can we use to distinguish and classify different speech sounds? Acoustic phonetics – concentrates on the physical properties of the speech sounds themselves. What is the physical reality of a speech sound and how can we measure acoustic differences between speech sounds? Which physical properties are characteristic of particular sounds? Auditory phonetics – investigates how speech sounds are perceived and processed by the listener. Phonology is the study of the abstract categories that organize the sound system of a language. It comprises individual speech sounds as well as the way in which speech sounds are grouped into larger phonological units, such as syllables and words.

20. Micro-linguistics Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, the rules that govern it, as well as the ways of creating new words. Morphemes – smallest meaningful units of a language; cannot be subdivided without losing their meaning. Types of Morphemes: free morphemes – can stand alone as words (talk, sing, dance) lexeme bound morphemes – cannot alone as words; AFFIXES (inflections, derivational, zero, empty)

21. Inflectional Morphemes All are in form of suffixes. Eight inflectional affixes. Does NOT affect category. *same word; same lexeme

22. Derivational Morphemes Can be a prefix or suffix Infinite number/open-ended Can change syntactic category ; sometimes affects SENSE Ex. pre board, nation al *new word; same lexeme

23. Null/Zero Morpheme Morphemes NOT physically present in the word but have changes in function Ex. Sheep (pl) Empty Morpheme Present in form but NO actual meaning Ex. fact u al

24. Micro-linguistics Syntax refers to the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. In semantic analysis, there is always an attempt to focus on what the words conventionally mean, rather than on what an individual speaker might want them to mean on a particular occasion. Pragmatic s is the study of how context affects meaning, such as how sentences are interpreted in certain situations (or the interpretation of linguistic meaning in context).

25. Macro-linguistics Sociolinguistics studies the relations between language and society: how social factors influence the structure and use of language. Psycholinguistics is the study of language and mind: the mental structures and processes which are involved in the acquisition, comprehension and production of language. Neurolinguistics is the study of language processing and language representation in the brain. It typically studies the disturbances of language comprehension and production caused by the damage of certain areas of the brain. Discourse analysis , or text linguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which language is used. It deals with how sentences in spoken and written language form larger meaningful units.

26. Macro-linguistics Computational linguistics is an approach to linguistics which employs mathematical techniques, often with the help of a computer. Applied linguistics is primarily concerned with the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience. Forensic linguistics , legal linguistics, or language and the law, is the application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure. It is a branch of applied linguistics.

27. Prescriptive vs. Descriptive

28. Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Prescriptive This approach focuses on how language should be used . It gives rules and guidelines about the "correct" way to speak and write . For example , a prescriptive rule would be "You should not split infinitives" or "Use 'whom' when it's the object of a sentence." It's about maintaining standards and following grammar rules strictly. Descriptive This approach focuses on how language is used , without judgment . Descriptive linguistics observes and analyzes how people actually speak and write, even if it's not always "proper" according to traditional grammar rules. For example , a descriptive linguist might note that many people use "I" instead of "me" in sentences like "It's me who did it," even though traditional grammar would say it should be "It's I who did it."

29. Diachronic vs. Synchronic

30. Diachronic vs. Synchronic Diachronic This refers to studying a language over time , looking at how it has changed and evolved. It's like taking a historical perspective on a language, examining how words, sounds, and grammar have developed over centuries. For example, diachronic linguistics might study how English evolved from Old English to Modern English. Synchronic This refers to studying a language at a specific point in time , without considering its history or changes over time. It focuses on the structure and usage of the language as it exists in the present moment. For example, synchronic linguistics would study how English is spoken and used today, without looking at its past.

31. Oral vs. Written Language

32. Plurality of English

33. Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar Linguistic universals are features or patterns that are common to all human languages. For example, all languages have ways to form questions or negations, even if the methods differ. Universal grammar , a concept proposed by linguist Noam Chomsky , suggests that there are underlying structures shared by all languages in the human brain. This theory suggests that humans are born with an innate ability to learn language, and all languages stem from a universal set of rules, though those rules are expressed differently in each language.

34. English vs. Englishes English vs. Englishes highlights the diversity of English around the world. While English originally began in England, it has spread to many other countries and developed regional and social variations. These variations are often referred to as Englishes (such as American English, British English, Indian English, etc.), each with its own vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and usage. Englishes reflect the cultural and historical context of their speakers and often differ in subtle ways.

35. Standard English Standard English refers to the version of the language that is considered the "norm" or the model for formal speech and writing. It’s the version of English taught in schools, used in official documents, and generally regarded as "correct" in professional and academic contexts. However, it's important to remember that "Standard English" is just one variety among many, and it often reflects the speech patterns of a particular group (such as those in power or in formal settings).

36. Common Language vs. Multilingualism Common language (also known as a lingua franca) is a language used as a bridge for communication between people who do not share a native language. English often serves as a global lingua franca, especially in business, science, and international relations. Multilingualism refers to the ability of people or communities to speak and understand multiple languages. In a multilingual society, people might switch between languages depending on context, such as speaking one language at home and another at work or in school.

37. World Englishes World Englishes refers to the many varieties of English spoken around the world. These include not just regional forms but also new dialects and innovations that develop in different countries. English is now spoken as a first language, second language, or foreign language in many places, and these varieties represent the cultural and historical influences of those regions. For instance, Nigerian English , Singapore English , and Caribbean English have unique vocabularies, accents, and grammatical structures, but all are equally legitimate forms of English. The concept of World Englishes challenges the idea of a single "correct" form of English, emphasizing linguistic diversity.

38. Philippine English Philippine English is the variety of English spoken in the Philippines. While it follows much of Standard English grammar, vocabulary, and spelling, it also has its own distinct features influenced by the country’s history and other languages like Tagalog (Filipino), Spanish, and local Philippine languages. Vocabulary : For example, "comfort room" is used instead of "restroom" or "bathroom" in the U.S. Pronunciation : The accent of Filipino speakers of English is often influenced by the phonetic patterns of Filipino languages, making it sound different from American or British English. Grammar : Sometimes, Philippine English follows grammar structures that are closer to Filipino grammar or are influenced by the way Filipinos think in their native languages. For example, the phrase "I will go to the market later" might be said as "I will go to the market just now" in Philippine English.

39. Plurality of English refers to the many varieties of English around the world. Linguistic universals are common features across all languages, and universal grammar is the idea that humans are born with an innate language structure. English vs. Englishes emphasizes the diversity of English in different regions and communities. Standard English is the formal version of English used in professional and academic settings. Common language is used to bridge communication gaps, while multilingualism refers to using multiple languages. World Englishes highlights the global variety of English. Philippine English is a unique variety of English influenced by the country’s languages and culture.

40. What is the main idea or message of the poem 'Still I Rise' ? How does it relate to people standing up against difficult situations in their lives?

41. What is the main idea or message of the poem 'Still I Rise' ? How does it relate to people standing up against difficult situations in their lives? How does the poem make you feel about the idea of not giving up when facing tough times?

42. What is the main idea or message of the poem 'Still I Rise' ? How does it relate to people standing up against difficult situations in their lives? How does the poem make you feel about the idea of not giving up when facing tough times? In your opinion, what can we learn from 'Still I Rise' that can help us deal with social issues like bullying, prejudice, or inequality in our own lives and communities?

43. What is the main idea or message of the poem 'Still I Rise' ? How does it relate to people standing up against difficult situations in their lives? How does the poem make you feel about the idea of not giving up when facing tough times? In your opinion, what can we learn from 'Still I Rise' that can help us deal with social issues like bullying, prejudice, or inequality in our own lives and communities? H ow does understanding the social issues in these texts impact your perspective on the world? How can you apply this knowledge in your own life?

44. SOCIAL ISSUES EXISTING IN THE COUNTRY Lesson:

45. Social Issues Existing in the Country Poverty Crime Teenage Pregnancy Drug Abuse Bullying Social Media/Internet Addiction Child Labor Unemployment Inflation Discrimination

46. Activity No. 2: Acting for Solution Directions: With your group, perform 5-minute role-play scenarios based on the selected social issues. Stay in character, engage in respectful dialogue, and focus on potential solutions. Then, present these scenarios in front of the class. You will be graded according to the specified rubrics.

47. RUBRICS

48. Directions: Identify what type of social issue or concern is present in each situation. Choose the letter of the best answer. Maria had just completed the Senior High School program and decided to attend college. Maria’s parents, however, told her that they could not afford to send her to college. They expect Maria to find a job and support her two younger brothers. Bullying Discrimination Poverty Social media addiction

49. Carla always wants to have trendy clothes and make-ups to look good in her Tiktok videos. Her parents always remind her to take everything in moderation. However, Carla always reasons out that this is her only happiness. Her parents are already worried she is not studying well. Bullying Discrimination Poverty Social media addiction

50. Carla always wants to have trendy clothes and make-ups to look good in her Tiktok videos. Her parents always remind her to take everything in moderation. However, Carla always reasons out that this is her only happiness. Her parents are already worried she is not studying well. Bullying Discrimination Poverty Social media addiction Which social issue involves treating people unfairly or differently based on their race, gender, religion, or other characteristics? Crime Discrimination Drug Abuse Teenage Pregnancy

51. Kelly, a junior high school student, has refused to go to school anymore because a group of senior high students always make fun of him whenever they see Kelly. Bullying Discrimination Poverty Social media addiction  

52. Kelly, a junior high school student, has refused to go to school anymore because a group of senior high students always make fun of him whenever they see Kelly. Bullying Discrimination Poverty Social media addiction   Mario always asks for money from Fernando. When Fernando cannot give him money, Mario will throw his bag in the garbage bin. Bullying Discrimination Poverty Social media addiction

53. Which social issue refers to pregnancies in individuals under the age of 20, leading to challenges for both the young parents and society? Inflation Social Media/Internet Addiction Teenage Pregnancy Unemployment  

54. Which social issue refers to pregnancies in individuals under the age of 20, leading to challenges for both the young parents and society? Inflation Social Media/Internet Addiction Teenage Pregnancy Unemployment   You discover that one of your close friends is struggling with drug abuse and addiction. What should you do? Keep their secret and not get involved. Share their situation with others to help them. Distance yourself from your friend to avoid trouble. Confront your friend about their problem and offer support.

55. Your school is organizing a campaign to combat discrimination and promote diversity. How can you actively participate in this campaign? Avoid the campaign to stay neutral. Discriminate against others to highlight the issue. Attend events and workshops, and encourage inclusivity. Ignore the campaign and continue with your daily routine.  

56. Your school is organizing a campaign to combat discrimination and promote diversity. How can you actively participate in this campaign? Avoid the campaign to stay neutral. Discriminate against others to highlight the issue. Attend events and workshops, and encourage inclusivity. Ignore the campaign and continue with your daily routine.   What is a widespread economic and social issue where individuals lack the basic necessities of life, such as food, shelter, and clothing? Crime Teenage Pregnancy Poverty Bullying

57. Which social issue involves unlawful activities that harm individuals or communities, such as theft or violence? Drug Abuse Child Labor Crime Discrimination

58. How has your understanding of social issues evolved through the activities?

59. How has your understanding of social issues evolved through the activities? How can literature and reading help us become more socially aware?

60. EXIT SLIP Directions: Draw your hand in the center of your notebook. On the palm, write three things that you have learned in the lesson.