PPT WEEK 1 PHILOSOPHddddY IN GENERAL.pptx

education

1. PHILOSOPHY IN GENERAL

2. P_TH_G_R_S

3. H_R_CLIT_S

4. D_M_CR_T_S

5. PL_T_

6. a. Etymological definition philo meaning “love” or “friendship” + sophia meaning “wisdom.”

7. “love of wisdom.”

8. Love is an urge or a drive of a will towards a particular object. As a drive, love always seeks unity with its object and desires to possess its object.

9. Philosophy is absolutely committed to the truth, “the whole truth and nothing but the truth.”

10. b. Technical definition Philosophy is defined as “the science of beings in their ultimate reasons, causes, and principles acquired by the aid of human reason alone ( Bittle , 1984).

11. 1) Philosophy is a science 2) Philosophy is a science of beings. 3) Philosophy searches for the ultimate reasons, causes and principles of beings. 4) Philosophy uses the power or natural light of reason.

12. What are the divisions of Philosophy? 1. Practical Divisions of Philosophy 2. Speculative Division of Philosophy

13. a) Logic ( the study of the laws of thought or correct reasoning) b) Ethics (concerned with what is morally good and bad morally right and wrong) c ) Axiology d) Aesthetics e) Semantics

14. a) Logic (Questions related to Reasoning) b) Ethics (Questions related to Morality). c) Axiology (Questions related to Values). d) Aesthetics (Questions related to Beauty and Taste) e) Semantics (Questions related to Meaning).

15. a)Epistemology (Questions related to Truth and Knowledge). b) Theodicy (Questions related to God). c) Cosmology (Questions related to Universe). d) Psychology (Questions related to Soul). e) Metaphysics (Questions related to Being and Existence).

16. Why the study of Philosophy is important? According to Zunjic (2011) studying or doing philosophy could be beneficial in many regards such as:

17. 1. Philosophy enlarges our understanding of the world. It expands our intellectual horizons and freedom of thought. 2. Philosophy raises public awareness and helps in forming engaged and responsible citizens. 3. Philosophy can increase our sensitivity for universalistic moral values and stimulate our readiness to stand up for the principles of justice and fairness. 4. Philosophy can give one self-knowledge, foresight, and a sense of direction in life.

18. Why is there a need to philosophize?

19. 1. Men have the tendency to wonder (Plato). For example: we asked questions about our existence 2. Men also have the tendency to doubt ( Rene de Cartes). For example: Men have to test and verify information before accepting it. 3. Men do philosophize because of his/her experience ( Karl Jaspers). Our daily experience challenged our ideas and way of thinking. For example: Giving money to a beggar, and found out that he uses it for gambling. 4. Men’s love for wisdom (Socrates). Men’s desire for truth or seeking of knowledge is not to claim ownership of it but to get the bottom of things.

20. The most notable ancient Greek Philosophers

21. 1. Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE) – He is a mathematician and a scientist, and he was credited with formulating the Pythagorean theorem.

22. 2. Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE)- He proposed that everything that exist is based on a higher order or plan which he called logos.

23. 3. Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE) – He primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe. He was the first to propose that matter is composed of tiny particles called atom

24. 4. Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)- He was known as advocate of living a simple and virtuous life. His teachings and views influenced the development of several schools of philosophy such as Cynicism and Stoicism.

25. 5. Epicurus ( 341 BCE to 270 BCE) – He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness. His perspective gave rise to Epicureanism – a school of philosophy which believes that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free of fear and pain.

26. 6. Socrates (470 BCE to 399 BCE) – He was considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times. He contributed much to the field of ethics. He was known of developing Socratic Method

27. 7. Plato (427 to 347 BCE) –A student of Socrates, he wrote some of his mentor’s teachings and incorporated some of his own ideas.

28. 8. Aristotle (384 BCE to 322 BCE) – He attended the Academy and was a prominent student of Plato. He go against the idea of Plato’s theory of forms and took a different stance in interpreting reality.

29. Lesson 2: PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION

30. “life is not a bed of roses”

31. implies that as human beings we live life confronted with issues, challenges, problems and concerns, big or small, that affects our way of thinking. It is in this premise that men are seeking ways on how to deal with life situations. In this lesson, you will be enlightened with the ways on how to view the issues, challenges, problems and concerns that is pressing on you

32. Activity 1. Let’s Remember! Complete the table below by writing the Greek Philosopher’s contributions. How these contributions applied in your life. Do this in your activity notebook.

33. Activity 1: Sense It! Write down the functions and uses of the senses below.

34. 1. If one of the senses will malfunctioned, do you think you will still appreciate the entire “YOU” as a person? Why or why not?

35. 2. How did you find this activity?

36. What is Philosophical Reflection?

37. Refers to the careful examination of life situation. This involves the weighing of alternatives and using specific standards to evaluate one’s action. An individual reflects philosophically when he builds on previous actions, events and or decisions.

38. Reflection is vital in ensuring that our actions and decisions are well thought out and are done with due regard for their implications and consequences on others, our surroundings, and ourselves.

39. Partial thinking A way of thinking that focuses on the specific aspects of the situation. The partial view is an important component of analytical thinking, on certain areas or aspects of the problem in order to understand it.

40. People tend to apply an partial perspective when looking at problems or situation. For instance, doctors often focus on a specific set of symptoms to determine the cause of the patient’s illness. Once a particular cause has been identified, the doctor then prescribe the appropriate medicine and other treatments to address the illness. In case of a person who experiences a stomachache, a doctor may prescribe the appropriate medicine that will address the physical causes of the problem

41. Holistic thinking Refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. This is often described as looking at the “big picture” when describing and analyzing a situation or a problem.

42. In this view, the doctor will be able to identify the underlying causes of the illness by digging into the patient’s habits and lifestyle, which would lead to the discovery of fatigue and stress as factors that cause the illness. Hence, the doctor can advise the patient to make changes in his or her habits to reduce stress and eventually improve his or her well-being.

43. Our ability to engage in philosophical reflection helps us develop beneficial skills, which are deemed important in our daily situations such as:

44. 1. Philosophy enables a person to develop a critical and analytical mindset in processing information and addressing certain issues encountered in life.

45. 2. Philosophy helps us develop problem solving and decision-making skills.

46. 3. Philosophy trains us to become precise and clear in presenting our ideas and thoughts.

47. 4. Philosophy contributes greatly to the self-development of a person.

48. Identify the following statements. Write T if the statement is true, write O if the statement is opinion. _____1. The spelling of chair is c-h-a- i -r. _____2. Every person must visit Boracay. _____3. The reigning president of the Philippines in the year 2019 is President Rodrigo R. Duterte. _____4. Jackie is more beautiful than Jade. _____5. Snakes and crocodiles are examples of reptiles. _____6. The biggest planet in the solar system is Jupiter. _____7. Money is the most important thing in the world. _____8. Bukidnon province is part of the region 10 _____9. Cats are the best pets among all animals. _____10. Camiguin Island is the most beautiful island in the Philippines.

49. Lesson 1: Understanding Truth and Opinion

50. Difference between opinion and truth

51. What is opinion?

52. - is a belief, impression or judgment about something by not necessarily based on fact. - it prevails personal view of a person.

53. What is truth?

54. - it is something that has been proven by facts or sincerity. - in science, truth is based on facts-as something that is observable - in philosophy ,truth is considered as a kind of quality and value.

55. Why truth is important?

56. Truth is important to clarify knowledge, since it is through knowing that we are able to determine what is true

57. Ways on Determining Truth 1. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.

58. A. Ana is the only beautiful classmate that I have. Prove that Ana is beautiful by writing it in one sentence below. __________________________________________________________ B. I am a Filipino. How will you prove that you are a Filipino? Answer that in just one sentence. __________________________________________________________

59. Lesson 2. Distinguishing Truth from Opinion

60. Conclusion - is a statement based on a certain fact.

61. Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. For example, if your mother states that “God created everything that is present in this entire world”, proving that this statement is considered as truth, you need other person’s views and experiences.

62. Explanations -are statements claiming to be true and provides reasons to make the statements true.

63. 1. My sister gave birth to her baby boy at exactly 8:45am on July 04, 2015 through cesarean delivery. Opinion Truth Why? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2. My sister delivered her baby boy through caesarean because she believes that it is a safer way of delivering a baby. Opinion Truth Why? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

64. Lesson 3. Difference Between Fallacy and Bias

65. Activity 1: I Imagine! Imagine that you are a part of the conversation below, how will you react to the statements given?

66. Friend 1: Hey have heard about Miguel? He was with Algen last night, do they boy/girlfriend. Friend 2: I just saw him last week he was with Jackilyn and I just asked Miguel if Jackilyn is his girlfriend. And then he replied “yes”. Friend 3: I am a friend of Algen , and I know who her boyfriend is.

67. You: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________

68. Arguments

69. are series of statements that provide explanations to convince the listener or a reader that the opinion is truthful

70. Types of Arguments

71. 1. Fallacy or Fake argument ( maling pangangatuwiran )– are group of statements that appear to be arguments to support the conclusion. Example: There is no hope in the Philippine government, because it is tropical country.

72. What makes the statement fallacious? It is fallacious because climate has nothing to do with the hope of Philippine government.

73. 2. Bias – refers tendencies or influences which affect the views of the people. When looking at an opinion you must be aware of bias so that you can objectively and critically examined points of view.

74. Types of Fallacy

75. 1. Argumentum Ad hominem (Argument against the Person) Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself

76. Example “Do not listen to his opinion he is fool.”

77. Different types of ad hominem arguments 1. Abusive ad hominem 2. Circumstantial ad hominem (or appeal to motive) 3. Tu quoque (“you too”) ad hominem 4. Guilt by association ad hominem 5. Poisoning the well

78. 1. Abusive ad hominem is a direct attack on the other person’s character, targeting their age, character, gender identity, appearance, etc.

79. Example “who is going to vote for a person looking like this?”

80. 2. Circumstantial ad hominem (or appeal to motive) argues that a person’s circumstances, such as their job, political affiliation, or other vested interests, motivate their argument and thus it must be biased and false. 

81. Example a salesperson may tell you that the pair of jeans you’re trying on looks good on you, and you may half-jokingly point out that of course they think so since they want to make a sale.

82. 3. Tu quoque (“you too”) ad hominem is an attempt to refute an argument by attacking its proponent and accusing them of hypocrisy ( i.e , pointing to a contradiction between their words and their deeds).

83. Example a doctor suggests that a patient should lose weight, and the patient dismisses the advice on the grounds that the doctor has a few extra pounds too.

84. 4. Guilt by association ad hominem is a variant in which someone is attacked because of their alleged connection with a person or group that has an unfavorable reputation.

85. Example “Stalin was evil and against religion. All people against religion are evil.”

86. 5. Poisoning the well type of ad hominem where (irrelevant) negative information is preemptively presented to an audience to discredit whatever the opponent is about to say.

87. Example  “before you listen to her, I should remind you that she has been charged with embezzlement.”

88. 2. Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal to Force) Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument

89. Example “If this peace agreement will not be signed by the government, then we will have no recourse but go to war.”

90. 3.Argumentum ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Emotion) It is by using emotions such as pity or sympathy, one might be able to convince the person.

91. Example “Please, let me in. I was just late because I have to attend to my son who is sick.

92. 4.Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to Popular or Bandwagon) The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it

93. Example “Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should go find one!”

94. Types of Bias

95. 1.Correspondence bias or attribute effect You judge a person’s personality based on the actions, and never mind the extrinsic ( panlabas na dahilan ) factor.

96. Example “These rebels who fought against the government are all inconsiderate murderers!”

97. 2.Confirmation bias Tendency to look for a readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views that go against it

98. Example “How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian!”

99. 3. Framing Judging an incidence without looking at the other side.

100. Example “In motorcycle accident yesterday, it is altogether a fault of the driver for reckless driving.”

101. 4. Hindsight The phenomena which occur has a pattern and can be predicted, such is usually based in historical evidence.

102. Example “Let us take an example on the Magellan’s assault on Mactan, his defeat was just due to his looking Filipinos as people of no knowledge.”

103. TYPES OF ARGUMENT - BIAS AND FALLACY TOA-BAF TYPES OF FALLACY TOF 1. Argumentum ad hominem AAH 2. Argumentum ad Baculum AAB 3.Argumentum ad Misericordiam AAM 4.Argumentum ad Populum AAP TYPES OF BIAS TOB 1.Correspondence bias or attribute effect CBAE 2.Confirmation bias CB 3. Framing F 4. Hindsight H

104. TOA-BAF TOF AAH ( 5 TYPES ) 1. Abusive ad hominem 2. Circumstantial ad hominem (or appeal to motive) 3. Tu quoque (“you too”) ad hominem 4. Guilt by association ad hominem 5. Poisoning the well AAB AAM AAP TOB CBAE CB F H

105. Methods of Philosophizing

106. WHAT IS EPISTEMOLOGY?

107. “Epistemology is a science devoted to the discovery of the proper method of acquiring and validating knowledge” (Rand 1990).

108. THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE

109. So how do you acquire knowledge? Miss Rand’s definition gives us two ways: First, we can acquire knowledge using our senses: seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling, smelling. How do you know that the table is brown? Because you see it. How do you know that fire is hot? Because you feel it. This method of acquiring knowledge is called empiricism and it has many adherents in the history of philosophy such as John Locke, George Berkley, David Hume

110. The reason is that thinking involves content. To think is to think of something. You cannot think about nothing. This is where sense perception enters the picture by feeding our minds with data coming from the outside world so that we can have something to think about.

111. ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE First part of epistemology: the process of acquiring knowledge

112. 1. Reality Existence is really all there is to know. If nothing exists knowledge is impossible.

113. 2. Perception Knowledge begins with perceptual knowledge.

114. 3. Concept a concept which according to one dictionary means “an abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

115. Let us describe the two types of abstraction from abstractions: wider generalizations (or simply widenings) and subdivisions (or narrowings ) (Binswanger 2014):

116. Wider generalization is the process of forming wider and wider concepts.

117. Subdivisions consist of identifying finer and finer distinctions.

118. 4. Proposition is a statement that expresses either an assertion or a denial ( Copi , 2002) that an existent belongs to a class or possess certain attribute.

119. An affirmative proposition therefore has the following structure: “S is P” (where S is the subject, P is the predicate and “is” is the copula stating the logical relationship of S and P) while the negative proposition has the structure “S is not P” (“is not” is the copula expressing denial).

120. 5. Inference To clarify this definition let’s give an example using the famous Socratic argument:

121. All men are mortals Socrates is a man. Therefore Socrates is mortal.

122. Here we have three related statements (or propositions). The last statement beginning with the word “therefore” is what we call a conclusion. A conclusion is a statement that we want to prove. The first two statements are what we call premises (singular form: premise). A premise provides justification, evidence, and proof to the conclusion.

123. TRUTH VS OPINION

124. To summarize an opinion has the following characteristics: 1. Based on emotions 2. Open to interpretation 3. Cannot be confirmed 4. Inherently biased

125. While truth is: 1. Based on the facts of reality 2. Can be confirmed with other sources 3. Independent of one’s interpretation, preferences and biases

126. THEORIES OF TRUTH

127. 1. The Correspondence theory of Truth:

128. The basic idea of the correspondence theory is that what we believe or say is true if it corresponds to the way things actually are based on the facts.

129. For example, if I say, “The sky is blue” then I looked outside and saw that it is indeed blue, then my statement is true. On the other hand, if I say, “Pigs have wings” and then I checked a pig and it does not have wings, then my statement is false. In general, statements of beliefs, propositions, and ideas are capable being true or false.

130. It has already been established that the Correspondence Theory assumes that a belief is true when we are able to confirm it with reality.

131. 2. The Coherence Theory of Truth:

132. we establish that the statement “coheres” with the larger system. In a sense, the Coherence Theory is similar to the Correspondence Theory since both evaluates statements based on their agreement with reality. The difference lies in the method where the former involves a larger system while the latter relies on a single evidence of fact.

133. For example, if you pick up a ball and drop it accidentally, the action cannot be simply explained by our belief in the law of gravity which can be verified but also by a host of other factors that may have something to do with the incident, such as the accuracy of our visual perception.

134. Coherence theories represent the ideas of rationalist philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and the British philosopher F.H Bradley. Moreover, this method had its resurgence in the ideas of several proponents of logical positivism, notably Otto Neurath and Carl Hempel.

135. 3. The Pragmatist Theory of Truth:

136. states that a belief/statement is true if it has a useful (pragmatic) application in the world. If it does not, then it is not true. In addition, we can know whether a belief/statement is true by examining the consequence of holding or accepting the statement/belief to be true.

137. For example, there are some people who think that there are “ghosts” or “vampires” because they find it useful in explaining unusual phenomena and in dealing with fears ( Mabaquiao , 2016). So, if we are going to use the word “truth”, we define it as that which is most useful to us.

138. Select the keyword that best fits the statement in each item. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

139. 1. Beliefs and statements are true if they are consistent with actual state of affairs. A. correspondence B. coherence C. pragmatic D. deflationary

140. 2. Beliefs that lead to the best "payoff", that are the best justification of our actions that promote success, are truths. A. pragmatic theory B. semantic theory C. correspondence theory D. coherence theory

141. 3. Check the headline information fair, objective, and moderate A. It’s time to consider other means of cash aid distribution B. Other countries around the world have much better means in cash aid distribution C. Government vows to faster distribution of coronavirus aid D. We can also learn lesson from Vietnam how they distribute their cash aid

142. 4. Statements are true on the degree to which it "hangs together" with all the other beliefs in a system of beliefs. A. pragmatic B. coherence C. deflationary D. correspondence

143. 5. The five senses are useful tools to verify the truthfulness of propositions. A. coherence theory B. pragmatic theory C. correspondence theory D. semantic theory

144. 6. Why do we need epistemology? A. To overcome poverty B. To acquire and validate knowledge C. To become geniuses D. To succeed in life

145. 7. Knowledge is ultimately grounded on___________. A. Emotions B. Convictions C. Beliefs D. Sense perception

146. 8. Philosophers who believed that knowledge is based on sense perception. A. Idealists B. Rationalists C. Empiricists D. Nominalists

147. 9. Identify which of the following statements is factual? 1. My brother arrived at 11 pm. 2. My brother always come home late because he is a good for nothing individual. 3. Man is a living organism. 4. Free trade simply promotes the selfish greed of businessmen. A. 1 and 4 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 4

148. 10. Identify which statements above are mere opinions. A. 1 and 3 B. 2 and 4 C. 2 and 3 D. 1 and 4

149. Direction: Identify the different theories of truth on the following statements. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

150. 1. There is a water fountain in front of the Cultural Center of the Philippines. 2. Bachelors are unmarried men. 3. The sun will rise tomorrow. 4. A dream board is necessary for dreams to come true. 5. What is more important to me at this time is my family. 6. A wooden table is a solid object. 7. Ghost and vampires exist. 8. 2+2=4 9. Cats are animals. 10. The Sky is blue.

151. Module 3: The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit

152. Direction. On the blank spaces, analyze the concentric circles and write a short interpretation based on your understanding.

153. What is Human Person?

154. are defined with classified origin of species and persons with birth rights

155. From the biblical perspective, we came from Adam and Eve.

156. For Science, we came from an Ape under the Class: Mamallia .

157. Two general kinds to distinguish a human person

158. Cognitive Self

159. THE WHAT OF A PERSON which includes human persons’ belief, desire, dreams, and intentions.

160. Physical Self

161. THE WHO OF A PERSON which includes his/her body type, strength and appearances.

162. What is Embodied Spirit?

163. “embodied spirit” that the body is not separate from the soul, just as the soul is not separate from the body.

164. Views of Christian philosophy inseparable union of human body and soul.

165. What is Human Person as Embodied Spirit?

166. As an embodied spirit human beings demonstrate these following qualities ( Abella , 2016):

167. 1. “Self- awareness refers to person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions

168. 2. A human person is able to connect and interact with another person,

169. 3. We are not determined by others. Because we have interiority; we can direct the course of our own life.

170. 4. Finally a human person has an inherent value and importance. This is what we call dignity.

171. Human Transcendence

172. Ano ang Transcendence: Ang Transcendence  ay isang konsepto na tumutukoy sa kung ano ang lampas o higit sa isang tiyak na limitasyon . Sa kahulugan na ito , ang  transcendence ay   nagpapahiwatig ng pagtawid sa isang hangganan , paglipat mula sa isang lugar patungo sa isa pa, pagtagumpayan ang isang hadlang .

173. Tulad nito , nagmula ito sa Latin transcendentĭa , isang derivation ng transcend , re, na siya namang binubuo ng trans , nangangahulugang ' lampas ', at scendere , na isinasalin ang ' pag-akyat ' o ' pag-akyat '.

174. T ranscendence sa Pilosopiya Sa Pilosopiya , ang  transcendence  ay kabaligtaran ng immanence. Tulad nito , ang konsepto ng transcendence ay tumutukoy sa kung saan ay lampas sa kamalayan , higit sa natural na mga limitasyon nito . 

175. Mula sa pananaw ng  metaphysics , ang transcendence ay tumutukoy sa kung ano ay hindi bahagi ng nasasalat na katotohanan at, sa diwa na ito , ay itinuturing na walang hanggan na higit na mataas . 

176. Para kay  Kant , para sa kanyang bahagi , ang transcendence ay ang kapasidad ng dahilan upang ma-access ang isang mas mataas na antas ng kaalaman sa mga bagay ng mundo .

177. St. Thomas Aquinas

178. Name: Thomas Aquinas Birth Year: 1225 Birth City: Roccasecca Birth Country: Italy Best Known For: Italian Dominican theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas was one of the most influential medieval thinkers of Scholasticism and the father of the Thomistic school of theology.

179. Industries Christianity Schools University of Naples Death date: March 7, 1274 Death City: Fossanova Death Country: Italy

180. a philosopher and one of the greatest theologian in the Catholic Church in the 13th century, said that “of all creatures, human beings have the unique power to change themselves and things for the better.”

181. You are able to transcend your limit through your physical and mental abilities. ( Abella , 2016).

182. LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE -may not occur to everyone -does not come at a specified period -varies across all people -may coincide with physical limitations of the body -developing a positive outlook in life -working towards reaching a goal -learning from experience

183. POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE This means that life is lived from moment to moment in a carefree and cheerful manner where concerns for stress are reserved for the future, and regrets or guilt feelings are kept in the past

184. THE HUMAN BODY IN IMPOSING LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES BODILY LIMITATIONS -mental and emotional disorders (e.g. anxiety, intellectual disability) -disabilities (e.g. amputated leg, deafness) -disease and illnesses (e.g. hypertension, cough) -failures and experiences (e.g. failing a subject

185. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS -socioeconomic status -location of neighborhood (e.g. armed, disorganized, or violent neighborhood) -abusive relationships (e.g. emotional abuse) negative influences (e.g. drug use)

186. OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS Bodily limits can be tested by trying on new experiences and working on challenges with increasing levels of difficulty. The human body, if given enough exposure to any situation, can attain a goal with efficiency.

187. Social and environmental limitations are more difficult to overcome than bodily limitations because they involve the influence of other people and the external world. However, with a proper mindset, clearly defined goals, and motivation to rise above challenges, one may successfully overcome his or her limitations.

188. RECOGNIZE AND EVALUATE OWN LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE Transcendence is even more possible when you begin to understand that you can go beyond your limitations if you set your mind on your goals.

189. SOME POINT TO REMEMBER WHEN GOING BEYOND YOUR LIMITS -you are connected to the external or eternal world -challenges are learning opportunities -your goal is more important than your fears -think outside the box -recognize that everyone has fears

190. Religion and philosophy teaches human beings to overcome our limits. In technological parlance, humans can upgrade themselves. Take for example, Buddhism.

191. Buddhism is one of the world's largest religions and originated 2,500 years ago in India. Buddhists believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana.

192. The Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Paths.

193. 1. Right view- a correct understanding of the nature of things, specifically the Four Noble Truths;

194. 2. Right intention, eliminating thoughts of attachment, detestation, and harmful intent,

195. 3. Right speech, abstaining from verbal offenses such as lying, divisive speech, unforgiving speech, and irrational speech,

196. 4. Right action, refraining from physical offenses such as murdering, thieving, and sexual misbehavior,

197. 5. Right livelihood, evading trades that directly or indirectly damage others, such as trading slaves, weapons, animals for butchery, intoxicants, or poisons,

198. 6. Right effort, forsaking undesirable states of mind that have already arisen, preventing undesirable states that have yet to arise, and sustaining positive states that have already arisen.

199. 7. Right concentration, single-mindedness.

200. 8. Right mindfulness, consciousness of body, feelings, thought, and phenomena.

201. These are the values what human person needs to succeed.

202. These are examples of the power mentioned by St. Thomas to change ourselves.

203. If you can do the eightfold path even if you are not a Buddhist, you can transform yourselves from your present situation and transcend to what you desire you would be.

204. Just believe in yourselves.

205. Dream, Believe and Survive.

206. Thank you!

207. THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE ENVIRONMENT

208. Performance Task THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE ENVIRONMENT

209. Match column A with column B. Write the letter of your answer

210. Column A __1. It is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and the behavior using reason that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any risks. __2. It assumes that male-centered view of nature is the root cause of ecological problems. __3. “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” __4. It refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future generations will still be able to use it __5. This view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources.

211. Column B __6. It means that any human activities or economic advances should not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities located in the area. __7. The discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents. __8. It believes that ecological problems can be traced to social problems. __9. It is the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of one’s resources __10. A philosophical view that believes in maintaining order in the environment will bring out the natural beauty of surroundings and contribute to the well-being of the people and other organisms living in it

212. 1. What do you feel when you read/ hear the lyrics of the song? ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

213. 2. What do you think is the artist intention/ inspiration in writing the song? ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

214. 3. Do you agree that the world needs healing? Why? Why not? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

215. The Human Person in the Environment

216. 1. E_V_R_N_E_T_L P_I_O_OP_Y

217. 1.ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY

218. 2. E_V_R_N_E_T

219. 2. ENVIRONMENT

220. 3. H_M_N

221. 3. HUMAN

222. 4. B_O_E_T_I_M

223. 4. BIOCENTRISM

224. 5. A_T_R_P_C_NT_ISM

225. 5. ANTHROPOCENTRISM

226. I. ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY

227. studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents. Philosophers believe that the human person has the ability to change the environment to suit his purposes.

228. Three views of philosophical environment. 1. Anthropocentrism This view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources.

229. 2. Biocentrism believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet, and that all other organisms have inherent value and should be protected. This view advocates ethical treatment of animals.

230. 3. Ecocentrism places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This view believes that humankind is a part of a greater biological system or community and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.

231. Ecosystem (ecological system) is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting together. For food , shelter, growth and development.

232. Biotic Factor are the living components of an ecosystem and their activities

233. Abiotic Factor is a non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment. In a terrestrial ecosystem, examples might include temperature , light, and water.

234. II. ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS

235. A philosophical view that believes in maintaining order in the environment will bring out the natural beauty of surroundings and contribute to the well-being of the people and other organisms living in it ( Endriga , 2017).

236. ANCIENT THINKERS ( Mabaquiao , 2016)

237. Anaximander According to his “Creation-Destruction”, the sketch of the genesis of the world (cosmology), the evolution of the world begins with the generation of opposites in a certain region Nature.

238. Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe

239. Astronomy is the study of everything in the universe beyond Earth's atmosphere. That includes objects we can see with our naked eyes, like the Sun , the Moon , the planets, and the stars .

240. Pythagoras He described the universe as living embodiment of nature’s order, harmony, and beauty. He sees our relationship with the universe involving biophilia (love of other living things) and cosmophilia (love of other living beings)

241. MODERN THINKERS (Wang, 2017)

242. Immanuel Kant “The orderliness of nature and the harmony of nature with our faculties guide us toward a deeper religious perspective”

243. Herbert Marcuse “Human have power over nature.”

244. George Herbert Mead “Man have duties and responsibilities in nature”

245. III. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

246. “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

247. PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY

248. Environmental Integrity means that any human activities or economic advances should not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities located in the area. The environment should not be drastically impacted by human activities ( Abella , 2016).

249. Economic efficiency this is to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste in using our natural resources ( Abella , 2016).

250. Equity it refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future generations will still be able to use it ( Abella , 2016).

251. IV. THEORIES IN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY

252. Deep ecology Arne Naess , proponent of Deep ecology, assumes that all living things possess equal value and intrinsic worth regardless of their usefulness or utility to other beings.

253. Social Ecology Murray Bookchin, proponent of Social ecology, believes that ecological problems can be traced to social problems.

254. Ecofeminism It assumes that male-centered view of nature is the root cause of ecological problems. To address environmental problems humanity has to remove the superior vs. inferior in human relations.

255. V. PRUDENCE AND FRUGALITY

256. Prudence is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and behavior using reason. It is the behavior that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any risks.

257. Frugality is another fundamental value that can help us develop a sense of right and wrong and attain whatever we want in life. Moreover, it is a virtue that can guide us in making choices in life and receiving the most value out of those decisions.

258. Activity 1: HEAL THE ENVIRONMENT

259. Rubrics Poster Making CREATIVITY – 30% CONTENT – 25% GROUP COOPERATION- 20% ORIGINALITY- 15% MASTERY –10%

260. Direction: Organize the following images in a more aesthetic way and environment friendly. Draw your idea and write your explanation on the space provided.

261. I. Directions: Read each statement carefully and write “KALIKASAN” if your answer is True and “KASIRAAN” if it is False.

262. 1. Anthropocentrism focuses on the part of humankind as a stewards or guardians of nature in our greater biological system or community. 2. Both ancient and modern thinkers believe that man will bring out the natural beauty of environment if they are capable to govern the nature. 3. Biocentrism advocates ethical treatment of animals.

263. 4. Deep ecology is a philosophical idea that combines feminism and ecology concerns, emphasizing that both suffer from their treatment by a male dominated society. 5. Environmental Aesthetics is a philosophical view all life forms have an equal right to exist, and human needs and desires have no priority over those of other organisms.

264. II. Directions: Identify the correct answer as described in every item. Write your answer on the space provided.

265. 1.Bringing your own cup whenever you refill your coffee in 7-eleven shows what principle of sustainability? 2. A businessman grabbed and bought a vast land from the farmers and decided to convert it into a subdivision. During the construction, farmers left without jobs and hundreds of trees were uprooted and streams were covered in cement. What principle of sustainability was violated?

266. 3.Franciso Moreno, Mayor of Manila, declared Arroceros as a “permanent forest park” as part of his vision of building a Green City in Manila’s Lawton area. What principle of sustainability did he used 4. A factory in a province irresponsibly withdraw their wastes in the river and hire mostly women because of cheap labor. What theory in radical ecological philosophy explains this ecological problem? 5. Finishing your meal without leftovers shows what principle of sustainability?

267. Activity 2: CONSERVE AND PRESERVE THE ENVIRONMENT

268. Direction: Think of two (2) ways on how you can apply prudence and frugality on consuming each the following item. Fill the table with your ideas.

269. ACTIVITY 5: CAMPAIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

270. Directions: Inside the box below, write a tweet or post for an environmental online campaign encouraging everyone to take care of the environment. You may create your own hashtag (#). Be sure to incorporate the principles of environmental philosophy.