ዋቸ.pptxfyfdyfhuhdesersdrtdresrederdddrssx

data list

1. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCE BREEDING PRACTICES OF SMALL HOLDER FARMERS SHEEP PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA By: Fentahun Atanaw ID 001964 Birtukan Walelng ID 00 1893 Degnesh Abera ID 2162 Kedir kemal ID 002012

2. 1. INTRODUCTION Ethiopia has been long back recognized as a source of genetic diversity in plants and animals ( Gizaw et al., 2013). The diverse ecology of Ethiopia has been representing a potential reservoir of sheep and goat diversity . According to CSA (2017), there are approximately 30.7 million sheep.

3. Cont. It is believed that, sheep is an important domestic animal in most part of the world, which was the main source of income and employment for marginal, landless poor farmers in Ethiopia .

4. Cont. Sheep are kept for multiple purposes: : to generate income , for food (meat and milk ), manure, fiber , as insurance mainly against crop failures, as savings, socio-cultural and ceremonial purposes ( Legesse , 2008).

5. Cont.. Moreover, knowledge of breeding practice, trait preference and breeding objectives of smallholder farmers under the existing management is essential to facilitate wise utilization and conservation of sheep genetic resource ( Dalvit et al., 2008). However , lack of such knowledge leads to unrealistic breeding goal in genetic improvement and aggravates loss of genetic resources ( Zewdu et al., 2006).

6. Cont.. As a result definition of breeding objectives and description of the production system is basis for design in tailor-made management and breeding interventions methodological approaches for defining breeding objectives of sheep breeders have been reviewed by Gemeda et al.(2008). In Ethiopia the objectives of sheep production is to maximize outputs like meat milk wool skin per unit input the quality of animal product must target the requirements of the end-user or target market this may be an export or domestic market meat is the most important product of small ruminants particularly Therefore , this paper is review to available breeding practice of small holder sheep production sheep in Ethiopia.

7. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Sheep Breeding in Ethiopia   Sheep production is one of the most important agricultural activities in Ethiopia. Sheep , the second most important species of livestock in the country Among the many reasons, dependence on imported technological packages, absence of structured breeding plans, acute shortage of technical proficiency, and limited involvement of relevant stakeholders particularly smallholder farmers/pastoralists in the planning.

8. Cont.. 2.1.1. Open-nucleus breeding practice   Open-nucleus breeding practice is a practice which allows an inflow of high potential breeding animals ( Philipsson et al ., 2006) from lower tier flocks for pure breeding to nucleus flocks in the ranches as a strategy for genetic improvement of sheep in Ethiopia. The practice could be utilized for conservation of genetic resources (including breeds, desirable genes, genotypes, etc.)

9. Cont.. 2.1.2. Cross breeding practice Sheep crossbreeding has been condemned from two perspectives. First , crossbreeding is considered a threat to the su rvival of the adapted indigenous breeds. Second , crossbreeding as a strategy failed to sustain genetic improvement in village flocks owing to exotic genotypes being maladapted to the local environment.

10. Cont.. These Strategies for genetic improvement could follow three pathways: ( i) selection between breeds (or strains ), (ii) selection within breeds (or strains), and ( iii) crossbreeding or synthetic breed development (DAGRIS, 2006).

11. cont.. 2.1.3. Village-based breeding programs   Village-based breeding programs that do not involve central nucleus flocks are a more recent development. 2.2 . Sheep Trait Preference of Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia   A trait is any observable or measurable characteristic of an animal, It usually characterize them either in terms of appearance or performance or some combination of both.

12. Cont.. Trait of sheep in Ethiopian selected based on considered small holder farmers: Body size Color Twining ability Age at first lambing Lamb survival Adaptability Body conformation Libido Tail

13. Cont.. 2.3. Breeding Practices   2.3.1 . Flock size and breeding management In Ethiopia the average flock size in Adiyo Kaka and Horro districts are reported as 11.3 and 8.2 per household respectively(Tibbo,2006). different constraints in the system, clear understanding of breeding objectives and accurate methods of identifying the superior genotypes (Baker et al., 2003).

14. Cont … 2.3.2. Selection of breeding ram and ewe   For selecting a breeding ram criteria to be considered are appearance or body size, coat color, tail type/length, fast growth, libido, age, adaptation and pedigree ( Tesfaye , 2008 ) . Breeding ewe can also be selected based on parameters like, twining ability, lamb growth, color lamb survival, lamb growth, age at first lambing, lambing interval, mothering ability ( Tibbo , 2006). The next most important were fast growth and coat color for rams and mothering ability for ewes ( Mirkena , 2010).

15. Cont.. 2.3.3. Mating system and source of ram   In Ethiopia mating is predominantly uncontrolled in most of the production systems . However, controlled mating is practiced to some extent to match lambing time with wet season and to avoid indiscriminate breeding in the pastoral production system. The methods for control mating include separating males from females at all times, especially during dry season, and castration (Helen et al ., 2013 ). According to Jimmy et al. (2012), birth is the major form of sheep breed acquisition across all production systems and sheep acquisition in the form of gift is one method of sheep gaining.

16. Cont.. 2.4. Reasons of Culling From the Flock   Culling in sheep flocks is an important tool for the development of a good flock. It helps to remove undersized animals and breed those closest to the desired ideal type . Selection criteria should be developed and followed when culling animals. Culling should be stringent and used as a means of improving the genetic quality and productivity of a flock The major mode of culling and disposal of flock is selling followed by slaughtering and death (Jimmy et al., 2012).

17. Cont.. 2.5. Constraints and Opportunities of Sheep Breeding in Ethiopia Implementation of a sustainable breeding program requires participation of local communities in activities such as flock recording . The Constraints of Sheep Breeding in Ethiopia: low level of literacy low technical ability of local sheep breeders . Low levels of management, disease and parasite challenge , inadequate feed and poor marketing less involve the producer at every stage in the planning operation of the breeding programs , integrating traditional behavior and values . Moreover, lack of provision of extension and veterinary services which are a major pre-requisite for effective breeding programs ( Gizaw et al., 2013).

18. Cont.. Some of the opportunities in sheep breeding of small holder Farmers in Ethiopia are: the large and diverse sheep genetic resources, existence of diverse agro-ecologies suitable for livestock production, increasing domestic demand for animal and animal products , proximity to international markets indicate the potential and opportunities for sheep production in Ethiopia (CSA, 2017).

19. 3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Sheep production is a major component of the livestock sector in Ethiopia which provides food, manure, source of income and insurance during crop failure. In Ethiopia the adopted breeding strategies over the last six decades is focused on importing exotic breeds for cross-breeding, nucleus breeding and village based breeding scheme . The breeding practice by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia is still natural mating due to lack of different modern breeding technologies like AI and synchronization.

20. Cont.. In general, sheep production is hampered by multifaceted production specific constraints like feed shortages, diseases, poor infrastructure, lack of market information and technical capacity, and an absence of planned breeding programs and breeding policies . As a result, genetic improvement activities should needs context specific and complementary research on improved feeding, health and socioeconomics including marketing is associated with some sheep-breeding programs.

21. Based on these review conclusion the following recommendations are forwarded Community-based breeding programs designed with active involvement of traditional breeders are appropriate of indigenous animal genetic resources. It is important to define the goal of small ruminant genetic improvement initiative at the start based on analysis of the anticipated situation. Focus should be given to uncontrolled mating for its effect on inbreeding depression. The productivity of sheep can be improved by improving the management of sheep. I mproving the potential by selecting best animal for future mating.

22. THANKS