PRA and RRA tools

This slide contains information regarding PRA and RRA tools. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!

1. PRA/RRA Tools
Nabina Paneru
Nabina Paneru

2. RRA(RapidRuralAppraisal)
•Thetechniqueessentiallyinvolvesaninformal,rapid,exploratory
studyofaspecifiedgeographicalareadesignedtoestablishan
'understanding'oflocalagriculturalconditions,problemsand
characteristics.
•Theycanprovidebasicinformationonthefeasibilityofbeginninga
surveyprojectinanarea,particularlywhenoneisintendingto
surveyanareaaboutwhichlittleisknown.
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3. Contd.
•RRAisasocialscienceapproachthatemergedinthelate1970s.Thebasic
ideaofRRAistoratherquicklycollect,analyzeandevaluateinformation
onruralconditionsandlocalknowledge.
•Thisinformationisgeneratedincloseco-operationwiththelocal
populationinruralareas.
•Therefore,theresearchmethodshadtobeadjustedtolocalconditions,i.e.
theyhadtomeetthecommunicationneedsofilliteratepeopleorpeople
whoarenotusedtocommunicatinginscientificterms.
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4. Contd.
•Toolslikemapping,diagrammingandrankingweredevelopedorimproved
inordertogatherinformationfordecision-makersindevelopment
agencies.
•OneofthekeyprinciplesofRRAisthevisualizationofquestionsand
resultsbyusinglocallycomprehensiblesymbols.
•AmainreasonfordevelopingRRAwastofindshortcutsinthesearchfor
relevantinformationonruraldevelopmentissuesinordertoavoidcostly
andtimeconsumingresearchprocedures.
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5. Contd.
•InmostofthecasesRRAiscarriedoutbyasmallteamof
researchersortrainedprofessionalinonetothreedaysinakindof
workshop.
•TheroleofthelocalpopulationinRRAistoproviderelevantlocal
knowledgeforresearchpurposesanddevelopmentplanning.
•TheRRAteammanagestheprocessandmaintainsthepowerto
decideonhowtoutilizethisinformation.
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6. PRA(ParticipatoryRural/RelaxedAppraisal)
•PRAisagrowingcombinationofapproachesandmethodsthat
enableruralpeopletoshare,enhanceandanalyzetheir
knowledgeoflifeandconditions,toplanandactandtomonitor
andevaluate.
•Theroleoftheoutsideristhatofacatalyst,afacilitatorof
processeswithinacommunitywhichispreparedtoaltertheir
situation.
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7. Contd.
•Duringthe1980s,PRAwasfirstlydevelopedinIndiaandKenya,mainly
supportedbyNGOsoperatingatgrass-rootslevel.
•UntiltodayPRAevolvedsofastintermsofthemethodology,thecreation
ofnewtoolsandspecificallyinthedifferentwaysitisapplied.
•ComparedtoRRAwhichmainlyaimsatextractinginformation,PRA
placesemphasisonempoweringlocalpeopletoassumeanactiverolein
analyzingtheirownlivingconditions,problemsandpotentialsinorderto
seekforachangeoftheirsituation.
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8. Contd.
•Thischangesaresupposedtobeachievedbycollectiveactionandthelocal
communitiesareinvitedtoassumeresponsibilitiesforimplementingrespective
activities.
•ThemembersofthePRAteamactasfacilitators.
•Hereitisnolongertheexternalexpertsbutratherthelocalpeoplethemselveswho
“own”theresultsofaPRAWorkshop.
•ConsequentlyanimportantprincipleofPRAistosharetheresultsoftheanalysis
betweenthePRAteamandthecommunitymembersbyvisualization,public
presentationsanddiscussionsduringmeetings.
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9. Contd.
•MostPRAworkshopslastfrom3to5daysandtheplanningof
theworkshopandthefacilitationoftoolsisdoneina
multidisciplinaryteamofinsidersandoutsiderswhichisgender
balanced.
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10. SomePrinciplesthataresharedbyPRAand
RRA:
•Offsettingbiasesthroughdifferent:perspectives,methodsandtools,sourcesof
information,peoplefromdifferentbackgroundandplaces,backgroundofteam
members(gender,agegroups,interestgroups,keyinformants,wealthgroups,
professionals,disciplines)
•RapidandProgressiveLearning:(flexible,interactive)
•BeGendersensitiveatalltimes
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11. Contd.
•Reversalofroles(Learningfrom,withandbylocalpeople,
elicitingandusingtheirsymbols,criteria,categoriesand
indicators;andfinding,understandingandappreciatinglocal
people'sknowledge)
•FocusedLearning
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12. Contd.
•Seekingfordiversityanddifferences:Peopleoftenhavedifferent
perceptionsofthesamesituation!
•Attitude:InordertomakethePRAorRRAworkshopsansuccess
itismostimportantbuildapositiverelationshipwithlocalwomen
andmen.Outsidersmusthaveanattitudeofrespect,humilityand
patience,andawillingnesstolearnfromthelocalpeople.
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13. Modified PRA tools
•Resource Map
•Social Map
•Wealth Ranking Objectives:
•Local Perceptions of Malnutrition Mapping Objectives:
•Venn Diagram on Institutions
•Resource Cards
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14. Contd.
•SeasonalCalendar
•IncomeandExpenditureMatrix
•DailyActivityClocks
•Focusgroupdiscussion:ConstraintsandOpportunitiestoachieving
NutritionandHouseholdFoodSecurity
•SemiStructuredInterview:HouseholdCaseStudy
•CommunityWorkshop
•DailyEvaluationandPlanningMeetingNabina Paneru