PRACTICAL RESEARCH CHAPTER 1 LESSON 2.pptx

PRACTICAL RESEARCH CHAPTER 1 LESSON 2.pptx

1. Unit 1: Nature of Quantitative Research Lesson 2 Types of Quantitative Research

2. Have you ever looked around and wondered how things are related to one another? ‹#›

3. ‹#› Identify the different types of quantitative research. Explain the characteristics of each type of quantitative research. Apply the types of quantitative research that is appropriate for each specific field. ‹#›

4. ‹#› ‹#› What keywords come to your mind when you hear the words survey? experiment?

5. How would you describe a survey and an experiment based on the common key words you listed? ‹#›

6. Quantitative Research Quantitative research is defined as “a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables” (Creswell, 2009). Quantitative research may either be correlational or causal . ‹#›

7. Quantitative Research ‹#› In general, quantitative research focuses on the following: collection of observable and measurable data standardized data collection instruments statistical techniques in data analysis

8. Correlational Research Correlational research involves identifying relationships between two variables. A correlation is “a statistical measure of association between two variables” (Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009). ‹#› ‹#› Causal Research Causal research looks at causes and effects. A causation refers to “the claim that a change in one variable creates a change in another variable” (Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009).

9. ‹#› What is the difference between correlation and causation ?

10. Correlational Research ‹#› Correlational research looks at the following: whether an association exists between variables the magnitude of the existing association between two variable s the direction of the association between two variables

11. Correlational Research ‹#› Example: An example of correlational research is the relationship between hours of sleep and test scores among students. Based on the main focus points of correlational research, the following results are possible: There is no significant relationship between hours of sleep and test scores among students. Higher test scores are related to more hours of sleep among students.

12. Application of c orrelational research ‹#› Correlational research is often used in quantitative research in the social sciences (e.g., quantitative research in psychology, political science, economics, etc.)

13. Application of correlational research ‹#› In psychology , correlational research is used to look at patterns and associations of human behavior. An example is looking at whether there is an association between the number of hours a student spends on social media and his/her academic performance.

14. Application of correlational research ‹#› In economics , correlational research may also be used to determine what affects, or is affected, by certain economic variables. An example is looking at the relationship between the foreign exchange rates and the credit rating of a particular country.

15. Application of correlational research ‹#› In political science , correlational research may also be used to study whether an association exists between different political variables. An example is looking at the relationship between crime rate and the number of votes a politician garnered during an election.

16. ‹#› While correlational quantitative research can determine whether a relationship exists between two variables , it does not say that one variable causes the other.

17. Causal Research ‹#› Causal research deals with cause and effect .

18. Causal Research ‹#› Example: Examining the cause and effect relationship between a food ingredient and the rate of decay of a food sample. A possible research study based on this example can examine how an additional unit of the food ingredient (cause) leads to faster decay of the food sample (effect) .

19. Application of causal research ‹#› Causal research is often used in studying the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, physics, etc.), but it is not exclusive to this field.

20. Application of causal research ‹#› In chemistry , causal research is applied in the conduct of chemical experiments to see whether a change in the quantity of one substance affects the characteristics of another substance.

21. Survey Research Survey research is a correlational type of quantitative research. This design makes use of a questionnaire as its main data collection tool. ‹#› ‹#› Experimental Research Experimental research is aimed at causation . With the use of the cause-and-effect logic , it looks at whether the application of a treatment, known as an intervention , causes an effect on the sample being experimented on (Creswell, 2009; Leavy, 2017).

22. ‹#› Main components: Survey Research Survey design Population and sample Survey instrument Data analysis and interpretation

23. ‹#› Survey design It may be cross-sectional or longitudinal. A cross-sectional survey acquires information at one point in time. A longitudinal survey acquires information at multiple points in time to compare, contrast, and assess changes in responses. Survey Research

24. ‹#› Population and sample A population is a general group of people with similar characteristics. A sample is a subgroup of the population that is chosen, either randomly or purposively, to participate in the survey research. Survey Research

25. ‹#› Survey instrument It is also called the questionnaire . It contains closed-ended questions with fixed answers that will be given to the selected sample. Survey questions may ask about behavior, attitudes/beliefs/opinions, characteristics, expectations, self-classification, or knowledge. Survey Research

26. ‹#› Survey Research Survey question category Sample question Behavior How frequently do you use social media applications? Attitudes/beliefs/opinions What do you think about animal therapy? Characteristics What is your highest educational attainment? Expectations Do you plan to visit a coffee shop in the next two weeks? Self-classification Do you consider yourself socially aware of current events and issues? Knowledge Who is your student council batch representative?

27. ‹#› Data analysis and interpretation The analysis is both descriptive and inferential . A descriptive analysis provides a general report of the results of the survey which may include frequencies or average scores. An inferential analysis makes comparisons among the survey results to establish and explain relationships. Survey Research

28. Application of survey research ‹#› Field of study Sample application of survey research Medicine Patient preference for consultation schedules Chemistry Most common chemical substances in high school laboratory experiments Biology Most common inherited genetic diseases among males Psychology Collection of demographic data (basic information) on experiment participants Political science Voter preference in presidential elections Economics Level of income per household Culinary arts Level of satisfaction for a particular dish Business Most preferred mobile phone brands

29. ‹#› The main components of a survey research are the survey design, population and sample, survey instrument, and data analysis and interpretation.

30. ‹#› Experimental research is a type of quantitative research aimed at causation . Experimental Research

31. ‹#› Main components: Experimental Research Respondents Variables Stages of the Experimental Procedure Instrumentation and materials Experimental procedures Data analysis and interpretation

32. ‹#› Respondents The respondents in an experimental research are selected and differentiated into groups . The experimental group receives the experimental treatment or intervention. While the control group does not receive an intervention, it is still a part of the experimental research to assess similarities or differences with the results drawn from the experimental group. Experimental Research

33. ‹#› Variables The independent variable is the treatment variable. It causes and explains the effect. The dependent variable is the outcome variable. It is the effect. It is the response to the application of or changes in the independent variable. Experimental Research

34. ‹#› Stages of the Experimental Procedure Experimental Research Pretest Actual intervention Posttest This is the stage prior to the actual intervention. There is no interaction yet between the variables of the study. This is the conduct of the experiment or the application of the intervention itself. This is the stage after the actual intervention. It is the stage after the interaction of the independent and dependent variables.

35. ‹#› Instrumentation and materials Different research instruments and materials are used in the pretest, posttest, or actual intervention stages. An instrument in an experimental research is used to record the observations at any stage of the experiment. Experimental Research

36. ‹#› Experimental procedures They differ according to the group studied and the actions done to the group. Experimental Research Pre-experimental design It studies and provides an experimental intervention to a single experimental group. It does not make use of a control group. True experiment It makes use of both experimental and control groups whose respondents are randomly assigned. Variants of true experiments differ according to the participation of the experimental and control groups in the different stages of procedure.

37. ‹#› Experimental procedures They differ according to the group studied and the actions done to the group. Experimental Research Quasi-experiment It uses both experimental and control groups. It differs from a true experiment in that the respondents are not randomly assigned into groups. Single-subject design It only has a single individual as the lone participant of the experiment. The experiment proceeds by observing the individual at different experimental stages and over time.

38. ‹#› Data analysis and interpretation Similar to a survey research, results in experimental research are analyzed in both a descriptive and an inferential manner. What sets experimental research apart from survey research is the overall goal of causation and not correlation. Experimental Research

39. Application of experimental research ‹#› Field of study Sample application of experimental research Medicine Effectiveness of vaccines Chemistry Factors behind the speed of crystal formation Biology Effects of a new brand of fertilizer on the growth of crops Psychology Psychological experiment on the effects of cooperation on team dynamics Political science Mock elections involving candidates with predetermined characteristics and effects on the number of votes won Economics Simulation of buy-and-sell trading Culinary arts Impact of a particular ingredient on nutritional value Business Pilot study on a new business concept

40. ‹#› Remember the difference between causation and correlation in distinguishing survey research and experimental research.

41. ‹#› An experimental research is composed of respondents, variables, stages of the experimental procedure, instrumentation and materials, experimental procedures, and data analysis and interpretation.

42. ‹#› What other fields of study can quantitative research be applied to?

43. Practice Think of a relationship between two objects and/or phenomena. Identify whether the relationship can be analyzed through correlation or causation. ‹#›

44. ‹#› Correlational research looks at the relationship between variables. It examines the association, magnitude, or direction of the relationship between variables. Causal research examines the changes in variables following the cause and effect logic. It specifically looks at how one variable is either the cause or the effect of the conditions of another variable.

45. This type of survey research collects responses from participants at one point in time. Quick Check ‹#› ‹#› ‹#› ‹#› ‹#›

46. This type of experimental research is focused on a single group. Quick Check ‹#› ‹#› ‹#› ‹#› ‹#›

47. Which survey question category does this question belong to: What do you think is the biggest contributor to climate change? ‹#›

48. ‹#› Quantitative research may be correlational or causal. Correlational quantitative research looks at relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Causal quantitative research looks at causes and effects of a certain phenomenon.

49. ‹#› The types of quantitative research include survey research and experimental research.

50. ‹#› Survey Research survey design population and sample survey instrument data analysis and interpretation Experimental Research respondents variables stages of the experimental procedure instrumentation and materials experimental procedures data analysis and interpretation Both survey research and experimental research are applicable in various fields and disciplines of study.

51. ‹#› Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd ed. California: SAGE Publications Inc., 2009. Gray, Paul S., John B. Williamson, David A. Karp, and John R. Dalphin. The Research Imagination: An Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2007. Leavy, Patricia. Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches. New York: The Guilford Press. 2017. Neuman, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , 7th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited., 2014. Vanderstoep, Scott W., and Deirdre D. Johnston. Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass., 2009.