Practice weeding and cultivation

for grade 9 students..

1. Practice Weeding and Cultivation

2. OBJECTIVES 1.Recognize the importance of weeding and cultivating 2. Identify the types of weeds and methods of controlling them. 3. Perform weeding and cultivating using appropriate tools and implements. 4. Recognize value of cleanliness and sanitation.

3. Definition of terms Weeds - plants, whether wild or cultivated which are growing in place where they are not wanted. Weeding – removing the weeds which a crop grower has to do repeatedly after planting and before harvesting the crop. Cultivation - process of loosening or breaking up the soil about growing crops of plants in order to maintain it in condition favorable for their growth. Soil tilth – the coarseness or fineness of the soil Hilling up - a kind of cultivation by bringing the soil towards the base of the plant to cover fertilizer and control weeds.

4. WHY SHOULD WE CONTROL WEEDS? Weeds cause decrease in crop production because they compete for the nutrients, moisture, light and space. Weeds increase labor and production cost. Some weeds harbor plant pests which may affect plant growth and yield. Weeds clog irrigation and drainage canals or ditches hampering flow of water resulting to overflow and waste of water resources. Some weeds are injurious to man and animals. Weeds lower land value. Root weeds interlace with roots of plants which makes cultivation and weeding difficult.

5. Types of WEEDS Grasses. Are monocotyledonous plants which have long, narrow, two-ranked, usually flat leaves with parallel weins and wound, hallow stems. Examples Echinochloa crusgali ( L.Beauv .) local names: Philippines Dayakibok Tagalog Dauadaua Bicol Lagtom Japan Inubie

6. b. Echinochloa colunum Local names: Philippines Bulang tiribuhan Ilocano Dakayan Thailand Thai-Yak Nok Sri Champu 2. Sedges. Are similar to grasses but have three-ranked leaves and triangular solid stems. Examples: a. Firmbristylis littoralis Gaud Local names: Tagalog ubod-ubod Pangasinan Gumi Ilocano Siraw-siraw

7. b . Cyperus iris Linn. Local names: Philippines Alinang , sud-sud Tagalog Taga -t Japan Kogome-gayatsuri 3. Broadleaved weeds. Are dicotyledonous plants with net-veined leaves. Examples: Monocharia vaginalis Presl . Local names: Philippines Gabing uwak Tagalog Biga-bigaan Ilocano Bil-lagut Bicol Upi-upi

8. b. Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn . Local names: Philippines – Dilang Butiki Tagalog – silisilihan Visaya – Mais-mais

9. Methods of Controlling the Weeds I. MECHANICAL METHODS Uprooting the weeds Cutting Flooding or by drying the ground Burning Smothering tillage Smothering-to cover

10. II. CROPPING AND COMPETITION 1 . Through land preparation 2. crop rotation. 3. cover cropping. 4. Intercropping. two or more crops are grown in an alternate order. 5. catch cropping. Crops are grown in between permanent crops

11. III. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Use of clean seeds for planting Use disease- free seeds By pasturing By mulching

12. IV. CHEMICAL METHOD use of herbicides in controlling weeds. This method is not environmentally friendly.

13. CULTIVATION Is a tillage operation of loosening or breaking up the soil in order to maintain the condition for the growth of the crops

14. benefits of cultivation Cultivation aerates the soil to facilitate the respiration of plants roots and micro-organisms as well as to supply nitrogen for nitrogen-fixing organisms. It makes the top soil loose to increase its capacity to absorb the water. It kills the weeds or the chief plant competitor.

15. Methods of cultivation 1. off-barring the soil is cultivated away from the plants. 2. Hilling-up the soil is brought toward the base of the plant to cover fertilizer and control weeds.

16. Objectives of cultivation Destroy the weeds Conserve soil moisture Help conserve food materials in the soil Improve aeration of the soil.

17. Depth of Cultivation should be at a depth of about 5 cm. to kill weeds. Time of cultivation it is done after planting and before the crops cover the ground.

18. Tools and implements/ equipement trowel hoe cultivator

19. Necessary TIPS: Prepare your land thoroughly. Use seeds free from weed seeds. Get acquainted with the nature, life history and habits of the weeds found in your farm. Cultivate and weed your field thoroughly using implements because they are not only efficient but convenient to use In hand weeding be sure that the weeds are completely pulled out instead of merely being cut Practice crop rotation Do not allow weed plants to produce seeds .kill them before they have the chance to reproduce Cultivation should be done as often as necessary to prevent weeds.

20. Evaluation TRUE OR FALSE : write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. All weeds are harmful. Weeds are not host hosts of insects pests which may affect the growth and yield of plants. In order to control weeds successfully, it is important to know their nature, habit, and growth and their methods of natural reproduction. In cultivation you don’t only break the soil but also control the growth of weeds. Cultivation aerates the soil.