Pre history of virus

HISTORY OF VIRUS-PRE HISTORY TO 18TH CENTURY

1. HISTORY OF VIRUS (PRE-HISTORY TO 18 th CENTURY) SUBMITTED TO: Prof.(Dr.) S. Maherchandani SUBMITTED BY: Deepika Jain M.V.Sc (1 st year) Vety. Public Health

2. IN PREHISTORY Over the past 50,000-1,00,000 years, as modern humans increased in numbers and dispersed throughout the world, new infectious diseases emerged, including those caused by viruses. Evidence of viral infection can be found among the earliest recording of human activity, and methods for combating viral disease were practiced long before the first virus was recognized. Herpes viruses first infected the ancestors of modern humans over 80 million years ago.

3. Smallpox, first emerged among agricultural communities in India about 11,000 years ago. The virus, which only infected humans, probably descended from the poxviruses of rodents. Humans probably came into contact with these rodents and some people infected by the viruses they carried. When viruses cross this so-called “species barrier”, their effects can be severe .

4. VIRAL INFECTIONS IN ANTIQUITY Some modern viruses undoubtedly were associated with the earliest precursors of mammals and coevolved with humans. Evidence of certain viral infections has been found, which occurred during this period: Poliomyelitis Small pox Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

5. POLIOMYELITIS (The Year 3700 BC) The first written record of a virus infection consists of a heiroglyph from Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt, drawn in about 3,700 BC. It depicts a temple priest called Ruma showing typical signs of paralytic, poliomyelitis.

6. POLIOMYELITIS (The Year 1193 BC) The Pharaoh Siptah rules Egypt from 1200-1193 BC when he dies suddenlly at the age of about 20. His mummified body lays undisturbed in his tomb in the valley of the Kings until 1905 when the tomb was excavated.

7. CONT… Mitchell, noted the shortening of left leg, which he interpreted as poliomyelitis, in the early Egyptian mummy from Deshasheh . The club foot of the Pharaoh Siptah mummy which shows a severely deformed Pes equinovarus –like left foot and a shortened leg.

8. SMALLPOX (The Year 1157 BC) Archeologists find “dome- shaped vesicles similar to those found in smallpox” on three mummies whose skin, bones and muscles were preserved in 1898. One of these was Pharaoh Ramses V who died in 1157 BC. The mummified head of Ramses V of Egypt (1157 BC) showing the pustular eruption that may have been due to smallpox.

9. TOMATO YELLOW LEAF CURL VIRUS The earliest desciption of a virus- infected plant found in a poem written by the Japanese Empress Koken (718-770), in which she describes a plant in summer with yellowing leaves. The plant, later identified as Eupatorium lindleyanum , is often infected with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus.

10. IN MIDDLE AGES RABIES Rabies, a disease that had been recognised for over 4,000 years, was rife in Europe. The earliest record of canine rabies appears in Mesopotamian cuneiform law tablets from about 2,ooo BC. The law sets a heavy fine for any dog owner who allowed a dog with symptoms of the disease to bite another person. The main vector is domestic dogs, but wild animals such as foxes & bats can transmit the disease to humans.

11. CONT... Aelian remarked that a piece of cloth bitten by a rabid dog could be a potential source of infection to anyone who comes in intimate contact with it. His ominous comment insinuates that mad-dog “venom” could have weapon potential.

12. CONT… The disease’s zoonotic ability thought to have originated in Mesopotamia, reaching in China in the sixth century BC. Rabies was known in ancient Anatolia by the fifth century BC, mentioned by Xenophon & Aristotle. Rabies arrived in Greece in fifth century.

13. EARLY TO LATE MODERN PERIOD INFLUENZA The first known reference to flu comes from ancient documents written by Hippocrates as early as 412 BC . Known as “father of medicine”, he described flu-like symptoms being experienced in northern Greece. In 1357 AD the word for influenza was born from the Italian word for “influence”.

14. CONT... In 1173, an epidemic occurred that was possibly the first in Europe, and in 1493, an outbreak of what is now thought to be swine influenza, struck Native Americans in Hispaniola. There is some evidence to suggest that source of the infection was pigs on Columbus’s ships. During an influenza epidemic that occurred in England between 1557 and 1559, five per cent of the population – about 1,50,000 – died from the infection.The mortality rate was nearly five times that of the 1918-19 pandemic.

15. CONT… The first pandemic that was reliably recorded began in July 1580 in Asia during the summer, and then spread to Africa and Europe. Within six months, influenza had spread from southern Europe all the way to the northern Europe countries, and the infection subsequently reached the Americas. The actual death toll is unknown, bit 8,000 deaths occurred in Rome alone.

16. CONT... The next three pandemics occurred in the 18 th century In 1729 : Influenza pandemic originates in Russia, spreading westwards in expanding waves to embrace all Europe within six months. High death rates are reported. In 1761-1762 : Influenza pandemic originates in the Americas in the spring of 1761 and spreads from there to Europe and around the globe in 1762. In 1780-1782 : Influenza pandemics originates in Southeast Asia and spreads to Russia and eastward into Europe.

17. TULIP BREAKING VIRUS These flowers are famous for being the most expensive tulip sold during tulip mania. At the peak of this tulip mania in the 1630s, one bulb could cost as much as a house. It was not known at the time that the stripes were caused by a virus accidently transferred by humans to tulips. The effect of tulip breaking virus are seen in the striking streaks of white in its red petals.

18. DISCOVERY OF VACCINATION VARIOLATION It is the method first use to immunize an individual against smallpox. The Chinese practiced the oldest documented use of variolation . They implemented a method of “nasal insufflaion ” administered by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils.

19. CONT... In 1717,Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, learned about the variolation . In 1721, at the urging of Montagu and Princess of Wales, several prisoners and abandoned children were inoculated by the pus from smallpox victims, inserted under the skin. Several months later, childrens and prisoners were delibrately exposed to smallpox. When none contracted the disease, the procedure was deemed safe and members of royal family were inoculated. The procedure then become fashionable in Europe.

20. VACCINATION On May 14, 1796, Jenner took fluid from a cowpox blister on the hand of a milkmaid, Sarah Nelmes and scratched it into the skin of James Phipps, an eight- year old boy. A single blister rose up on the spot, but James soon recovered. On July 1, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with smallpox matter, and no disease develop. Thus Jenner had demonstrated smallpox immunization.

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