Precision Irrigation Management.pptx

Precision Irrigation Management

1. Precision Irrigation Management Siddu Malakannavar Agronomy

2. S.N Region Irrigated area (m ha) Irrigated area (%) 1 Africa 14.74 4.9 2 America 46.51 15.6 3 Asia 214.41 71.7 4 Europe 23.38 7.8 Total 299.04 100 Water scenario 20 % of the world's croplands are irrigated; Produce 40 % of the global harvest, irrigation multiplies yields of most crops by 2 to 5 times. Source: ICID (2014-1 Irrigated area :62 M ha Area under sprinkler irrigation : 3.04 M ha Area under drip irrigation :1.87 M ha Micro irrigation(DI+SI) :4.94 M ha % M icro -irrigated area :8.1% India

3. Per Capita Water Availability in various countries (000 Cu. M.) S. No. Country Water Availability (000 Cu. M.) 1975 2000 2025 1. China 3.0 2.2 1.9 2. India 3.1 1.9 1.4 3. Pakistan 5.6 2.7 1.0 4. U. K. 1.3 1.2 1.2 5. U. S. A. 11.3 8.9 7.6 6. Bangladesh 15.8 9.4 6.8 7. Nepal 16.4 8.8 5.5

4. Deep percolation Run off Evaporation from soil surface Evaporation Wind drift Transpiration from vegetation Infiltration Decreased efficiency in conventional irrigation

5. Also called site-specific irrigation A tool of precision farming that involves the delivery of irrigation water in optimum amount over an entire field New generation of innovative systems to monitor and control soil moisture deficiency and irrigation Precision irrigation

6. Driving forces Excessive water application could contribute to surface water runoff or leaching of nutrients and chemicals to groundwater Precision irrigation systems would have the ability to apply water directly where it is needed, therefore saving water and preventing excessive water runoff and leaching Why PI?

7. Internal reasons Very few fields are uniform, the need for irrigation may differ between different zones of a particular field Most currently used irrigation systems apply water at constant rates, therefore some areas of a field may receive too much water and other areas of a field may not receive enough water Why PI?

8. Irrigation scheduling is the heart of precision irrigation, which simply knows where, when to irrigate and how much irrigation water to apply An effective irrigation schedule helps to maximize profit while minimizing water and energy use Precision irrigation scheduling

9. Three ways Measuring Soil-Water Checkbook Method Remote sensing Where and when to irrigate

10. Measuring soil water Quantitative methods Neutron Scatter Di-electric Constant Methods Gravimetric Soil Sampling Qualitative methods Tensiometers Porous Blocks Where and when to irrigation

11. The check-book method is an accounting approach for estimating how much soil-water remains in the effective root zone based on water inputs and outputs (like a daily balance on a bank account based on deposits and withdrawals) Irrigation is scheduled when the soil-water content in the effective root zone is near the allowable depletion volume, otherwise irrigation should be delayed. Checkbook method Remote sensing Satellite image and air photo Infrared thermometry is a more recently developed technique to determine irrigation timing based on plant canopy temperature rather than soil moisture

12. Water resources are unlimited. Water is available at no cost. More irrigation – more yield. Head-reach farmers-right to use any quantity of water. Underground aquifiers supply limitless water. Supply of irrigation water to the farmers is the duty of the Government. Misconceptions about water Resources

13. ➢ Simple and easy to install and configure. ➢ Saving energy and resources, so that it can be utilized in proper way and amount. ➢ Farmers would be able to smear the right amount of water at the right time by automating farm or nursery irrigation. ➢ Avoiding irrigation at the wrong time of day, reduce runoff from overwatering saturated soils which will improve crop performance. ➢ Automated irrigation system uses valves to turn motor ON and OFF. Motors can be automated easily by using controllers and no need of labor to turn motor ON and OFF. ➢ It is precise method for irrigation and a valuable tool for accurate soil moisture control in highly specialized greenhouse vegetable production. ➢ It is time saving, the human error elimination in adjusting available soil moisture levels. Need of Automatic Irrigation

14. Discovered in Israel. Drip irrigation is a micro irrigation method in which the rate of water application is very low and without any pressure. i.e., drop by drop. Discharge rate of water per dripper is generally ranges 1-4 liters/hours. Water flows from the emission points through the soil by capillarity and gravity. 15 Drip Irrigation

15. 16 Sr. No. Country Irrigated area (M ha) Area under Micro-irrigation (M ha) Sprinkler % Drip % Total % 1 Israel 0.23 0.058 25 0.170 74 0.228 99 2 France 1.58 1.42 90 0.103 7 1.523 97 3 Russia 4.45 3.96 89 0.200 4 4.160 93 4 Saudi Arabia 1.17 0.75 64 0.198 17 0.948 81 5 Spain 3.28 0.89 27 1.172 36 2.062 63 6 USA 21.3 9.80 46 1.209 6 11.01 52 7 South Africa 1.49 0.60 40 0.178 12 0.778 52 8 Brazil 3.44 1.20 35 0.378 11 1.578 46 9 India 60.0 1.71 3 0.850 1 2.300 4 TABLE: COUNTRIES HAVING SIGNIFICANT AREAS UNDER MICRO-IRRIGATION

16. 17 S.No State Up to 2005-06 (ha) 2006-07 (ha) Total (ha) 1 Maharashtra 219696 51597 271293 2 Andhra Pradesh 152227 66258 218485 3 Karnataka 114304 21679 135983 4 Tamil Nadu 116665 12241 128906 5 Gujarat 16686 38314 55000 6 Rajasthan 10025 2653 12678 7 Kerala 10559 848 11407 8 Madhya Pradesh 6483 2751 9234 9 Uttar Pradesh 4609 1633 6242 10 Punjab 4262 1141 5403 11 Haryana 4219 1068 5287 12 Orissa 2036 429 2465 13 Chattisgarh 1979 1979 14 Goa 740 8 748 Total 664490 200620 865110 Table : STATUS OF DRIP IRRIGATION COVERAGE IN INDIA

17. A layout of drip irrigation system 18

18. Benefits of Drip Irrigation Reduce Energy Use Reduce Labor Costs Reduce Fertilizer Use Reduce Pesticide Use Improve the Environment Improve Flexibility Reduce Risk Improve Crop Quality and Uniformity Increase Yields Maximize Water Use Efficiency Reduce Energy Use Reduce Labor Costs Reduce Fertilizer Use Reduce Pesticide Use Improve the Environment Improve Flexibility Reduce Risk Increase Yields Benefits of Drip Irrigation

19. Drip method Flood method Water saving High, between 40 and 90 % Less. High rates of evaporation, surface run off and percolation Irrigation efficiency 80 – 90 % 30 - 50 % Suitable water Even saline water can be used Only normal water can be used Efficiency of fertilizer use Very high since supply is regulated Heavy losses due to leaching Water logging nil high Yield increase 20 - 50% higher than flood method Less compared to drip Comparison between drip and flood methods

20. Irrigation Methods Effect On Cane Yield And Water Use Parameters Of Sugarcane Method Yield (t/ha) WU (cm) WUE % saving Raingun 150 171 08.7 21.7 Overhead 157 159 09.8 27.0 Micro 154 152 10.1 30.4 Micro jet 153 149 10.2 31.7 Drip 162 111 14.5 49.2 Surface 134 219 06.1 - CD(P=0.05) 7.3 Rahuri , Maharashtra AICRP on Irrig . Water management report 2011--12

21. 22 MICRO-SPRINKLER IRRIGATION In this system small sprinkler like devices called micro-sprinkler, spray water over soil surface in the root zone at low pressure.

22. Sprinkler system layout

23. Sprinkler system components

24. Sprinkler irrigation in maize and lettuce

25. 29 Micro sprinklers are low capacity water emitters, sprinkler in type, but smaller in size than the conventional sprinklers and with flow rates up to 250 l/hr. They are placed on a relatively close rectangular or triangular spacing for the maximum overlap to irrigate potato, carrot, leafy vegetables, groundnut, onion and other densely planted field crops. This method is reliable, highly efficient, and easy to apply, operate and handle. The system is a seasonal, low pressure, micro-irrigation solid installation which can be easily placed in the field and quickly removed (collected) at the end of the season. It have large orifices cover large area in short time. It minimize the hazard of clogging of emitters by way of larger nozzle orifices. MICRO SPRINKLER

26. 30 Micro sprinkler irrigation under control condition

27. 31 MICRO-JET IRRIGATION Merits- The water discharge rate of the jets (liter per hour) which is much higher than that of the drippers. The individual micro-jet is able to wet larger area of ground than a dripper. It minimize the hazard of clogging of emitters by way of larger nozzles. It has lower application rates. In micro-jet irrigation system water is ejected as fine jet that fan out from a series of nozzles over plant canopy and soil surface at a pressure of nearly one bar.

28. Operating pressure: 1-2 bars Flow rate: 35-250 litres /hr Wetting diameter: 3-6 m Precipitation rate: 2-20 mm/hr Performance Characteristics of Mirco -Jet  Ref: Pressurized Irrigation Techniques By FAO

29. 33

30. 34 Subsurface Drip irrigation

31. Subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) is advancement over surface drip irrigation. Defined as application of water below the soil surface through the emitters, with discharge rates generally in the same range as surface drip irrigation Indicates lateral placement below soil surface. Subsurface Drip Irrigation

32. Reduced evaporation loss Precise placement of water and chemicals More efficient water and chemical use Enhanced plant growth, crop yield and quality Less interference with cultural operations Reduced damage due to weed, pest and diseases Reduced exposure of irrigation equipment to damage No soil crusting due to irrigation Advantages of SSDI over surface drip irrigation

33. 37 Subsurface drip irrigation in cotton

34. particular SSDF CM of cultivation CD (P=0.05) Individual cane weight(kg) 1.52 1.27 0.15 Cane yield(t/ha) 112.7 87.5 3.60 % yield increase 29.0 - - Total water use(mm) 1714 2456 - % water saving by SSDF 30.2 - - WUE(kg/ha-mm) 65.8 35.6 - Cost of cultivation(Rs./ha) 83,562 81,438 - Gross income(RS./ha) 2,25,353 1,75,000 - Benefit-cost ratio 2.69 2.15 - 38 Productivity , WUE and economics of sugarcane under subsurface drip Fertigation Pandian et al ., (2010).Tamil Nadu

35. Pre-requisites for precision irrigation in agriculture 1. Ground water monitoring sensors 2. Irrigation water quality sensors 3. Water conveyance monitoring sensors 4. Canal maintenance sensors 5. Soil moisture sensors

36. Ground water monitoring sensors Real time monitoring of ground water fluctuations Remote sensing based system

37. 2. Irrigation water quality sensors pH Electrical conductivity Turbidity (Sediments) SAR (Sodium absorption ratio) Boron Anions (Chlorine, Sulphate, Carbonates, Bicarbonates) Cations (Na, K)

38. 3. Water conveyance monitoring sensors

39. A. Soil based: Soil moisture Soil Water Content‐based soil moisture sensors (Capacitance, Neutron Probe, Gypsum resistance, volumetric) Tension‐based soil moisture sensors (Tensiometers) B. Plant based: Thermocouple / Temperature Water Potential Gradient Plant wilting system based C. Weather based: Humidity and VPD Irrigation water management sensors

40. IrriWise ™ , IrriWise™ Manager continuously collects data from the field, enabling you to view and analyze data in real time Innovative wireless technology

41. Prospects of Sensors in Water Management

42. USA

43. B. Plant based: Thermocouple / Temperature Water Potential gradient (SPAC) Plant wilting based

44. Leaf temperature based Sold Over 7,00,000 machines worldwide Irrigate 70 million acres worldwide Centre Pivot Thermocouple / Temperature

45. No Sensors Sensor-Based Irrigation Annualized Revenue $66,297.36 $ 145,505.64 Annualized Production Costs $30,539.11 $50,039.93 Annualized Sensor System Cost $ 0.00 $3,755.24 Annualized Profit $35,758.24 $91,710.47 Annualized Profit per Square Foot $1.79 $ 4.59 Percent Change from Base Case +156% Gardenia Profitability Summary The system payback was less than one month!

46. Save Water Save energy and… save life

47. Thank You