PRENATAL TESTING AND DIAGNOSIS.pdf

OM VERMA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING ABHANPUR RAIPUR C.G

2. INTRODUCTION
Scientific evidences shows that advance age
,especially after the 35 year women's who conceive
are at greater risk of pregnancies complication. Ag e
of mother has an influence on the pregnancy and of mother has an influence on the pregnancy and fetus. Advanced maternal age is defined as any
expectant mother of age 35 years or above by the
time she delivers. Majority of women over the age o f
35 years have healthy pregnancies and healthy
babies.

3. MATERNAL AGE:
The age of the mother at the time of delivery . Advanced
maternal age is usually defined as age 35 or more a t
delivery. Advanced maternal age predisposes to Down
syndrome (trisomy 21). The risk of having a Down syndrome (trisomy 21). The risk of having a Down syndrome baby rises with maternal age.
According to M.J. Simmons

4. RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HAVING A BABY AFTER 35 YEAR
All pregnancies come with risks; of advanced matern al age:
Preeclampsia
.
Gestational diabetes
.
Premature birth
or low birth weight.
Expecting twins
.
Expecting twins
.
Miscarriage. Down syndrome
or other
genetic disorders
.
Cesarean section (c-section).
Stillbirth.-A stillbirth is the death or loss of a baby before or during
delivery

5. Higher risk of genetic abnormalities: As maternal age
increases there is an increased risk of Down's synd rome
and other chromosomal abnormalities. Advanced mater nal
age is one of the indications for prenatal testing.
Decreased fertility:
In women, fertility begins to decrease
Decreased fertility:
In women, fertility begins to decrease
from beginning in their early thirties. The concept ion is
delayed in women older than 35 years when compared to
those younger than 35

6. Risk of twins: Advanced maternal age is as sociatedwith higher ris k
of having a naturally conceived (without fertility treatment) twin
pregnancy.
Diseases associated with advanced age: As age increases, the risk
of developing diabetes or high blood pressure, duri ng pregnancy
also increases. also increases. Gynecological problems : -such as pelvic infection, tubal damage,
endometriosis, fibroids, ovulation problems, etc. t end to increase
with age and interfere with fertility

10. A teratogenic agents is a substance that
interferes with normal fetal development
and causes congenital disabilities. Drugs,
alcohol, chemicals and toxic substances alcohol, chemicals and toxic substances are examples of teratogens. Teratogens
can alsoincrease the risk for miscarriage,
preterm labor or stillbirth

11. Teratogenic agents caused deferent congenital abno rmality during a
pregnancy.

15. During the Pregnancy used women drinking alcohol a lso likely has a
harmful effect on embryonic brain developments at all times of
gestation.

18. Fetal hydantoinsyndrome isa characteristic pattern of mental and
physical birth defects that results from maternal u se of the anti-
seizure (anticonvulsant) drug phenytoin(Dilantin) d uring
pregnancy.

19. Fetal hydantoinsyndrome isa characteristic pattern of mental and
physical birth defects that results from maternal u se of the anti-
seizure (anticonvulsant) drug phenytoin(Dilantin) d uring
pregnancy.

20. VITAMIN A
Used in vitamin A during pregnancy Isotretinoinis
responsible for a syndrome including malformations of the
central nervous system, heart and thymus, together wi th
craniofacial defects.
Vitamin A is fat soluble,human body stores excess amounts
in the liver.
This accumulation can have toxic effects on the
in the liver.
This accumulation can have toxic effects on the
body and lead to liver damage. It can even cause birth
defects. For example, excessive amounts of vitamin A during
pregnancy has been shown to cause congenital birth
abnormalities.

21. Thalidomide Used during pregnancy suffering from
women's Hemangiomasare common growths of blood
vessels found on skin due to effect birth defect .

22. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING
PRENATAL TESTING AND DIAGNOSIS
PRESENTED BY
OM VERMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

24. Prenatal testing consists of prenatal
screening and prenatal diagnosis, which
are aspects of prenatal care that focus on
detecting problems with the pregnancy as detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible.
Purpose
:detecting
problems with the pregnancy

28. Chorionic villussampling

29. AMNIOCENTESIS
It is a prenatal testing procedure usually performed
during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. It
can diagnose certain chromosomal conditions (such
as
Down syndrome
) or genetic conditions (such as
as
Down syndrome
) or genetic conditions (such as
cystic fibrosis). During amniocentesis, your healthca re
provider uses a thin needle to remove a small amoun t
of amniotic fluid from the sac surrounding the fetus .
This fluid sample then gets tested in a laboratory.

31. CORDOCENTESIS
itis aninvasive prenatal procedure. It can
obtain a sample of blood from a
fetus's
umbilical
cord to detect blood disorders,
fetus's
umbilical
cord to detect blood disorders,
infections and genetic mutations. It can also be
used to deliver medications or blood
transfusions to a fetus.

32. CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING (CVS),
OR CHORIONIC VILLUS BIOPSY,
It isa prenatal test that involves taking a
sample of tissue from the placenta to sample of tissue from the placenta to
test for chromosomal abnormalities and
certain other genetic problems.

33. FETAL TISSUE BIOPSY
Invasive procedure to obtain fetal tissue such as skin, muscle, or liver
.
tissue such as skin, muscle, or liver
.
Use. Diagnosis of specific inherited
disorders when gene mutation

34. COELOCENTESIS,
whichinvolves aspiration of fluid from the extraembryoni c
coelom, can be per-formed between 6 and 12 weeks'
gestation
.
During a
culdocentesis
a long thin needle is inserted
gestation
.
During a
culdocentesis
a long thin needle is inserted
through the vaginal wall just below the uterus and a sample is
taken of the fluid within the abdominal cavity.Culd ocentesis
isa procedure that checks for abnormal fluid in the s pace just
behind the vagina

35. NON
-
INVASIVE
NON
-
INVASIVE
PROCEDURE

38. CELL-FREE DNA SCREENING
itis a test that can determine if a woman has
a higher chance of having a fetus with Down
syndrome (
trisomy
21),
trisomy
18,
trisomy
13
syndrome (
trisomy
21),
trisomy
18,
trisomy
13
or an abnormality in the sex chromosomes (X
and Y chromosomes). With this test, a sample
of the woman's blood is taken after 10 weeks
of pregnancy.

39. TRIPLE SCREENING TEST
itis a blood test that measures three things
calledalpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic
gonadotropin
and
unconjugated
estriol
. The
gonadotropin
and
unconjugated
estriol
. The
results of the blood test can help doctor see if
baby may be at higher risk for certain birth
defects.