preparation of simple nasal sprays (saline solutions)

ppt

1. Ointments
By:
Dr. Muhannad Omer
MSc Pharmaceutics
4
th
Lab

2. Ointments
•Ointmentcanbedefinedasasemisolidpreparation
intendedforexternalapplicationtotheskinor
mucousmembranesmedically,ointmentsmaybe
dividedinto:
•Non_medicatedointment:Thismaybeusedasa
protector,emollient,lubricantormaybeusedasa
vehiclefortopicalapplicationoftherapeuticagent
•Medicatedointment:Usedfortopicaltherapeutic
effects.

3. Classificationofointmentbases:
•Hydrocarbonbases(oleaginousbases).
• Absorptionbases.
• Waterremovablebases.
• Watersolublebases.

4. Methodofpreparationofointment:
•Incorporation.
•Fusion

5. Note:
Methodsusedforpreparationofointmentdependonthe
natureofingredients.

6. Incorporation:
•Bythismethod,thecomponentsaremixeduntila
uniformpreparationisattained;thisisdonebyusing
mortarandpestleorslabandspatula.Wecansub
dividedthismethodinto:
•A)Incorporationofsolids
•B)Incorporationofliquids:

7. A)Incorporationofsolids:
•Theointmentbaseisplacedononeside ofthe
workingsurfaceandthepowderedcomponents
(previouslyreducedtofinepowdersandthoroughly
blendedinamortar)ontheotherside
•asmallportionofthepowderismixedwitha
portionofthebaseuntiluniform,
•theprocessis continueduntilallportionsofthe
powderandthe basearecombinedand
thoroughlyanduniformly blended and mixed.

8. B)Incorporationofliquids:
•Thesolutionfirstmaybeincorporatedintoa
minimumamountofahydrophilicbaseandthen
thatmixtureaddedtothehydrophobicbase.

9. Liquidsubstancesorsolutionsareaddedtoan
ointmentdueconsiderationofanointmentbases
capacitytoacceptthevolumerequired.
•e.g.:only verysmallamountsofanaqueous
solutionmaybe incorporatedintoan
oleaginousointmentwhereas hydrophilic
ointmentbasesreadilyacceptaqueous
solutions.
CONT..

10. Fusion
•Byfusionmethod,allorsomeofthecomponentof
anointmentarecombinedbybeingmelted
togetherandcooledwithconstantstirringuntil
congealed.
•Componentnotmeltedareaddedto the
congealingmixtureasitisbeingcooledand
stirred.

11. Meltingofthesubstancesisdonebyoneofthe
followingtwo methods:
1.thematerialwiththehighestmeltingpointare
heatedtothelowestrequiredtemperatureto
produceamelt,theadditionalmaterialsthen
are addedwithconstantstirringduring
coolingofthe meltuntilthemixtureis
congealed.
2.Meltingtheentirecomponenttogetherunder
slowly increasingtemperature.

12. •
•Heat–labilesubstancesandanyvolatile
componentsare addedlastwhenthe
temperatureofthemixtureislow enough
notcausedecompositionorvolatilization
ofthe components.
CONT..

13. Simpleointment(B.P)
50g
50g
50g
850g
•
•Woolfat
•Hardparaffin
•Cetoacetylalcohol
•Yellowsoftparaffin

14. PROCEDURE
•weighttheingredients
•thentaketheonewiththe highestmeltingpoint,
putitinthebeakerandinwater bathtillitmelt
(hardparaffin)
•addanother ingredientwiththelowerm.p.(ceto
acetylalcohol)then woolfat,softparaffin.
•Aftertheymeltleavethe beakertocool,then
thecontentwillbesemisolid.

15. Rx
Zincandcasteroilointment
•Zincoxide
•Casteroil
•Cetostearylalcohol
•Whitebeeswax

16. •Thank you