Preparation of the manuscript FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS OF NC.pptx

LECTURE SLIDE FOR RESEARCH

1. Writing Your Research Manuscript Nelia B. Perez, RN, PhD, DNS

2. Thesis title Title reflects content of the thesis Use concise but informative title Thursday, February 24, 2011

3. The Self Esteem of First Time Mothers and their Feeding Choices Assessment of the Expanded Program on Immunization for children in Barangay Calaocan

4. Thesis title Title reflects content of the thesis Use concise but informative title Example Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Ozone- Oxidized Starch Thursday, February 24, 2011

5. Thesis title Be specific & accurate Avoid phrases such as “ A study of... ”, “ An investigation of.. .” Avoid jargon and acronym Thursday, February 24, 2011

6. Contents of Research Proposal Chapter 1 : The Problem and its Background Introduction Statement of the Problem Research Framework Hypothesis of the Study Significance of the Study Scope and Limitations Definition of Terms

7. Contents of Research Proposal II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Review of Literature Review of Studies

8. Contents of Research Proposal RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design Respondents of the Study   Locale of the Study Research Instrument/s Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Tools / Data Analysis

9. Whoa! Can you tell me what is research to you?

10. Chapter 1 - Introduction "The purpose of the Introduction should be to supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without needing to refer to previous publications on the topic. The Introduction should also provide the rationale for the present study. Choose references carefully to provide the most salient background rather than an exhaustive review of the topic." (R.A. DAY)

11. Chapter 1 - Introduction A description of the general problem followed by a statement of the specific problem and the motivation for the study

12. What to write in the Introduction? What do we know about the topic? Provide comprehensive & critical review of the major findings in the area What we don’t know (gap in knowledge) Identifying what the gaps in our current understanding of the field are, and why it is important that these gaps be closed What we are now showing A clear statement summarizing what’s known, what needs to be learned, and what your paper aims to accomplish

13. Writing Good Introduction The first paragraph should provide a brief background in present tense to establish context, relevance, or nature of the problem, question, or purpose (what is known) The second paragraph may include the importance of the problem and unclear issues (what is un- known) The last paragraph should state the ratio- nale, hypothesis, main objective, or purpose (why the study was done).

14. Writing Good Introduction Start by giving a general background ... Alkalising agents are important in the preparation of many traditional starch - based food products . Examples include the use of lime in the production of tortillas and kansui ( a mixture of sodium and potassium carbonate ) in the preparation of Chinese wheat noodles and waxy rice dumplings ……

15. 1 st : What is Immunization. EPI by the DOH. Availability of EPI. 2 nd : What can immunization do to children ? (pros and cons)(vaccine hesitancy) 3 rd : Why am I conducting this research? Who will benefit from the findings of my study?

16. Statement of the Problem The general statement of the problem must capture the title of the study to be followed by specific questions addressing the areas of concern. It should catch the attention of the reader and establish a persuasive context for what follows. The general statement of the problem must capture the title of the study. The specific questions address the areas of concern. It should catch the attention of the reader and establish a persuasive context for what follows.

17. Expanded Program on Immunization for children in Barangay Calaocan This study aims to assess the Expanded Program on Immunization for children in Barangay Calaocan . Specifically, it seeks answer to the following questions: What is the profile of the respondents in terms of their: a. age b. educational attainment c. number of children d. occupation e. Monthly income What are the barriers to accessing immunizations for children 0-6? Is there a significant relationship between accessing of parents of EPI for children and their Demographic Profile ?

18. Theoretical Framework A good theoretical framework gives you a strong scientific research base and provides support for the rest of your dissertation. But what exactly is a theoretical framework? And how do you write one? After you have identified your problem statement and research question(s), it is important to determine what theories and ideas exist in relation to your chosen subject.   By presenting this information, you ‘frame’ your research and show that you are knowledgeable about the key concepts, theories, and models that relate to your topic.

19. Conceptual Framework A conceptual framework should include essential elements that guide research design and analysis. A conceptual framework is a description of an expected relationship between variables that are either written or visual in nature. A conceptual framework depicts what you anticipate discovering as a result of your study. Most common – IPO Framework

20. Hypothesis It states the theory needing investigation: a tentative explanation for a phenomena used as a basis for further investigation. NOTE. The null hypothesis (HO) addresses the assumptions as stated in the Statement of the Problem. The HO is usually stated negatively.

21. Alternative Null Hypothesis : There is no significant relationship between accessing of parents of EPI for children and their Demographic Profile.

22. Significance of the Study This refers to the contribution of the study to decision/ policy makers, recipients of the study, community (local and national level), other relevant stakeholders, and future researchers. Note: List only the major stakeholders as you need to identify appropriate implications to these stakeholders in the decisions you will make in Chapter 5 based on the results or findings.

23. 1. Children 0 – 6 years old. 2. Parents 3. Health Workers. 4. DOH 5. Nursing Students. 5. Future Researchers.

24.   The scope discusses the extent to which the intervening, moderating and explanatory variables are used. The limitations acknowledge the perceived weaknesses and constraints of the study. Scope and Limitations

25. Only the intervening, moderating, and explanatory variables are defined operationally. These definitions need not be based on the definition provided by the dictionary The definitions and models you select also give your research direction, as you will continue to build on these choices in different stages of your project. Definition of Terms

26. Review of Related Literature   The review follows the order of the Statement of the Problem, i.e., the topics being reviewed follow the order of the intervening, explanatory, moderating variables as presented in the Statement of the Problem (NOTE: Whether local or foreign, these are presented whenever it is appropriate) Only the findings are required here. Do not include the design used or recommendations As much as possible place the authors together where appropriate.   Synthesis of Review (Just state briefly the highlight of findings

27. Expanded Program on Immunization for children in Barangay Calaocan Immunization Expanded Program on Immunization Immunization for Children 0 – 6 years old Barriers to Accessing Immunization

28. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design : Quantitative or Qualitative

29. TYPES OF NURSING RESEARCH Qualitative research Quantitative research Outcome Research Phenomenological Grounded theory Ethnographic Historical Descriptive Correlational Quasi- experimental E x p e r i m e n t a 1 l

30. QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS 33 Quantitative Research Qualitative Research 1. Hard science Soft Science 2. Focus: Concise and Narrow Focus: Complex and Broad 3. Reductionistic Holistic 4. Objective Subjective 5. Reasoning: Logistic Deductive Reasoning: Dialectic, Inductive 6. Basis of knowing: cause and effects, relationships Basis of knowing: meaning discovery

31. QUANTITATIVE AND 34 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS Quantitative Research Qualitative Research 7. Tests theory Develops theory 8. Control Shared interpretation 9. Instruments Communication and observation 10. Basic elements of analysis: numbers Basic elements of analysis: words 11. Statistical analysis Individual interpretation. 12. Generalization Uniqueness

32. Population and Sampling Technique Who are your respondents? What are their characteristics How will you identify your target population? What sampling method are your going to use? How many respondents will you recruit from your target population? 35

33. Locale of the Study Where will you conduct the study? Describe it. Why did you chose this locale?

34. Research Instrument/s Questionnaires: Structured lists of questions aimed at gathering data from respondents. Surveys: Tools to capture opinions, typically in paper or online formats. Interviews: One-on-one or group sessions where questions are asked to gather qualitative data. Focus Groups: Discussions among a group of participants guided by a moderator to explore opinions on a specific topic. Observations: The act of watching subjects in their natural environment to gather data on behavior. Secondary Data: Utilizing existing data rather than collecting new data, which can save time and resources

35. Research Instrument/s How to Select the Best Research Instrument Choosing the appropriate research instrument involves several key steps: Define the Research Objectives: Clearly state what you aim to achieve with your research. What questions do you need to answer?. Understand Your Population: Identify the target population for your research. Knowing your audience helps in selecting an instrument that they can effectively engage with. Consider the Type of Data Needed: Decide if you need qualitative data (e.g., insights, opinions) or quantitative data (e.g., numerical values). This will guide your choice between tools like surveys and interviews. Evaluate the Complexity of the Instrument: Determine the level of complexity that is appropriate for your study. Simpler instruments like single-question surveys may suffice for straightforward topics, while in-depth interviews may be necessary for complex issues.

36. Research Instrument/s Assess Validity and Reliability: Choose instruments that have been validated within their field and have demonstrated reliability in previous studies to ensure accurate data collection. Pilot Testing: Conduct a pilot test with a small subset of your target population to identify any issues with the instrument before full deployment. Consider Resource Availability: Take into account your available resources, including time, budget, and accessibility to respondents, when selecting the instrument. Combine Instruments if Needed: Sometimes, using a combination of instruments can provide a more comprehensive view of the research question.

37. Data Gathering Procedure The step by step procedure you will do in data collection starting from : - Obtaining Permission to conduct the research - Selection of Respondents - Informed Consent - Actual Data Collection (Online or In – person) - Tallying, analyzing and interpreting the Data

38. Ethical Considerations What ethical principles will you consider and employ in the conduct of the study? Beneficence? Veracity? Autonomy?

39. Statistical Tools / Data Analysis What tools are you going to use to analyze and interpret your data? - Quantitative Study : Statistical Tools - Qualitative Study : Thematic Analysis