preschooler growth & development assessment

Pre-Schooler Growth and Development with easy explaination

1. WELCOME

2. Practice Teaching on Growth & Development Assessment Of Preschooler Submitted By: Mr. Chirag Christian Ist Year M.Sc Nursing Sumandeep Nursing College

3. Introduction The process of growth and development starts before the baby born, i.e from the conception in the mother womb. The period extends throughout the life cycle. But the principle changes occur from the conception to the end of adolescence. Growth and development are closely related. Each child has individualized pattern of growth and development. Promotion of the child health and care of children depends up on the understanding of the growth and development.

4. Definition Growth:- It the process of physical maturation resulting an increase in the size of the body and various organs. It occurs by multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substance. It is quantitative change of the body which can be measured in inches/centimetres and pounds/ kilogram. It is progressive and measurable phenomenon.

5. Cont………….. Development:- It is the process of functional and physiological maturation of the individual. It is progressive increase in the skill and capacity of function. It is related to the maturation and myelination of the nervous system. It includes psychological, emotional, and social changes. It is a qualitative aspect of maturation and difficult to measure. It is orderly, not haphazard and having direct relation between each stage and the next.

6. Characteristic Of Growth And Development:- It is continuous and orderly process with individual difference and is unique to each child It processes by stages and its sequence is predictable and same in all the children but there may be difference in the time of achievement . There is coordination between increase in size and maturation . They proceed in cephalocaudal and proximaodistal direction.

7. Cont…………. Initial mass activities and movements are replaced by the complex process of the individualized change Rate of growth and development is inter related and rapid in infancy and in puberty but slows in pre-school and school age. Growth and development depends on combination of many interdependent factors especially by heredity and environment .

8. Stages Of Growth And Development:- It can be classified in to two stages Intrauterine / prenatal period Extrauterine / postnatal period

9. Growth and Developmental Of Preschooler

10. Cont…………… During the period of the preschooler the child goes various changes which is slower in nature which as follows…… Biological Development Psychological Development Moral Development Social Development Play Sex Education Fear

11. Biological Development The rate of physical growth slows and stabilizes during the preschooler period The average weight is 14.5 kg at years, 16.7 kg at 4 years and 18.5 kg at 5 years. The average weight gain remains the same approximately 2 to 3 kg. weight

12. Cont……….. Growth in height also remains steady, with a yearly increase of 6.5 to 9 cm and generally occurs by elongation of the legs rather than the trunk Height

13. Cont…………… In preschooler physical properties are the body is sturdy, graceful, agile, and posturally erect.

14. Cont……………….. During this period, most children are toilet trained.

15. Cont ……………. For the most part, motor development consist of increases in strength and refinement of previous learned skills, such as walking, running, and jumping.

16. Gross And Fine Motor Skills Refinement in eye hand and muscle coordination is evident in several areas.

17. At the age of 3 years child can ride tricycle, walk on tiptoe, balance on one foot for few seconds, and a broad jump.

18. Cont………… Broad jump

19. Cont………… By age of 4, children can skip and hop proficiency on one foot and catch a ball reliably.

20. Cont………… At the age of 5 years children can skip on alternate feet and jump rope and begin to skate and swim.

21. Cont……….. skate and swim

22. Psychological Development The psychological Development is further classified in two categories Developing A Sense Of Initiative Cognitive Development

23. Developing A Sense Of Initiative At this stage child are in a stage of energetic learning. They play, work, and live to the fullest and feel a real sense of accomplishment and satisfaction in their activities.

24. Cognitive Development One of the task related to the preschooler period is redness of the school and scholastic learning.

25. Preoperational Phase:- (Piaget) This covers the age group of 2 to 7 years of children and it is divided in two stages The preconceptual phase which is at the age of 2 to 4 years The phase of intuitive thoughts at the age of 4 to 7 years In this stage there is a complete transfer of the behaviour from egocentric to social awareness and ability to consider other viewpoints.

26. Cont…………. Language continuous to develop and during this stage the child becomes to understand and enlightening method is play. Preschooler increasingly use the language without comprehending the meaning of words, particularly then concept of right and left, causality, and time. Children may use the concept correctly but only in circumstances in which they have learned them. Causality resembles the logical thoughts. Preschoolers explain the concept as they heard it describes by other, but there understanding is limited .

27. Moral Development Preconventional or premoral level Spiritual Development Development Of Body Image Development of Sexuality

28. Preconventional or premoral level

29. Cont……………. Young children development of moral judgement is at the most basic level. They have a little if any concern about why something is wrong. They behave because of freedom or restriction that is placed on action. In the punishment and obedience orientation, children judge whether the action is good or bad depending on whether it result in reward or punishment. If children are punished the action is bad, and if they are not punished for it the Action is good regardless of the meaning of the act.

30. Spiritual Development

31. Cont…………… Children gradually learn about the faith and religion from significant others in their environment, from their parents and their religious belief and practice. However the learning of the spiritual belief is influenced by the cognitive level. Preschooler have concrete concept of God with physical characteristic, often similar to an imaginary friend. They understand simple Bible stories and memorise short prayer, and imitates the religious practice for their parents without fully understanding the significance of there rituals.

32. Development Of Body Image They recognize the difference in skin colour and racial identity and vulnerable to learning prejudices and biases.

33. Cont………….. They are aware of the words like pretty and ugly, and the reflect the opinion of others regarding their own appearance.

34. Cont………….. By years of age children compare their size with that of their peers and can become conscious of being large or short, especially if others refer to them as “so long” or “so short” for their age.

35. Cont……………. They also have poorly defined body boundaries and little knowledge of their internal anatomy. Intrusive experience is frightening especially those that disrupt the integrity of the skin, such as injection and surgery .

36. Development of Sexuality In this age duration preschooler develops strong attachment towards opposite sex parent while identifying the same sex parent.

37. Social Development During the preschooler period separation-individuation process is completed. They have overcome much of the anxiety associated with strangers and the fear of separation forms their parents with little or no protest.

38. Cont…………. However they still needs the parental security, reassurance, guidance, and approval, especially when entering in preschooler or elementary school.

39. They can cope with change in daily routine much better than toddlers, although they may develop more imaginary fear. Preschooler gain security and comfort from familiar objects, such as toy, dolls, or photograph of family members.

40. Language The language becomes more sophisticated and complex and becomes a major mode of communication and social interaction. They learn to express feeling of frustration or anger without acting them out. Vocabulary increases dramatically from 300 words at age 2 years to more than 2100 words at the end of 5 years sentence structure, grammatical usage, and intelligibility also advances to the more adult level

41. Cont……….. 3 year old child ask many question and use plural, correct pronouns and the past tense of verb.

42. Cont……… They talk incessantly of weather anyone is listening or answering them.

43. Cont………. They enjoy musical or talking toy or dolls and imitate new words proficiently.

44. Cont………… From age 4 to5 years use long sentence of four or five words and use more words to convey a message such as preposition, adjectives, ands variety of verbs. They answer question such as “what do you do when you are hungry?” by describing the appropriate action.

45. By age of 6 year Children can use all parts of speech correctly except for deviation from the rule They can be define simple things by describing their use, shape, or general category of classification, rather than simply describing the outward appearance. Eg , they define the ball as round.

46. Personal Social Behaviour They are able to verbalize their request for independence and perform independently because of their much refine physical and cognitive development. By 4 to 5 years of age they need little if any assistance with dressing, eating, or toileting.

47. PLAY In this age preschooler especially enjoy associative play group play is similar or identical activities but without rigid organization or rules. Play should provide for physical, social, and mental development. It includes jumping, running, and climbing. Tricycles, wagons, gym, and sports equipments, sandboxes, wading pools, and activities at water Park can help in development of muscles

48. Cont………… They enjoy playing with common house hold items such as broom handle or even items adults consider junk.

49. Cont………… They should be provided with Manipulative, constructive, and creative, and educational toys provide for quiet activities, fine motor development and self expression

50. Cont………… With that dress up clothes, dolls, housekeeping toys, dollhouse, play store toys, telephone, farm animals and equipment, village sets, train, trucks, cars, planes, hand puppets, and medical kits.

51. Sex Education During this period the word “why” seems to supplant the word “no”, which was common in toddlerhood. It is only natural that as they learn about “me” they will also want to know “why me?” and “How me?” Questions Such as “where do baby come from?” are as casual as “what makes it rain?”.

52. Two rules govern answering sensitive question about topic such as sex. The first is to find out that what children knows and think. Eg . year old Sally asked her father “where did i came from?” Both parents quickly took this inquiry for offering a sex education. After the explanation Sally exclaimed”, i don’t know about that! Second rule is that to be honest it is true that much of the current information will be forgotten or misunderstood by preschooler, but the current information can be rested until the anatomic words may be hard to pronounce or even more difficult to remember

53. Fear A great number and variety of real and imagined fear are presented during the preschooler age, including fear of the dark, being left alone, animals, ghost, sexual matters and object and persons associated with pain.

54. Cont……… The best way to help children to overcome their fear is by actively involving them in finding practical methods to deal with the frightening experience. This may be as simple as keeping a night lamp on in child’s bedroom from assurance that no monster lurk in the dark. Exposing the child to the feared object in a safe situation also provides a type of conditioning, or desensitization.

55. Thank You

56. Bibliography Wong’s Essential of Paediatric Nursing Edition: First South Asia Edition, US Edition Marilyn J. Hockenberry , David Wilson Page No:- 335 to 345 Paediatric Nursing Edition:- 3 rd edition Parul Datta page no:- 121 to 136. http://www.drugs.com/cg/normal-growth-and-development-of-preschoolers.html   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development