PRESENTATION 1 - GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES.pptx

We must also take more determined steps to protect the ecosystems that support economic growth and sustain life on earth”

Ban-ki-Moon - 2011

1. GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES

2. “ W e m ust a ls o t a ke m ore determined steps to protect t h e e c osystems t h at s u p p ort e c on o mic g r owth a nd s u stain li fe on e ar th” B a n - k i - Moon - 2011

3. Introduction “What legacy will our generation be remembered for? It is clear that unless the behaviour of this generation changes, there shall be little left for the future generations. Companies will continue to lose millions due to unsustainable production m et ho ds. Sustai n ablle develop m ent i s now urge n t l y re q ui r ed t o address the developmental challenges affecting society today. Sustainable development will enable us to achieve socio- economic development without compromising the prospects of fu t ure genera t ion s t o m eet t heir needs. U n l e ss w e a d o pt sustainable development patterns our growth will be short lived.

4. Em e r gen c e of H u m a n I mp a c t on t he environment

5. R i se i n G l obal c onsum p tio n p a tterns Global population which stood at 1.65 billion in 1900 grew to 6 billion in 2000 and is expected to reach about 9 billion in 2050 Between the years 1900 and 2000 world Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at constant prices increased about 19-fold Du r ing t h e sa m e p e riod ind u s t rial and m a nuf a ct u ring ou t p ut increased by more than fifty fold Total world consumption of marketed energy is projected to increase by 44 percent from 2006 to 2030. 5

6. Industrial development and environmental sustainability Industries considered a hub of sustainable economic growth in world economies, however associated with residuals and environmental issues Industry is a major employer of human resources Many industries use more materials and energy than their production processes require, due to continued use of obsolete and inefficient technologies and methodologies. Producers and consumers have adopted patterns of production and consumption that do not take into consideration the limits of the planet’s available resources and its assimilative capacity for emissions, a situation further complicated by continued population growth. Climate change is one main consequence, but loss of biodiversity, land degradation and desertification, air pollution, surface and groundwater pollution, chemical contamination are also important. Current production systems are therefore unsustainable: they do not allow today’s needs to be met without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

7. Res o urce intens it y i n em e rging economies ) Source: (SERI, 2010)

8. F u n ct i onal l i m i t of eco n omic g r o w th Impact on nature Q uality of life Economic growth 8 Unsustainable patterns of production and consumption

9. T w o p l a n e t s n e e d ed b y 2050 1900 2100 2002 2050 If current patterns of production & consumption are maintained 9

10. T h e d e - c o upl i n g c h a l l e nge Use of nat u r e Quality of life Economic growth Changes on Production and Con s ump t ion Changes on P r oduct i on 10

11. 11 Resource use Human well-being Economic activity (GDP) Environmental impact Resource decoupling Impact decoupling time Source: International Resource Panel (2011) D e co u p lin g as p o l i c y i m p e rat i ve

12. Decoupling Concept The concept of decoupling means that humanity can continue to meet increasing wants without straining the environment and resource extraction in the process. Industries have a role to play in the process of achieving decoupling.

13. Wh a t i s de c o u plin g? Absolute decoupling An absolute reduction in total resource use , even as GDP continues to grow Relative decoupling A reduction in the resource intensity of the economy i.e. the rate of increase in resource use is lower than the rate of increase in GDP .

14. Global Energy Crisis

15. G l o b a l P e rs p ect i ve s a nd N a t io n a l C o n t e xt “Current global MSW generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per year, and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025.” - World Bank, 2012 New waste streams such as electronic waste are fast growing and adding a burden to the already existing solid was management challenges

16. T h e c a l l f or s u stain a bl e de v e l opme n t “Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations to meet their own needs”

17. P r ogr ession of S ust a i n a b le Development Discourse 1987 Brundlandt C o mm ission “Our C o mm on Future” 1992 RIO Summit “Agenda 21” 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) “Johannesburg Plan of I m ple m en t a t ion” 2012 RIO +20 Summit “Our Common Future” Themes Green Economy Institutional Framework for Green Economy 2015 Post 2015 D e v elop m ental Agenda Sustainable D e v elop m ent Goals

18. W h at i s a Gr e en E c o n omy? Results in improved human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities . – The Rio+20 Outcome Document, “The Future We Want”, endorsed the green economy as a tool for achieving sustainable development

19. THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA/AGENDA 2030 17 GOALS 169 TARGETS “The post 2015 development agenda defines a period that is guided by the new Sustainable Development Goals as from 2016-2030”

20. Sustaina b le De v elopm e nt Goal s (SDGs) Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

21. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts* Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

22. G l obal S u s tain a bi l it y C ha l leng es

23. Globa l Environmenta l Challeng e s Waste generation e.g Municipal Solid Waste, Industrial waste Air pollution, Climate change and global warming Depletion of the ozone layer Hazardous chemicals and waste Water pollution Electronic waste Deforestation Land degradation and soil loss

24. Waste generation Ima g e S ou r c e: K h is a , 2 9 ) ; ( M u z a m w 2 e 5 se, 2 1 4 ) ; I m a g e S o u r c e : ( UNI D O / M i c r o s o ft / CPCT/ CM P A , 20 1 1 ) “Current global MSW generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per year, and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025.” - World Bank, 2012

25. Opportunities for Waste to Energy – Case study – Sudokwon Landfill South Korea

26. C h a ll enges i n so l i d w a s t e m a n a g e ment Lack of policy frameworks of waste management in selected countries Weak enforcement of existing policies and laws; Lack of integrated solid waste management frameworks; Lack of segregation and separation at source Poor physical infrastructure for waste management Financial constraints in the adoption and adaptation of new and environmentally friendly technologies; There is a marked deficiency in market based instruments that can encourage private sector involvement in solid waste management; Image Source: Khisa, 2009); (Leuenberger, 2014)

27. C h a ll en g es i n s o li d w a s t e m a n a g e me n t i n Africa Uncoordinated efforts among civil society, and private sector players in solid waste management Insufficient number of trucks and other solid waste management equipment Lack of adequate maintenance costs of solid waste management equipments; Lack of sanitary engineered landfills; Limited facilities for separation and treatment of hazardous wastes; Lack of adequate sanitary engineered landfills Improper waste disposal methods (open waste dumping is common in the continent);

28. Challenges in solid waste management in Africa Immense health risks associated with the informal management of mixed waste streams (hazardous and non-hazardous ones); Lack of education on good waste management practices; Negative perceptions/ attitudes towards waste management; Low levels of waste recovery and recycling; Limited numbers of waste recycling companies, treatment and waste recovery schemes; Poor road infrastructure and transport networks for urban solid waste management;

29. Need for ISWM ( S o u r c e : UNEP , 2009 )

30. Water Pollution Industrial activities and disposal of effluent cause pollution of water bodies. Sewage disposal, use of toxic agrochemicals use of mercury and cyanide in artisanal gold mining activities pose risk to water quality. Images: Leuenberger; 2014

31. S el e c te d I nd u s tria l Se c t o rs a n d t h e i r w as te Industrial Sector Major Waste Products Leather Chromium salts, Sulphides, Dyeing chemicals Steel Making Metal oxides Textiles and garment production Dyeing chemicals; Chlorine Cement Production Silica Mining Mercury, Cyanide Pulp and paper Alcohols, lignin, SO2, CO2 Brewing BOD, COD, Caustic, keisehlough Dairy BOD, COD Pesticides Manufacturing Volatile Organic Compounds

32. M a jo r i ndustria l p o l lut a nts a nd e f f ects Industrial Pollutant Effects Heavy metals e.g Mercury, Chromium, Cadmium; Lead Neurotoxicity in young children Eco-toxicology in aquatic organisms Bioaccumulation Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) e.g DDT, Lindane Bioaccumulation Long range transport Dangerous at low concentrations High resistance to degradation Waste oils Carcinogenic and reproductive effects

33. G l o b al W a r m i ng a n d C li m a t e C h a n g e The oxides of sulphur, carbon and nitrogen that are produced during combustion processes are the main causes of the Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change . Combustion processes involving fossil fuels are the major sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

34. G l o b al W a r m i ng a n d C li m a t e C h a n g e The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that the earth’s global temperatures could rise by up to 2 Degrees Celsius of air emissions are not reduced from different sectors of the economy including industry. Climate change has potential to result in increased drought, flooding, heat waves, tsunamis among other extreme weather events reduced agricultural productivity and emergence of diseases and pests. This has more significant effects especially in developing countries which have low resilience and are highly vulnerable to effect of climate change.

35. G l obal w a rming a nd c l imat e c hange Increased concentration of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere results in the greenhouse effect and a gradual increase in the earth’s temperatures

36. Ozone Depletion Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) CFCs are responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer include the following Aerosol propellants Refridgeration chemicals Dry Cleaning chemicals Organic solvents Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Fast food containers Incineration of vinyl chlorides Image Source: (Leuenberger, 2014) Ozone hole caused by reactions with CFCs

37. Deforestation The main drivers of rapid deforestation are : industrial-scale agriculture such as soya and palm oil production and cattle ranching industrial logging driven by international demand for timber poverty and population pressure as people seek farmland, fuel wood building materials infrastructure development, especially for roads, mining and dams Destruction of rest land causes loss of biodiversity Image Source: (CCMP, 2009)

38. D e f o r esta t ion “Deforestation, mainly through the conversion of forests to agricultural land, continues at an alarming rate of approximately13 million hectares per year (for the period 1990–2005). Deforestation results in the release of the carbon originally stored in trees as carbon dioxide emissions. This occurs rapidly if the trees are burned and slowly if the wood and leaves decay naturally (CCMP, 2009) According to FAO, 2015 Zimbabwe has an annual forest loss of 300 000ha/year and this rate is not sustainable

39. D e f ores t at i on – i m pa c t on n o n - forest b a sed industries Deforestation has the potential to affect the viability of non- forestry based industries e.g. beekeeping, mushroom production and edible worms processing Image Source: (Mukwazhi; 2014; Katebe; 2013); Mukwazhi 2013; Apiconsult , 2015

40. C h a ll enges i n u p - s ca l in g s u s tai n a b le d e v e l o p ment i n d e v e l o p i ng c o u n t r ies Inadequate mainstreaming of sustainability into policy frameworks Lack of coherent policy that support, scattered regulations and policy covering the Where policies exist, implementation remains a challenge Lack of adequate economic instruments to promote adoption of green technologies Limited awareness on the sustainable development concept amongst various stakeholders Limited access to technologies Lack of green funds to support corporate initiatives. Isolated approaches and limited collaboration among stakeholders Emphasis on pilot projects without full scaling-up and replication Perceptions – sustainability regarded as a foreign concept for stalling development of developing countries

41. S t a k e h o l der c o l l abora tio n i s k e y t o w a r ds s u s ta i na b l e d e v e l op m ent Public Private Partnerships Who are the Key Stakeholders? Government and Policy Makers Environmental Management Agency Industry/Private Sector Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA) Civil Society/NGOs Academia Research Institutions Financial Institutions Media Energy Service Providers e.g Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) Communities