Presentation - Applied aspects of vipaka.pptx

Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya (Rasapanchakas). In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages:
Avasthapaka
Nishtapaka

Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion.
In charaka the word “prapaka” is used as the synonym for avasthapaka.
Nishtapka or Vipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism.

1. Applied aspects of vipaka DR. MADHUBALA P GOPINATH 1 st Year PG SCHOLAR DEPT. OF DRAVYAGUNAVIJNANA GAVC, TRIVANDRUM

2. CONTENTS

3. CONTENTS (2/2) 6. ACTIONS On  doshas On dhatus On malas 7. VIPAKA UPALABDHI HETU 8. VIPAKA VIPARYAASA HETU 9. VIPAKA PRADHANYATA 10. MODERN ASPECTS OF VIPAKA CONCLUSION

4. INTRODUCTION The ultimate aim of Ayurveda is to preserve health and cure diseases, which means to achieve the equilibrium of doshas , dhatus and malas . Thorough knowledge of dravya (used as food or medicine) is quintessential to maintain this equilibrium. Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya ( Rasapanchakas ) द्रव्ये रसो गुणं वीर्यं विपाकःशक्तिरेव च | पदार्थाःपञ्चतिष्ठन्ति स्वं स्वं कुर्वन्ति कर्म च || ( भा. प्र ) दव्यरसगुणवीर्यविपाकनिमित्ते च क्षयवृद्धि दोषाणाम् साम्यं च | ( सु. सू )

5. Introduction (2) In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages: Avasthapaka Nishtapaka Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion . In charaka the word “ prapaka ” is used as the synonym for avasthapaka . Nishtapka or V ipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism .

6. CLASSIFICATION OF PAKA

7. AVASTHA PAKA VERSES DIGESTION

8. First stage of digestion Stage of digestion starts in oral cavity –Break down of starch by Salivary amylase- action persists for 1 hour after food leaves mouth & at fundus till it is inactivated by stomach Hcl Comparable to Madhura avastha paka

9. Second stage of digestion HCl & Carbonic acid production by parietal cells of stomach Lingual lipase – active- in acidic medium- triglyceride break down Lipids are acted up on by gastric lipase Partial digestion of proteins by pepsin – from chief cells Protein & fat rich diet spend more time in stomach- emptying time is longer

10. Second stage of digestion Digestion of carbohydrates in the form of Sucrose, Lactose & Maltose – in SI with the help of sucrase, lactase & maltase Protein digestion – completed by amino peptidase & Dipeptidase Lipid – Emulsified by bile & acted up on by pancreatic lipase- breaks down into fatty acids & monoglycerides Absorption of monosaccharides, amino acid, di & tri peptides, fatty acid, glycerol & monoglyceride – in SI ( about 90% of absorption) Stage of digestion from production of HCl to completion of digestion of protein, carbohydrates & fats – comparable to Amla avastha paka

11. Final (Third) stage of digestion No enzymes – produced Fermentation of remaining carbohydrates by bacteria & release of H2, CO2 & CH4 gases Remaining proteins to amino acids, again to indole, skatole & fatty acids When chyme remains in LI for 3-10 hrs - becomes solid or semisolid due to water absorption – feces Stage of digestion in LI –comparable to Katu avastha paka

12. ETYMOLOGY ( निरुक्ति ) विशिष्ट: जरण निष्ठाकाले रसविशेषस्य पाक: प्रादुर्भाव विपाकः| ( प्रशस्तपाद ) The transformed rasa obtained at the end of digestion is defined as vipaka विशिष्टः पाको विपाकः। ( सु.सू /40/10: डल्) Paka refers to transformation ( parinama ). Vishishta (special action) paka is vipaka . As it occurs at the last stage( nishtakal ) of digestion , also called Nishtapaka .

13. DEFINITION (1/4) 1. जाठरेणाग्निना योगाद्यदुदेति रसान्तरम् । रसानां परिणामान्ते स विपाक इति स्मृत्: ॥ {अ.हृ.सू.9/20} The final outcome of transformation of rasa under the influence of jataraagni is Vipaka

14. DEFINITION RASANTAR/ RASAVISHESHA AVASTAPAKA

15. Definition (2/4) Commentery by Aruna Dutta जाठरेण औदार्येण अग्निना योगात् संश्लेषात् रसानां परिणामान्ते जरण निष्ठाकाले यद् रसान्तरं रसविशेषः उदेति उत्पद्यते स विपाक इति स्मृतः {स.सु- अ.हृ.सू 9/20}

16. Definition (3/4) Commentary by Hemadri रसानां रसवतां द्रव्याणां जाठराग्निना सम्योगात् यद्रसान्तरमुत्पद्यते स विपाक। {आ.र- अ.हृ.सू. 9/20}

17. Definition (4/4) 2. mÉËUhÉÉqÉsɤÉhÉÉå ÌuÉmÉÉMü : | ( U.uÉæ.xÉÔ 1.170 ) Parinama – avasthantara prapti Transformation of dravya into another form is vipaka .

18. ENUMERATION Vipaka is basically classified into Madhura Amla Lavana सर्वद्रव्याणां विपाको जाठराग्निसम्बन्धात् द्रव्यस्य स्वरूपान्तर प्रादुर्भावः। तत्र किञ्चित् स्वादु विपाकम्। किञ्चित् अम्लविपाकम्। किञ्चित् कटुविपाकम्। {इन्दु- अ.स्.सू 7/27}

19. Classification of vipaka There exists difference of opinion regarding no. of vipaka between different school of thoughts. Following are the theories put forth by different scholars: Shadvidha vipaka vada 6 Panchavidha vipaka vada 5 Trividha vipaka vada 3 Dwividha vipaka vada 2

20. classification

21. Shatvidha vipaka According to this school of thought vipakas are 6 in number. There exists different opinions in shadvidha vipaka vada itself. Niyata / Yatharasa vipaka vada Aniyata vipaka vada NIYATA / YATHARASA VIPAKA VADA Its not clear on who supports this theory. We only get cross references in susruta Samhita and rasavaisheshika , both of whom disagree with this concept. Scholars of this view opines that there are 6 vipakas for respective rasas. Madhuraadi rasas will transform into madhuraadi vipakas . The later authors, Yogindranath Sen and Sivadas Sen also mentions this theory that respective rasas undergo respective vipaka with some metaphors – Just like how shali , yava and mudga sprout from their seeds, madhuraadi rasa will not leave their qualities and so undergo respective vipakas

22. Madhura rasa Madhura vipaka Amla rasa Amla vipaka Lavana rasa Lavana vipaka Tikta rasa Thikta vipaka Kashaya rasa Kashaya rasa Katu rasa Katu vipaka However Susruta , Nagarjuna and Vagbhata rejects this theory.

23. However Susruta , Nagarjuna and Vagbhata rejects this theory. REASONS FOR REJECTION 1) Vagbhata puts forth various instances to reject this theory. The above table reiterates that vipaka of a dravya will not be similar to rasa. 2) Also if rasa and vipaka are the same, there was no need for an independent description of vipaka . 3) Badanta Nagarjuna says characterstics of Rasa and Vipaka are different S. NO DRAVYA RASA VIPAKA 1 VRIHI MADHURA AMLA 2 PIPPALI KATU MADHURA 3 AMALAKI AMLA MADHURA 4 PATOLA TIKTA MADHURA 5 KULATHA KASHAYA AMLA 6 HARITAKI KASHAYA MADHURA

24. ANIYATA / YATHARASA VIPAKA VADA According to this school of thought also, vipaka are six in number but is indefinite for a dravya . Its once again not clear about the proposers of this theory. We get cross references from Susruta Samhita and commentators like Yogindranath Sen and Sivadas sen. The scholars of this view opine that predominant rasa overpowers the other rasas during digestion and hence resultant vipaka will be according to the predominant rasa. As it is difficult to assess the predominance of rasa at different stages, it is unable to assess definitely the vipaka of the dravya and hence is indefinite. Madhura rasa dravya may undergo Amla vipaka due to the predominance of amla rasa during digestion and likewise. This theory is also not accepted by other scholars because of its unscientific approach. Also because there are no 6 doshas this cant be accepted.

25. PANCHAVIDHA VIPAKA VADA This thought supports the view that, since ahara consumed by the person is panchabhautika , vipaka is also of 5 types. This is mentioned by Susruta in the sootra stana,46 th chapter But the commentator Sivadas sen contradicts this concept saying that this theory can be explained within Dwividha vipaka vada itself. Here the five vipakas are explained separately by attributing it to each mahabhoota . But these 5 can be under guru and laghu vipaka . Mahabhoota Vipaka Dwividha vipaka vada 1 Prthvi Paartheeva Guru vipaka 2 Ap Apya Guru vipaka 3 Agni Agneya Laghu vipaka 4 Vayu Vayavya Laghu vipaka 5 Akasha Akaasheeya Laghu vipaka

26. Trividha vipaka vada Charaka proposed trividha vipaka vada . Chakrapani explains trividha vipaka with few examples like pippali which has katu rasa but undergo Madhura vipaka and says this may be the probable reason to charaka’s reference of prayaha . Even kulatha is an exception. But finally he concludes, whatever the Vipaka may be, it will be of three types, viz. Madhura, Amla and Katu . Acharya Vaghbata also supports Trividha vipaka vada . In Ashtanga sangraha , we come across a cross reference to Parashara’s view on vipaka . He mentions Madhura, Tikta , Kashaya and Lavana undergoes Madhura vipaka , Katu undergoes Katu vipaka , Amla undergoes Amla vipaka . He argues that if Tikta , Kashaya undergoes Katu vipaka , it becomes difficult to explain the Pittahara karma. But Indu comments Tikta rasa is mainly responsible for pitta shamaka action. In dravyas where the degree of Katu vipaka is weak, there vipaka is suppressed by rasa and exhibits its karma. Ex: though nimba is tikta rasa and undergoes katu vipaka , its pittashamaka as Tikta rasa exhibits its karma Rasa Vipaka 1 Madhura Madhura 2 Lavana ” 3 Amla Amla 4 Katu Katu 5 Tikta ” 6 Kashaya ”

27. DWIVIDHA VIPAKA vada Susruta has proposed dwividha vipaka concept. Acc., to him vipaka is of two types – Madhura and Katu . Madhura vipaka is guru vipaka and Katu vipaka is laghu vipaka . Further Susruta describes Madhura vipaka exhibits certain qualities which have dominance of Prithvi and Ap mahabhoota . On the other hand, Katu vipaka exhibits qualities of Agni, Vayu and Akasha Mahabootas . Both Chakrapani and Dalhana have supported Susruta’s view. Even Badanta Nagarjuna has supported Dwividha vipaka theory. He gives two new terms in addition, chira (guru) and achira ( laghu ) considering the time to undergo paka . BHOOTHA VIPAKA VADA and GUNA VIPAKA VADA are the other names of dvividha vipaka vada .

28. RASA VAISESIKA condemned the concept of three vipakas . He delineated three reasons in support of his view, 1.Kalatah: based on time taken for digestion it is of two types only chirakalika (guru) achirakalika ( laghu ) 2.Gunatah: on the basis of qualities we could classify it to 2 types guru laghu 3.Rasatah: on the basis of rasa also, the categorization can be under two broad categories : madhura , amla, lavana rasas- guru katu , tiktha , kashaya rasas- laghu

29. Shlokas iɧÉÉWÒûUlrÉå-mÉëÌiÉUxÉÇ mÉÉMæüÌiÉ | qÉkÉÑUÉå qÉkÉÑUxrÉÉqsÉÉå AqsÉxrÉæuÉÇ xÉuÉåïwÉÉÍqÉÌiÉ | ( xÉÑ . xÉÔ 40.10 ) rÉjÉÉ UxÉÇ ÌuÉmÉÉMüqÉåMåü oÉëÔuÉiÉå , lÉ ÍpɳÉsɤÉhÉiuÉÉiÉç | ( U.uÉæ 4.31-32 ) MåüÍcÉiÉç mÉÑlÉUoÉsÉuÉliÉÉå oÉsÉuÉiÉÉÇ uÉzÉÉqÉÉrÉÉÎliÉ , iÉxqÉÉSlÉuÉÎxjÉiÉ : mÉÉMü CÌiÉ | ( xÉÑ.xÉÔ.40.10 ) mÉlcÉpÉÑiÉÉiqÉMåü SåWåû AÉWûÉU : mÉÉlcÉpÉÉæÌiÉMü :| ÌuÉmÉYuÉ : mÉlcÉkÉÉ xÉqrÉMçü xuÉÉlÉç aÉÑhÉÉlÉÍpÉuÉkÉïrÉåiÉç || CirÉlÉålÉ mÉlcÉkÉÉ mÉÉMüÉå AÍpÉÌWûiÉ :| (xÉÑ.xÉÔ.46.526) uÉxiÉÑiÉxiÉÑ SÉåwÉÉhÉÉÇ §ÉæÌuÉkrÉÉ̲mÉÉMüxrÉÉÌmÉ iÉSlÉÑaÉÑhÉiÉrÉÉ § ÉæÌuÉkrÉqÉåuÉÉåÍcÉiÉqÉç | (cÉ.xÉÔ.26.58-rÉÉå ) MüOÒûÌiÉ£üMüwÉÉrÉÉhÉÉÇ ÌuÉmÉÉMü:mÉëÉrÉzÉ : MüOÒû | AqsÉÉåqsÉÇ mÉcrÉiÉå xuÉÉSÒqÉïkÉÑUÇ sÉuÉhÉxiÉjÉÉ || ( cÉ.xÉÔ 26.58 ) ̧ÉkÉÉ ÌuÉmÉÉMüÉå SìèurÉxrÉ xuÉɲqsÉMüOÒûMüÉiqÉMü:| ( A.xÉÇ.xÉÔ.1 ) AÉaÉqÉå ÌWû ̲ÌuÉkÉ LuÉ mÉÉMüÉå qÉkÉÑU : MüOÒûMü¶É , iÉrÉÉåqÉïkÉÑUÉZrÉÉå aÉÑ MüOÒûMüÉZrÉÉå sÉbÉÑËUÌiÉ ( xÉÑ.xÉÔ 40.10 ) ²Éæ ²æÌuÉkrÉ SzÉïlÉÉiÉç mÉËUhÉÉqÉxrÉ | ( U.uÉæ.4.50 )

30. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RASA AND VIPAKA RASA VIPAKA Rasa is aswadarupa , known by means of rasanendriya . It is known by means of parinamalakshana . Asukarithwam in action (quick) Vilambitham in action (delayed) Sthanika prabhavam (local effects) Sarvadehikam (systemic actions are seen) Prathyakshagamyam (directly perceivable) Anumeyagamyam , Aptopadesha (perceived by inference) Karmakarana is less Karmakarana is more Manasareera prabhavam i.e. hladanadi manasika lakshanas are produced. Sareerika prabhavam

31. Vipaka taratamata The degree of variation of vipaka depends on the variation of rasa and guna in the dravya . Charaka expresses this as three degrees: Alpa , Madhya and Uttama The Madhura rasa undergoing Madhura vipaka exhibits maximum effect on the body when compared to Madhura vipaka from Lavana rasa with regard to its actions like srushta vinmootra , srushta kapha and shukra vruddhi . This is based only on the action and not on the effect S.N VIPAKA UTTAMA MADYAMA AVARA 1. MADHURA MADHURA AMLA LAVANA 2. KATU KASHAYA KATU THIKTA

32. actions According to charaka S.N TYPES OF VIPAKA PROPERTIES EFFECT ON DOSHA EFFECT ON DHATUS EFFECT ON MALAS 1 MADHURA SNIGDHA GURU KAPHA, VATA-PITTA IMPROVES DHATUS, SUKRALA INCREASES MUTRA AND MALA 2 AMLA SNIGDHA LAGHU E PITTA- KAPHA VATA SUKRAHARA INCREASES MUTRA AND MALA 3 KATU RUKSHA LAGHU PITTA - VATA KAPHA SUKRAHARA DECREASE MUTRA AND MALA

33. actions According to Susruta and Badanta Nagarjuna S.N TYPES OF VIPAKA BHUTA PREDOMINANCE EFFECTS ON DOSHAS EFFECTS ON MALAS 1. GURU (MADHURA) PRITHWI AP KAPHA VARDHAKA AND VATAPITHAHARA SRISHTA VIT MUTRA 2. LAGHU (KATU) VAYU AGNI AKASA KAPHA HARA AND VATA PITH VARDHAKA BADHA VIT MUTRA

34. VIPAKA UPALABDHI HETU Charaka opines that vipaka is determined by its actions on the body. Chakrapani comments that vipaka is always assessed by Anumana pramana i.e it is inferred through its effect in the body. विपाक: कर्म निष्ठया (च सू २४) Commentators Gangadhara and Yogendranath Sen are of the same opinion that vipaka of Dravya can be determined by therapeutic actions observed after digestion. The effect of dravya on dosha, dhathu and mala in the form of kshaya and vruddhi infers its vipaka . It can also be understood by aptopadesha . Vaghbhata also mentions the same by quoting “ dosavruddhi kshaya visheshena vidyaat ”.

35. VIPAKA VIPARYAASA HETU Factors responsible for variations in vipaka Nagarjuna enlists the following as the reasons or factors responsible for variations in vipaka of a dravya : द्रव्यप्रमाण-संस्कार्-सात्म्याग्निबलाबल-देश-काल-संयोग-पाक विशेषैर्विपाकविपर्यास: | (र. वै. सू. अ 4/55) Dravya pramana Samskara Satmya Agnibalaat Deshavisheshaat Kalavisheshaat Samyoga visheshaat Paka visheshaat

36. VIPAKA PRADHANYATA Nagarjuna puts forth the following points in support of vipaka pradhanyata : Dosha prashamana vardhana karanaad Dhaatu upadehaat Vipaka apekshitatvaat Vipaka vaigunya causes dosha Shastra pramanyaat Chikitsa abhaavat Arogya prayojanatwaat Vipaka dushti causing sarva shareera pradosha Shareera anugrahaat

37. MODERN ASPECTS OF VIPAKA Madhura vipaka dravyas end up as absorbable form of nutrients for nourishment like simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids & glycerol End products of Amla vipaka dravyas being acidic in nature augment enzymatic activity inducing rapid catabolism Katu vipaka dravyas being light in nature enhance absorption & metabolism

38. Research points   In recent years, research has emphasized the role of gut microbiota in human health and metabolic processes. A thorough review was done to understand the role of microbiota in drug metabolism if any. The holistic mechanism of gut microbiota coincides to some extent, with the doctrines of Ayurveda in the context of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Hence the elucidation of the concept of  Vipaka vis-a-vis  gut microbiota functions is gaining attention.

39. CONCLUSION Vipaka is a stage after normal digestion It is the result of absorption & metabolism Detected by assumption from the karma performed Difference of opinion gives different ways of perceiving the same basic concept It is an important aspect of food & drug as it is one of the causes of karma Vipaka deals with the digestion, assimilation, metabolism, absorption and bio-transformation of ingested drug or food, it says about what body does with drugs. Vipaka somehow refers final outcome of the biotransformation of the rasa of dravya