Presentation on black gram

Presentation on black gram

1. 1 PRESENTATION ON BLACK GRAM ( Vigna mungo ) AGRN-723 Agronomy of major Cereals & Pulses

2. Introduction Botanical Name: Vigna mungo Family: Leguminoseae. Vigna mungo is an important pulse crop grown throughout India. It is grown in an area of about three million hectares in India. Annual production of urdbean in India is about 1.3 million tonnes. It accounts 13 % total pulses area and 10 % total pulses production in India It is mainly used as 'dal' and in preparation of many dishes in our diet. In southern parts of the country, it is used in preparation of some special dishes. It is very rich in protein containing about 25 per cent protein in its seed. Source - ICAR - Handbook of Agriculture 2

3. It also acts as cover crop and its deep root system protects the soil from erosion. Besides, this green fodder of urdbean is very nutritive and is specially useful for milch cattle . Urdbean being leguminous has the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen and thus helps in restoring the soil fertility . Origin Urd or black gram is a native of India Source - W ikipedia and iKISAN 3

4. (Per 100g of edible portion) Carbohydrate : 58.9% Protein : 25.2% Water : 10.8% Fat : 1.6% Calcium : 138mg Iron : 7.57mg Nutrient content Source – Agropedia from internet 4

5. Are a, production and productivity of Urdbean in India Are a ( 3 million ha) Maharashtra (18.55%), Andhra Pradesh (16.23%), Madhya Pradesh (18.55%), Uttar Pradesh (12.61%), Tamil Nadu (11.00), Rajasthan (4.68), Orissa (4.84%)  and Karnataka (4.06 ) Production ( 1.3 million tonnes) Maharashtra(23.36%), Andhra Pradesh ( 18.50 %), Uttar Pradesh ( 12.29%), Madhya Pradesh ( 11.86%), Tamil Nadu (8.64%), Karnataka (4.57%), Rajasthan (4.29%) and Orissa (3.00 %) Productivity (kg ha -1 ) Andhra Pradesh ( 1447.62), Gujarat ( 976.74), Karnataka ( 937.19) , Maharashtra (872.14) , Uttar Pradesh (748.51) and Madhya Pradesh (711.93) Source – Directorate of Economics and Statistics , Ministry  of Agriculture (GOI) - 2011 5

6. Climate It is generally grown in kharif and summer season. It grows best in hot and humid condition with ideal temperature range between 25°C to 35 ° C. It can be grown successfully from sea level up to an elevation of 1800 meters . Heavy rains during flowering are harmful. It is best suited to areas having an annual rainfall of 60 to 75 cm. Source – IndiaAgroNet.Com

7. Soil Black gram does well on heavier soils such as black cotton soils which retain moisture better. It can be grown all types of soils ranging from sandy loam to heavy clay, except the alkaline and saline soils. Loam or slightly heavy soils with neutral pH are best suited for urdbean . Soil should be will drained and having good water holding capacity. Waterlogged , saline and alkaline soil should be avoided . Source – IndiaAgroNet.Com 7

8. Land Preparation Good land preparations are necessary for better yield of black gram. Land should be ploughed in summer followed by two to three harrowing at pre-monsoon for kharif season. Land should be well levelled. Collect the weeds, previous crops stubbles, stones and clean the field for sowing. If necessary, one pre-sowing irrigation should be given. Source – IndiaAgroNet.Com 8

9. Sowing Method of sowing Sowing should be done in line by drilling method. Seeds should not be sown more than 5 to 6 cm in depth . Time of sowing Middle of June to middle of July is the proper time for black gram sowing in kharif season. In summer, sowing should be done from middle of February to middle of March. Late sowing should be avoided.   Seed treatment Seed should be treated with thiram @ 2.5 g / kg seed. Source – Crop Management (2010) S. S. Singh 9

10. Seeds should be treated with rhizobium culture for atmospheric N fixation Source – TNAU agritech portal 10

11. Seed rate and spacing Season Seed rate Spacing Kharif 12 to 15 kg / ha* 30 X 10 cm Summer 20 to 25 kg / ha* 20-25 X 10 cm * Kharif season crop requires lesser seed rate and wider spacing because of very profuse plant growth but summer season crops need closer spacing and thereby a higher seed rate is required. Source – Crop Management (2010) S. S. Singh 11

12. Varieties Source – TNAU agritech portal 12

13. Varieties Source – TNAU agritech portal 13

14. Fertilizer management The recommended fertilizer dose for black gram is 20:40:40 kg NPK/ha. Fertilizer dose should be applied as per soil test report. Sr . No. NPK dose (kg/ha) Fertilizer   (kg/ha) Time of application 1 . 20 kg N 44 kg Urea Basal application at the of sowing with ferti-cum-seed drill 2 . 40 kg P 250 kg SSP Basal application at the of sowing with ferti-cum-seed drill 3 . 40 kg K 67 kg MOP Basal application at the of sowing with ferti -cum-seed drill Source – IndiaAgroNet.Com 14

15. Irrigation management Kharif season crop is generally given one pre-monsoon at the time of seed bed preparation to ensure good germination but thereafter it does not need any irrigation until an drought occurs, but in summer season irrigation should be given as per critical stages and availability of irrigation water. Number and frequency of irrigation depend upon the soil type and weather. The crop should get irrigation at an interval of 10-15 days. From flowering to pod development stage, there is need of sufficient moisture in the field. Source – Crop Management (2010) S. S. Singh 15

16. Weed management T wo hand weeding should be done once after 20-25 days and second time after about 35-40 days of sowing depending upon the weed intensity. Weeds can be controlled by the use of herbicides if labour is not available i.e . Basalin 1 kg a.i . / ha in 800-1000 litres of water as pre-planting application . Source – Crop Management (2010) S. S. Singh 16

17. Signs of maturity, harvesting & threshing Pods and plant dried, Grains become hard, and moisture in grain at harvesting should be 20-22 %. Pod shattering is common problem in pulse. Therefore picking should be done as soon as pods mature. Harvesting should be done 2-3 pickings. The pods or whole crop after complete drying should be threshed manually or by machine . Yield A well managed crop, as indicated above, may produce 10 to 12 quintals of grain per hectare. Source - ICAR - Handbook of Agriculture 17

18. References Singh, S.S. (2010) : Crop Management , Kalyani Publishers. 4 :192-196. Rai , M. (2013) : Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agriculture Research. 6 :1087-1119. Internet Source : Retrieved from wikipedia : https :// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_mungo Retrieved from iKISAN : http :// www.ikisan.com/up-blackgram-history.html Retrieved from agropedia : http :// agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/area-production-and-productivity-major-pulses Retrieved from Indian Institute of Pulses Research : http :// www.iipr.res.in/e-pulse-data-book.html Retrieved from IndiaAgroNet.Com : https :// www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/crop%20info/black_gram.htm Retrieved from TNAU agritech portal : http :// agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/CropProduction/Pulses/pulses_blackgram.html 18

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