Presentation on Computer fundamentals feb 2025

Computer fundamentals, important parts, software, hardware, types of computers

1. Computer Fundamentals What is Computer? Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. The history of computers can be traced back to the 19th century when mechanical devices such as the Analytical Engine and tabulating machines were developed. However, modern computers as we know them today were developed in the mid-20th century with the invention of the transistor and the development of integrated circuits. Computers are widely used in various industries such as education, finance, healthcare, and entertainment, and they have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. They have also given rise to a new era of technology such as the internet, cloud computing, and mobile devices, which have further transformed our daily lives.

2. Almost everything can be done with the help of a computer. The desired output can be received in just a few clicks. Their use and study of computers are mandatory for students because of their worldwide use and acceptance. Computers have made a vital impact on education, students can learn online, and get the required skills and knowledge just sitting at home, the computers have made the distance virtually zero. The term computer has been derived from the word “ COMPUTE ” which means calculate. Definitions: “The computer was born to solve problems that did not exist before.” — Bill Gates Britannica: A computer is a device for processing, storing, and displaying information. “I do not fear computers. I fear lack of them.” — Isaac Asimov

3. Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc. Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system. Output: Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. Storage: We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.

4. Computer System COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE + USER • Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as Hardware. • Software = Programs Software gives "intelligence" to the computer. • USER = Person, who operates computer.

5. Block Diagram Of CPU The CPU is the brain of the computer system. Without it, a computer is nothing. All the instructions that the computer receives from the user, or a set of instructions, are processed by this ‘ brain ’. This brain then prints out the desired result based on the instructions received and the input that the user made.

6. Major Components Of the CPU Control Unit (CU) The control unit coordinates and controls other functional units of the computer, and is known as the “central nervous system” of the machine. All CPU functions, including ALU operations and data flow inside the CPU, are under the direction of CU. When data is received from users via input devices, the control unit informs the input unit where to keep it and control the flow of data and instructions from memory to ALU. CU directs results from ALU back to memory as well as to the output unit for display on the screen.

7. Major Components Of the CPU Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a major part of the computer’s Central Processing Unit (CPU). The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is the portion of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) that handles all of the Central Processing Unit (CPU’s) calculations. The ALUs work for all math and operations that are related to arithmetical and logical operations. Also, they work on the basis of comparisons. Mostly, they are responsible for performing the decision-making so that they can do most of the operations.

8. Major Components Of the CPU Memory Unit (MU) The memory unit is responsible for storing data and information for the computer’s other functional components. The computer’s memory unit stores the data and information received from the input unit before it is processed by the central processing unit (CPU). There are two types of memory in the computer, which are primary memory and secondary memory. READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contains the pre-programmed computer instructions such as the Basic Input Output System (BIOS). RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is used to store the programs and data that you will run. Exists only when there is power. Secondary Storage for permanent storage, such as hard disk or solid state drives.

9. Basic Hardware of Computer System

10. Computer hardware is a physical device of computers that we can see and touch. For e.g. Monitor, Central Processing Unit, Mouse, Joystick, etc. Using these devices, we can control computer operations like input and output.

11. Software of Computer

12. Computer Software serves as the backbone of all digital devices and systems. It is an integral part of modern technology. Unlike hardware which comprises physical components, software is intangible and exists as a code written in programming language.