Presentation on mechanical engineering

To give basic idea about what fields and subjects mechanical engineer deals with.

2. Mechanicalengineeringisthedisciplinethat
appliestheprinciplesofengineering,physics,
andmaterialsscienceforthedesign,
analysis,manufacturing,andmaintenance
ofmechanicalsystems.Itisthebranchof
engineeringthatinvolvesthedesign,
production,andoperationofmachinery.
MaterialScienceisthestudyofrelationship
betweenstructureandpropertiesof
engineeringmaterials.Thereasonforstructure
inmaterialsismanufacturingprocesslike
machining,casting.

3. Petro-chemicals and
Refineries
Heating,Ventilatingand Air
Conditioning
Engine, Transmissions
Power plants
Designing
Fluid mechanics
Manufacturing
Material science
Stress analysis
CAD and CAM
Measurement and Metrology
Maintenance-
Preventive,Breakdownand
time based.

4. Measurementmaybedefinedasbranchof
engineeringthatdealswithmeasuringdevices
thatareusedtodeterminevariousparametersof
asystemoraprocess.
Measuringinstrumentsareusefulinprocess
industriesliketextileplants,formeasuringand
controllingvariableslikepressure,temperature,
viscosityandflowrateetc.
Therearethreetypesofelementpresentin
generalmeasuringinstrumentwhichare:-

5. 1.Initialsensingelement
2.Signalconditioningelement
3.DataPresentationelement
Initial Sensing
Element
Data
Presentation
Element
Variable
Manipulation
Element
Variable
Transformation
Element
Data
Transmission
Element
Input
Observed
reading
Data
Storage
Element
Block Diagram to represent
the measuring instrument

6. Thisinstrumentisusedtomeasurefluidpressure.Aspressure
increases,thetubetriestoregainitscircularformcausing
movementofpointerthroughgears.

8. U TUBE MANOMETER

9. DIGITAL MANOMETER

10. Itisusedtomeasurelevel
ofliquidinbigcontainers,
Asthelevelofliquidin
vesselincreasesbeyonda
certainlimit,the
diaphragm(flatconvex
type)bendsandthe
motionistransferred
throughrodandlever
mechanismtothelever
whichconnectsthe
pointer,Hereitisdigital
display.

11. RPM is measured by a device called tachometer.
Torque&powertransmittedbyashaftismeasuredby
Dynamometer.
ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

12. MECHANICAL TACHOMETER

13. TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENT
Temperaturedevicescanbeoffollowingtypes:
•LiquidExpansiondevicelikeliquidfilledand
mercuryfilledthermometer.
•Bimetallicthermometer
•Electricalsensorslikethermocoupleand
thermistor
•Pyrometerswhichcanberadiation(700-2000
o
C)
andopticalpyrometer(850-1200
o
C).Itisusedfor
measuringveryhightemperaturewithoutany
physicalcontactwiththehotbody.

14. Bimetallic thermometer

17. VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
Vibrationreferstorepeatedcyclicoscillationsofa
system.Itmaybeduetomisalignmentofmating
parts,unbalancedrotatingpartsorsomeexternal
unbalancedforceorfromdesign,installationetc.
Excessivevibrationsinmachinescanleadto
accumulationofstress,fatigueandultimately
failureofparts.Itcanalsoinduceddimensional
errorsinthecomponentbeingmachined.So
vibrationanalysisisimportantforThermalPower
Plants,Refineriesplant,petrochemicalplants.

18. OUR OBJECTIVES IS:-
•To increase equipment protection.
•To improve safety for personnel.
•To improve maintenance procedures.
•To detect problems early.
•To avoid catastrophic failures.
•To extend equipment life.
•To enhance operations.
Therefore we try to prevent vibration.

19. Some equipments which we need to
analyze are:
•Boiler feed pumps,
•Circulating water pumps,
•Condensate extraction pumps,
•Induced draft fans (ID fan),
•Force draft fans (FD fan),
•Raw water pumps,
•Cooling water pumps,
•Pipe vibrations,
•Journal Bearings
•Gears
•Compressors etc.
Note:
Asautomationisdone
inplantssonowa
dayssoundand
vibrationsoftwares
are used for
measurementandfor
piping special
softwareslikePulsim
,CAESARetcareused.

20. VENTURIMETER
Aventurimeterisessentiallya
shortpipeconsistingoftwo
conicalpartswithashort
portionofuniformcross-section
inbetween.Thisshortportion
hastheminimumareaandis
knownasthethroat.The
velocityincreasesinthe
directionofflowaccordingto
theprincipleofcontinuity,
whilethepressuredecreases
accordingtoBernoulli’s
theorem.

21. VENTURIMETER IN PIPELINE

22. ORIFICEMETER
Anorificemeterprovidesasimplerandcheaper
arrangementforthemeasurementofflowthrougha
pipe.Anorificemeterisessentiallyathincircularplate
withasharpedgedconcentriccircularholeinit.

25. METROLOGY
Itisthescienceofmeasurement,precisionandaccuracy.To
summarize,itisaquantitativeanalysisofaspecimenin
termsoflength,angleorsaylinear,angularmeasurements.
Accuracy:Itisdegreeofclosenessofmeasuredvaluetothe
truevalue.
Precision:Itisdegreeofrepetitivenessorsayclosenessof
measuredvaluewithrespecttothepreviousorconsecutive
values.

26. LINEAR MEASRUEMENT
Itinvolvesmeasurementoflength,thicknessanddiameter,
heightetc.
1.VernierCallipers-Usedformeasuringexternaldia,internal
diaandthickness.Itworksonprinciplethatwhentwoscales
ordivisionsslightlydifferentissizeareused,thedifference
betweenthemcanbeutilizedtoenhancetheaccuracy.

27. 2.Micrometer-Itsworkingmechanismisbasedonprincipleofscrew
andnut,weknowthatwhenascrewisturnedthroughthenutbyone
rotation,itadvancesthroughonepitchdistance.Thusonerotationof
screwcorrespondstolineardisplacementofonepitchlength.Used
formeasuringdiameterofshafts,thicknessofpartsetc.

29. InMaterialsciencewetalkabout3levelsofstructure:
MacroStructure(<100x):Externalgeometrical
characteristicsofamaterialthatcanbeobservedby
nakedeye.ForEg-length,width,grooves,notchesetc.
MicroStructure(≥100x):Internalstructural
characteristicsofamaterialwhichcanbeobserved
undermicroscopeathighmagnificationsoforder≥
100x.Foreg-grains,grainboundaries,phasesetc.
CrystalStructure:Exhibitthreedimensionallongrange
periodicityofarrangementofatoms,orionsor
moleculesintheinternalstructuredependingonwhich
wehavemetals,ceramicsandpolymersrespectively.

30. Dendriticstructure form in casting

32. We can change microstructure of materials by:
Heat treatment process
Addition of alloying element
Cold working and hot working
Varying cooling rate
Forming process like Forging, Rolling etc.
Note:Forming processesare particular manufacturing
processes which make use of suitable stresses (like
compression, tension, shear or combined stresses)
to causeplastic deformation of the materials to
produce requiredshapes.

34. WHAT IS HEAT TREATMENT
Heattreatmentisageneraltermreferringtoacycle
ofheatingandcoolingwhichalterstheinternal
structureofametalandtherebychangesits
properties.
Metalandalloysareheattreatedforanumberof
purposes:-
1.ToIncreasetheirhardnessandstrength
2.Toimprovedductility
3.Tosoftenthemforsubsequentoperations(cutting)
4.Stressrelieving
5.Eliminatetheeffectsofcoldwork

35. Elasticity:-
Elasticityis the
tendency of solid
materials to return
to their original
shape after being
deformed.

36. Plasticity:-
Plasticityis the
property by
which a metal
retains its
deformation
permanently,
when the
external force
applied on it is
releas

37. Ductility:-
Ductilityis the
property by which a
metal can be drawn
into thin wires. It is
determined by
percentage
elongation and is
measured in terms
of percentage
reduction in area of
a metal

38. Brittleness:-
•Brittleness:
•Tendency of a
material to
fracture or fail
upon the
application of
a relatively
small amount
of force.

39. Creep:
•When a metal is subjected to a constant force
at high temperature below its yield point, for a
prolonged period of time, it undergoes a
permanent deformation.

40. Hardness:-
Hardness is the
ability of a
material to resist
scratch,
penetration.

41. Fatigue:-
Fatigue is the
of material
weakening or
breakdown of
material
subjected to
stress,
especially a
repeated
series of
stresses.

42. STIFFNESS
The ability of a
material to resist
elastic deformation is
stiffness.

43. Toughness:
Toughness is the
ability of a metal
to resist
fracture.(impact
toughness testing
machine) Meaning
to say that the
ability to absorb
energy upto
fracture point.

44. STRESS -STRAIN CURVE

45. HEATTREATMENT PROCESSES
ANNEALING
•Residual
stresses
remove and
ductility is
restored.
•Strength and
hardness
decreases and
high
machinability
due to
controlled
furnace
cooling
NORMALIZING
•Faster cooling
rate results in
fine grains.
•Strength and
hardness will
be more.
HARDENING
•The main
purpose of
hardening tool
steel is to
develop high
hardness.
•Heating steel
upto1100
o
C
followed by
sudden
quenching in
water.
•Problem is
surface
cracking can
occur as
stresses not
relieved
Tempering
•Relieves
internal
stresses of
hardened steel
and make
them stable
and Improves
toughness of
hardened
steel.
•Also improves
wear
resistance.
Gears, shafts
and bearings .

46. ALLOY ELEMENT AND ITS EFFECTS
Alloying Element ItsEffect
Chromium Increasescorrosion resistance
Cobalt Increases toughness
Sulphur Increases machinability
Silicon & Phosphorus Increaseshardenability
Nickel Increasestoughness
Titanium Increases strength
Vanadium Increases strength
Molybdenum Increases creep resistance
Zirconium increases strength and limits grains size.
Manganese improveshardenability,ductilityand wear
resistance.

47. THERMODYNAMICS
•Thermodynamicsisabranchofsciencewhichdeals
withtheenergyinteractionofthesystemwithrespect
tosurroundingsanditseffectonthepropertiesof
system.Thepropertiesmaybetemperature,pressure
,enthalpy,specificheatthermalconductivityetc.

48. ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:-
Given by RH Fowler

50. •Heatisconsideredaslowgradeenergyandworkisconsidered
ashighgradeenergy.
•Thecompleteconversionoflowgradeenergyintohighgrade
energyisimpossiblebutthehighgradeenergyiscompletely
convertedintolowgradeenergy.
•Heatengineisadeviceusedtoconvertoneformofenergy
intoanotherusefulform.
KELVINPLANK’SSTATEMENT:Itisimpossibletoconstructa
devicewhichoperatesinacycleproducingworkcontinuously
whileinteractingwithsinglethermalreservoir.Itprovides
conceptofworkproducingdevice.
CLAUSIUSSTATEMENT:Itisimpossibletoconstructadevice
whichoperatesinacycleamdtransfersheatfromlow
temperaturereservoirtohightemperaturereservoirwithout
consuminganyotherformofenergy.Itprovidesconceptof
workabsorbingdevices
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

51. The Second Law of Thermodynamics:-

52. HEAT ENGINE EXAMPLE
•Heatengineisasystemthatconvertsheator
thermalenergytomechanicalenergy,which
canthenbeusedtodomechanicalwork.

53. HEAT PUMP
•Pump, as part of a central heating and cooling
system, uses the outside air to both heat a
home in winter and cool it in summer. :-

54. ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
Anisothermal processin which the temperature
remains constant: ΔT = 0.

55. ADIABATIC PROCESS
Anadiabaticprocessisonethat
occurswithouttransferofheat
betweenathermodynamic
systemanditssurroundings.In
anadiabaticprocess,energyis
transferredonlyaswork..i.eno
heatinteractiontakesplace
withthesystem.

56. ISENTROPIC PROCESS
Anisentropicprocessisan
idealizedthermodynamic
processthatisadiabaticand
inwhichtheworktransfersof
thesystemarefrictionless;
thereisnotransferofheator
ofmatterandtheprocessis
reversible.Duringan
isentropicprocessthereare
nodissipativeeffectsandthe
systemneitherabsorbsnor
givesoffheat.Forthisreason
theisentropicprocessis
sometimescalledthe
reversibleadiabaticprocess.

57. HEAT EXCHANGER
Anequipmentthat
permits efficient
transferofheatfroma
hotfluidtoacoldfluid
withoutanyorwith
directcontactoffluids.
Onthedirectionofthe
liquidsflowitisthree
types:-
a).parallel-flow
b).cross-flow,
c).countercurrent.

58. COUNTERCURRENT HEAT
EXCHANGERS
Incountercurrentheat
exchangers,thefluidpaths
flow in opposite
directions.Thecounterflow
arrangement is
thermodynamically
superiortoanyotherflow
arrangement.
Itismostefficientflow
arrangement,producing
thehighesttemperature
changeineachfluid
comparedtoanyother
two fluid flow
arrangementsforagiven
overallheattransfer
coeficient.

59. Cross-flowHeat exchanger:-

60. •Shell and tube heat exchanger is used for distillation columns,
boilers, evaporators and other heavy-duty high temperature
and pressure chemical processes. A shell and tube exchanger
can handle very high temperature even at 1000 degrees
Celsius. The cost of shell and tube heat exchanger is more
expensive than other types and it may need large space. Due
to its simple operations, shell and tube type is easy to control
and operate.

61. STEAM
•Steamisthevapourorgaseousphaseofwater.
•Itisproducedbyheatingofwaterandcarries
largequantitiesofheatwithinitself.
•Hence,itcouldbeusedasaworkingsubstance
forheatenginesandsteamturbines
•Qualityofsteamordrynessfractionisusedto
quantifytheamountofwaterwithinsteam.If
steamcontains10%waterbymass,it'ssaidtobe
90%dry,orhaveadrynessfractionof0.9.

64. BOILERS MOUNTINGS AND ACCESSORIES
•Therearedifferentfittingsanddevicesthatarenecessaryfor
operationsandsafetyofaboiler.Thesedevicesaremounted
onboilershell.
•AccessoriescanbeEconomizer,Airpreheater,Superheater.
•AccordingtoIBRfollowingmountingsshouldbefittedto
boilers:
1.Twosafetyvalves
2.Twowaterlevelindicators
3.Apressuregauge
4.Asteamstopvalve
5.Afeedcheckvalve
6.Ablowoffcock
7.Anattachmentforinspector’stestgauge
8.Amanhole

66. CASTING

67. casting

68. CASTING PROCESS
•Manufacturingofamachinepartbymelting(heatingametal
oralloyaboveitsmeltingpoint)andpouringtheliquid
metal/alloyinacavityapproximatelyofsameshapeandsize
asthemachinepartiscalledcastingprocess.Aftertheliquid
metalcoolsandsolidifies,itacquirestheshapeandsizeofthe
cavityandresemblestherequiredfinishedproduct.The
place,wherecastingsaremadeiscalledfoundry.
•Thecastingprocedure:
•Preparationofapattern,
•Preparationofamouldwiththehelpofthepattern,
•Meltingofmetaloralloyinafurnace,
•Pouringofmoltenmetalintomouldcavity,
•Breakingthemouldtoretrievethecasting,
•Cleaningthecastingandcuttingoffrisers,runnersetc.,(this
operationiscalled‘fettling’),
•Inspectionofcasting.

69. TWO CATEGORIES OF CASTING PROCESSES
1.Expendablemouldprocesses-Mouldissacrificedtoremovepart
–Advantage:morecomplexshapespossible
–Disadvantage:productionratesoftenlimitedbytimetomake
mouldratherthancastingitself
2.Permanentmouldprocesses-mouldismadeofmetalandcanbe
usedtomakemanycastings.Partsincludegears,wheels,pipe
fittings,fuelinjectionhousings,andautomotiveenginepistons
•Advantage:higherproductionrates
•Disadvantage:Partgeometryislimitedwiththisprocessasthe
moldneedstoopenandclose.Becauseofthehightoolingcost
involved,ahighproductionvolumeisneededinordertomakethis
processandeconomicallyviablemanufacturingoption.
•Thehigherthepouringtemperatureofthemoltenmetal,the
shorterthelifeofthemould.

70. Twoformsofmold:(a)openmould,simplyacontainerintheshapeof
thedesiredpart;and(b)closedmould,inwhichthemouldgeometry
ismorecomplexandrequiresagatingsystem(passageway)leading
intothecavity

71. DIE CASTING

72. STEPS IN DIE CASTING
1. Close and lock the two halves of a die.
2. Inject the molten metal under pressure into the die.
3. Maintain the pressure until metal solidifies.
4. Open die halves.
5. Eject the casting along with runner, riser etc.
6. The above cycle is repeated.

73. METAL FORMING PROCESS
•Formingprocessesareparticularmanufacturing
processeswhichmakeuseofsuitablestresses(like
compression,tension,shearorcombinedstresses)to
causeplasticdeformationofthematerialstoproduce
requiredshapes.
•Duringformingprocessesnomaterialisremoved,i.e.
theyaredeformedanddisplaced
•Someexamplesofformingprocessesare:
1.Forging
2.Extrusion
3.Rolling
4.Sheetmetalworking

74. FORGING
•Forgingisamanufacturingprocessinvolvingtheshaping
ofmetalusingcompressiveforces.Theblowsare
deliveredwithahammer(oftenapowerhammer)ora
die.Forgedpartsarewidelyusedinmechanisms
andmachineswhereveracomponentrequires
highstrength.Forgingsusuallyrequirefurtherprocessing
(suchasmachining)toachieveafinishedpart.
Open die forging of rolled ring

75. Forgingcanproduceapiecethatisstrongerthanan
equivalentcastormachinedpart.Asthemetalisshapedduring
theforgingprocess,itsinternalgraindeformstofollowthe
generalshapeofthepart.Asaresult,thegrainiscontinuous
throughoutthepart,givingrisetoapiecewithimproved
strengthcharacteristics.

76. Rolling
•Rollingisthemostextensivelyusedmetalformingprocess.
•Thematerialtoberolledisdrawnbymeansoffrictionintothetwo
revolvingrollgap.
•Thecompressiveforcesappliedbytherollsreducethethicknessof
thematerialorchangesitscrosssectionalarea.
•Thegeometryoftheproductdependonthecontouroftheroll
gap.
•Rollmaterialsarecastiron,caststeelandforgedsteelbecauseof
highstrengthandwearresistancerequirements.
•Hotrollsaregenerallyroughsothattheycanbitethework,and
coldrollsaregroundandpolishedforgoodwork.
•Inrollingthecrystalsgetelongatedintherollingdirection.Incold
rolling,crystalmoreorlessretaintheelongatedshapebutinhot
rolling,theystartreformingaftercomingoutfromthedeformation
zone

78. SeamlessPipemanufacturing.Steelingotisheatedandpierced

79. EXTRUSION
Onetypeof
sheetmetal
operation
(Bending)

80. MACHINING
•Machiningisaprocessinwhichapieceofrawmaterial
iscutintoadesiredfinalshapeandsizebyacontrolled
material-removalprocess.
•Machiningisthemostimportantofthemanufacturing
processes.Machiningcanbedefinedastheprocessof
removingmaterialfromaworkpieceintheformofchips.
Thetermmetalcuttingisusedwhenthematerialis
metallic.Mostmachininghasverylowset-upcost
comparedtoforming,molding,andcastingprocesses.
However,machiningismuchmoreexpensiveforhigh
volumes.Machiningisnecessarywheretighttolerances
ondimensionsandfinishesarerequired.

81. DRILLING
OPERATIONS:
Inadrillingmachineholes
maybedrilledquicklyand
atlowcost.Theholeis
generatedbytherotating
edgeofacuttingtool
knownasthedrillwhich
exertslargeforceonthe
workclampedonthetable.
Thecuttingmotionis
providedbyrotatingthe
drill.Herethedrillusedhas
twocuttingedgescalledlips

82. Amillingmachineisamachinetoolthatremovesmetalasthework
isfedagainstarotatingmultipointcutter.Thecutterrotatesata
highspeedandbecauseofthemultiplecuttingedgesitremoves
themetalataveryfastrate.Someofthetasksthatcanrunamilling
machineare:drilling,cutting,planing,keyway,slotcuttingand
shapingedgesetc.
Milling operations:-

83. LATHE MACHINE
ALathe,machinetool
thatperformsturning
operationsinwhich
unwanted materialis
removed from a
workpiece rotated
againstacuttingtool.

84. MACHINING OPERATIONS
TURNING OPERATIONS-
Turningoperations
areoperationsthat
rotate the
workpieceasthe
primarymethodof
moving metal
againstthecutting
tool.Lathesarethe
principalmachine
toolusedinturning

85. WELDING
Itistheprocessofjoiningsimilardissimilarmetalswith/without
applicationofheat,with/withoutapplicationofpressureandwith/
withoutadditionoffillermaterial.
WELDABILITY:Itisthecapacityofbeingweldedintoinseparable
jointshavingspecifiedpropertiessuchasdefiniteweldstrength,
properstructureetc.Weldabilitydependson:(1)Meltingpoint(2)
Thermalconductivity(3)Thermalexpansion(4)Surfacecondition(5)
ChangeinMicrostructureetc.

86. WELDING CLASSIFICATION

87. TheWeldingcharacteristicsmaybecontrolled/corrected
bypropershieldingatmosphere,properfluxingmaterial,
properfillermaterial,properweldingprocedure,proper
heattreatmentbeforeandafterdeposition.
TypesofWelds&Weldedjoints:
•ThedifferenttypesofjointsareLap,Butt,Corner,etc.
•ButtJointsrequireedgepreparationlikeV,U,Bevel.
•V–Jointsareeasiertomakebutamountofmetal
tobefilledincreaseswiththickness.Henceother
preparationsarepreferredforhigherthicknesses.
•Doublepreparationisdoneforstillhigherthicknesses.

90. GAS WELDING

92. Itisaprocessofgeneratingtheheatrequiredformeltingthejointbymeansof
anelectricarc.ThisismostwidelyusedthanGasweldingbecauseoftheease
ofuseandhighproductionrates.Selectionofpowersourceismainly
dependentontypeweldingprocess.Theopencircuitvoltagenormallyranges
between70-90Vandshortcircuitcurrentrangesbetween600-1000Ainany
weldingtransformer.Weldingvoltagesandweldingcurrentsareloweras
comparedtoopencircuitvoltageofthepowersource.
ARC WELDING

93. ELECTRODES:
Theelectrodesusedcanbeconsumable(samebasematerial)(or)Non-
consumable(Tungsten,CarbonorGraphite).Theconsumableelectrode
canbeeithercoated(stickelectrode)oruncoated(bareelectrode).The
coatingsserveaNo.ofpurposes.
1.Tofacilitateestablishmentandmaintenanceofarc
2.Toproduceshieldgasaroundarc&weldpool
3.Toprovideformationofslagtoreducerapidcooling.
4.Tointroducealloyingelementsnotcontainedincorewire.

94. TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING
Thisprocesswasinventedfor
weldingAlasAlformsanoxide
layerimmediatelyonexposing
toatmosphere.DCEPwasused
inweldingAlasitcausespeeling
ofoxidelayer(Cathode
cleaningprocess).
Thisprocessisbeing
widelyusedforthin
sheetsforprecision
weldinginnuclear,air
craft,spacecraft,
chemicalindustries.

95. RESISTENCE WELDING

96. WELDING DEFECTS

97. •Elasticity
•Plasticity
•Ductility and Brittleness
•Malleability
•Toughness
•Hardness
•Creep and Fatigue

98. Symbol Meaning SI units/value
A Area
M2
BTU British ThermalUnit 1 BTU = 1055J
C
P Specific heat at
constantpressure
J/kgK
C
V Specific heat at
constantvolume
J/kgK
C Soundspeed m/s
COP Coefficient Of
Performance
---
D Diameter m(meters)
E Energy J(Joules)
E Elasticmodulus N/m
2
E Internal energy per
unitmass
J/kg

99. Symbol Meaning SIunit/ Value
Q Heat transferrate W(Watts)
R Electricalresistance Ohms
Re Reynoldsnumber ---
R Radius Meter
S Entropy J/K
T Temperature K
T Tension (in a rope orcable)
N
U Internalenergy J
V Volume M
3
V Voltage Volts
V Velocity m/s

100. Symbol Meaning SIunit
 Kinematic viscosity =µ/
m
2
/s

Poisson’sratio ---

Density Kg/m
3

Normalstress N/m
2

Shearstress N/m
2
m Mass flowrate kg/s
h Convective heat transfer
Coefficient
W/m
2
K
I Moment ofinertia M
4
M Moment offorce N m (Newtons xmeters)
k Thermalconductivity W/mK
P Pressure N/m
2

101. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
•Matter exists in two states-the solid state and
the fluid state.Thisclassification of matter is
based on the spacing between different
molecules of matter as well as on the
behaviour of matter when subjected to
stresses. Because molecules in solid state are
spaced very closely, solids possess
compactness and rigidity of form. The
molecules in fluid can move more freely
within the fluid mass.

102. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS:-
•THE PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS ARE:-
•1 VISCOSITY
•2. Density
•3. Specific weight
•4. Specific gravity
•5. compressiblity

103. 1. VISCOSITY :-
•It describes the internal friction of a moving
fluid.
•A fluid with large viscosity resists motion
because its molecular makeup gives it a lot of
internal friction.
•A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because
its molecular makeup results in very little
friction when it is in motion.

104. VISCOSITY :-
•It describes the internal
friction of a moving fluid.
•A fluid with large viscosity
resists motion because its
molecular makeup gives it a
lot of internal friction.
•A fluid with low viscosity
flows easily because its
molecular makeup results
in very little friction when it
is in motion.
•APPLICATION OF VISCOSITY:-
•Transparent and storing
facilities for fluids ie, pipes,
tanks
•Designing of the sewer line
or any other pipe flow
viscosity play an important
role in finding out its flow
behaviour.
•Drilling for oil and gas
requires sensitive viscosity.
•To maintain the performance
of machine and automobiles
by determining thickness of
lubricating oil or motor oil.

105. VISCOSITY

106. 2. Density:-
-The density of a
fluid is its mass
per unit volume.

107. DT:-
•destructive testing (DT) includes methods
where your material is broken down in order
to determine mechanical properties, such as
stress ,strength, toughness and hardness.

108. toughness and hardness:-

109. NDT:-
The use of
noninvasive
techniques to
determine the
integrity of a
material,
component or
structure

110. NDT(nondestructive testing):-
Visual method:-

111. NDT(nondestructive testing):-
MannualTAPE testing method:-
Ultrasonic method Tape testing
method:-:-

112. NDT(nondestructive testing):-
Laser testing method :-X-ray type testing method :-

113. NDT(nondestructive testing):-
Liquid pentrationmethod :- Thermography:-