Presentation on Rice Cultivation

Presentation on Rice for B. Sc Ag students for presentation in Agronomy. This presentation is completed in 31 slides.

1. Presentation on rice ag 311- Practical crop production- i Presented By : Ritabrata Sarkar B. Sc Ag, 3 rd year Siksha “O” Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar

2. Rice ( Oryza sativa )

3. INTRODUCTION Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production (rice, 741.5 million tonnes in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tonnes) and maize (1.0 billion tonnes ) Rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.

4. SPECIFICATIONS OF CROP Common name : Paddy Scientific name : Oryza sativa Family : Poaceae Variety : Mandakini Chromosome no. : 2n=24 Orign : South east Asia Season of growing : Kharif ( major), Rabi and Zaid ( minor) Plot no. : 08 Plot area : 5m × 4m= 20m 2 Previous crop : Oats

5. IMPORTANCE OF RICE Rice is the staple food of more than 60% of the world’s population. It is primarily a high energy or high caloric food. Rice straw is used as roofing material, cooking fuel, livestock feed and as a medium for growing mushroom . Rice hulls or husks are used as livestock feed, bedding material, fuel, etc . Rice bran oil obtained from rice husk is used as cooking oil . Rice bran wax is used in confectionary products, cosmetics, shoe creams and polishing compounds . Rice milk is used as an alternative milk for lactose intolerant people.

6. Nutrient Content (per 100g of edible portion) Water : 14.0 Carbohydrate : 71.1 Protein: 6-7 Fat : 2.0-2.5 Calcium : 10 mg Iron : 0.2 mg Source : Rice 101: Nutrition facts and health effects, By Dr. Atli Arnarson

7. VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS Name of variety : Mandakini Duration for maturity : 100-110 days Parentag e : Ghanteswari × IR27069 Morphological characters : Medium slender grain, Dull red kernel, Straw colour hull, Semi-dwarf, Profuse tillering , Stout stem. Reaction to major diseases : Resistant to blast, sheath blight and moderately resistant to sheath rot. Reaction to major pest : Resistant to gall midge, leaf folder, whorl maggot and moderately resistant to rice tungro virus. Others : Resistance to lodging, shattering, withstand late sown condition, moderately responsive to fertilizers.

8. Statistical data on Rice Production Area Productivity (kg/ha) INDIA  281.37 million tonne 44.97 m illion ha 1,990 ODISHA 55 lakh MT 41.24 lakh ha 1533 Source : Directorate of Economics and Statics, DAC and FAO (Year: 2018-19).

9. STATISTICS OF RICE PRODUCTIVITY IN INDIA Source : Directorate of Economics and Statics, DAC and FAO (Year: 2018-19).

10. STATISTICS OF RICE PRODUCTION IN ODISHA Source : Directorate of Economics and Statics, DAC and FAO (Year: 2018-19).

11. SOWING DETAILS Date of sowing : 10/07/19 Seed treatment : Soaking of seeds in water for 24 hours; Seed was treated with thiram @2.5gm/kg of seed. Method of sowing : Line sowing Seed rate : 75 kg/ha Seed Requirement : 10,000m 2 land required 75kg seed 20m 2 land required (75×20/10,000) =0.15kg = 150gm Depth of sowing : 5 cm Spacing : 20 cm × 15 cm

12. Land Preparation Weeding operation was done in the plot and weeds from the bunds was also removed for proper irrigation . Tillage operation was done with the help of phawrah and trench hoe for increasing porosity of the soil . Levelling was done with the help of leveller for maintaining proper slope of the plot . Implements used : Phawrah, Trench hoe, Garden rake, Leveller

13. Land preparation Levelling Sowing Hoeing Weeding Measuring growth parameter

14. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Fertilizer Dose :- N 2 :P 2 O 5 :K 2 O – 60:30:30 kg/ha Scheduling of Application :- Basal : 25% N 2 , 100% P 2 O 5 , 50% K 2 O 1 st Top dressing (21 DAS) : 50% N 2 2 nd Top dressing (42 DAS) : 25% N 2 , 50% K 2 O

15. Fertilizer Application Sl. No. NPK dose (kg/ha) Fertilizer (gm/20m 2 ) Time of application 1. 60 kg N 2 65.2 gm Urea Basal application of 16.3 gm urea at the time of sowing, 32.6 gm at 21 DAS and 16.3 gm at 42 DAS. 2. 30 kg P 2 O 5 375 gm SSP Basal application of 375 gm SSP at the time of sowing. 3. 30 kg K 2 O 50 gm MOP Basal application of 25 gm MOP at the time of sowing and 25 gm at 42 DAS.

16. Fertilizer Calculation: Basal fertilizer dose; N 2 :P 2 O 5 :K 2 O @ 15:30:15 kg/ha Here, Urea is used as a source of N 2 (Urea-> 46% N 2 ) SSP is used as a source of P 2 O 5 (SSP-> 16% P 2 O 5 ) MOP is used as a source of K 2 O (MOP-> 60% K 2 O) 46 kg N 2 is get from 100 kg Urea 15 kg N2 is get from (100×15/46)=32.60 kg Urea For, 10,000 m 2 land require 32.60 kg Urea So, 20 m 2 land require (32.60×20/10000)=0.0652 kg=65.2 gm Urea 16 kg P 2 O 5 is get from 100 kg SSP 30 kg P 2 O 5 is get from (100×30/16)=187.5 kg SSP 10,000 m 2 land require 187.5 kg SSP 20 m 2 land require (187.5×20/10000)=0.375 kg =375 gm 60 kg K 2 O is get from 100 kg MOP 15 kg K 2 O is get from (100×15/60)= 25 kg MOP 10,000 m 2 land require 25 kg MOP 20 m 2 land require (25×20/10000)= 0.050 kg =50 gm MOP Urea required 65.2 gm ; SSP required 375 gm and MOP required 50 gm

17. Growth Parameter Sl. No. Date Avg. Plant Height Avg. no. of Leaves Avg. no. of Tillers 1. 31/07/19 [21 DAS] 31.8 30 8 2. 02/09/19 [54DAS] 71.4 33 9 3. 21/09/19 [73 DAS] 76.1 34 10

18. LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI) Sl. No. Days After Sowing (DAS) LAI 1. 54 DAS 3.91 2. 73 DAS 4.52 3. 96 DAS 3.55

19. Predominant Weed Flora Echinochloa colona Digitaria sanguinalis Ludwigia parviflora Dactyloctenium aegyptium Cyperus iria Phyllanthus niruri

20. WEED MANAGEMENT Weed Management Done By: Hand Weeding [10 DAS, 15 DAS, 21 DAS, 28 DAS, 35 DAS, 42 DAS] Critical stage for crop weed competition: 30-45 DAS

21. WATER MANAGEMENT Here rice is grown as a kharif crop based on the natural rainfall. Water is applied by flooding method of irrigation as per requirement. The water requirement is high during the initial seedling period covering about 10 days. Tillering to flowering is the most critical stage of irrigation.

22. DISEASES OF RICE Name of the disease Causal Organism/ Cause Symptom Control Measure 1. Blast Pyricularia oryzae Eye shaped spots with grey or brown margin appear on the leaf. Seed treatment: Thiram @2.5g/kg of seed. Spray: Mancozeb @0.3% on crop. 2. Bacterial leaf blight Xanthomonas oryzae Blightening starts from tip of the leaf to bottom. Seed treatment: Streptocycline @0.02% 3. Brown leaf spot Helminthosporium oryzae Cylindrical or oval to circular brown spot appears on leaf Spray: Mancozeb @0.2% on crop. 4. Khaira disease Due to Zn deficiency Yellow patches at leaf base on both side of leaf base. Apply ZnSO 4 @5kg/ha 5. Tungro disease Tungro virus Vector: Green leaf hopper Stunting growth and yellowing of leaves from tip and margin. Spray Monocrotophos 36 WSC @40ml/ha for controlling the vector.

23. PESTS OF RICE Name of the Insect Symptom of damage Management Paddy stemborer [ Scirpophaga incertulas ] Caterpillar bore into central shoot of paddy; Dead heart and White heart. Spray: Carbofuran 3% CG @ 25kg/ha Chloropyriphos 20%EC @1.25l/ha 2. Gall midge [ Orseolia oryzae ] Tube like leaf like onion; Silver shoot. Spray: Chloropyriphos 20%EC @1.25l/ha 3. Green leafhopper [ Nephotettix virescens ] Yellowing of leaf; Drying up of plant. Spray: Phosphamidon 40SL @1000ml/ha 4. Mealybug [ Brevennia rehi ] Presence of white waxy fluff in leaf sheath Spray: Dimethoate 30EC @400ml+ Azardiractin 1000PPM 5. Grasshopper [ Hieroglyphus banian ] Cutting of leaf Spray: Chlopyriphos 20EC @1230ml/ha

24. Major Pests of Rice Paddy stem borer Gall midge Green leafhopper Mealybug Grasshopper

25. Yield Parameter Sl. No. Panicle length (cm) No. of filled grains No. of chaffy grains 1. 27 94 24 2. 26 59 2 3. 25 158 73 4. 25 67 15 5. 29 137 20 6. 29 82 36 7. 27 125 41 8. 27.4 101 28 9. 21 70 12 10. 26.7 93 29 Total 260.1 986 280 Average 26.01~ 26 98.6~ 98 28

26. Estimated yield Test weight= 28.246 gm No. of panicle per square meter= 242 Estimated yield per m 2 = (No. of panicle per m 2 × No. of filled grains per panicle × Test weight)/1000= (242 × 98 × 28.246)/1000 =669.88 gm/m 2 Yield of 1 hector =669.88 ×10000 gm/ha =66.9 q/ha ~67q/ha Yield of 20m 2 = (67 × 20)/10000 q =13.4 kg

27. MATURITY INDEX About 80% panicles have about 80% of ripened spikelets . Upper portion of spikelets is of straw coloured. The grains contains 20% of moisture. HARVESTING The crop is cut with serrate edged sickles by hand. The plants are cut close to the ground. Then they are collected in bundles and stacked for threshing.

28. COST OF CULTIVATION [For 1 acre] Sl. No. Operations Unit Cost Total Cost 1. Land preparation and levelling Tractor operation @ ₹900/hr (3 hrs) ₹ 2700 Labour-2 (@ ₹280/day) ₹ 560 2. Manuring FYM @ ₹2000/ton (2 ton) ₹ 4000 Labour-2 [@ ₹280/day] ₹ 560 3. Seed For line sowing 50kg/ha [20kg/acre] (@ ₹30/kg) ₹ 600 4. Seed Treatment Bavistin @1.5gm/kg of seed ( ₹150/100gm) ₹ 45 Chloropoyryphos @3gm/kg of seed ( ₹60/kg) ₹ 36 5. Sowing Line sowing- 6 labours (@ ₹280/day) ₹ 1680 6. Weeding Pendimethalin @ 750gm/ha (₹175/250ml) ₹ 600 Labour- 1 (@ ₹280/day) ₹ 280 7. Fertilizer application Dose N 2 :P 2 O 5 :K 2 O= 60:30:30 kg/ha Urea 53kg (₹7/kg); SSP 76kg (₹10/kg); MOP 21kg (₹20/kg) ₹ 371 ₹ 760 ₹ 420 8. Plant Protection Mancozeb (@ ₹225/500gm) [1500gm/ha] {per acre 600gm} ₹ 270 ₹ 560 Labour-2 (₹ 280/day) 9. Harvesting Combine harvester @ ₹2500/hour (Time 1.5 hour) ₹ 3750 10. Miscellaneous 10% of total cost ₹ 1268 Total ₹ 20,600

29. MSP of Rice= ₹ 1815/qt Total cost of cultivation= ₹ 20,600 Average yield per acre= 18qt Total income= (18×1815)= ₹ 32,670 Profit= (32,670-20,600)= ₹ 11,405 Benefit cost ratio= (32,670/20,600)= 1.6

30. References Prasad, R. 2019, Textbook of Field Crops Production- Foodgrain Crops, vol -I , ICAR, New Delhi, pp. 1-64. Singh, C. ; Singh, P. ; Singh, R. 2018, Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops, CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd., pp. 1-54.