Presentation on roofing materials and their uses

How the roofing material are used and perform specific functions

1. RAR 302: CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS SEMINAR ON ROOFING GROUP 4

2. RAR 302: CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS SEMINAR ON ROOFING 2 RENU VERMA INTRODUCTION TYPES OF ROOFING SAANVI GUPTA CLAY TILES CEMENT TILES SHASHI BIND WHITE CLAY FIBRE SHEETS ASBESTOS SHEET UTKARSH GUPTA GOLA KHURRA LIME CONCRETE

3. 3 SHIVAM SINGH ALUMINUM SLATES SHINGLES SHIVAM TRIPATHI LAYING OF ROOF YASH VARDHAN SHARMA MUD PHUSKA COBA YASHASVI YADAV WATER PROOFING RAR 302: CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS SEMINAR ON ROOFING

4. INTRODUCTION: ROOFING Presenter Name: RENU VERMA

5. INTRODUCTION 5

6. ROOF CONSIDERATION Climate: Some materials perform better in specific climates. For example, metal roofing is ideal in areas which have heavy snowfall, whereas clay tiles are, good for hot, dry regions. Cost: Budget considerations often dictate the choice of material, balancing upfront costs with long-term value.   Aesthetics: The appearance of the roof should complement the architectural style of the building.   Durability and Lifespan: The expected longevity of the material and its resistance to damage are crucial.   Installation and Maintenance: Some materials require professional installation and regular upkeep, impacting overall costs. 6

7. GABLE ROOF HIP ROOF Triangular shape with two sloping sides.​ Provides good water drainage and ventilation.​ Simple design, cost-effective. All sides slope downward to the walls.​ More stable than gable roofs, ideal for high-wind areas.​ Complex design, higher cost.` TYPES OF ROOF IMAGE SOURCE: REDDIT/ABH HOMES

8. MANSARD ROOF GAMBREL ROOF A f our-sided roof with two slopes on each side, the lower slope being steeper. Provides extra living space (e.g., attic or loft). Higher cost due to complex design. A gambrel roof has 2 slopes on each slide , with the lower slope steeper than the other one. Can be constructed with various materials such as shingles or tiles. TYPES OF ROOF IMAGE SOURCE: ARCHITECTURAL DIGEST/CLASSICMETALROOFINGSYSTEMS

9. FLAT ROOF BUTTERFLY ROOF A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped roofs. Easier to construct and maintain. Prone to water pooling, requires proper drainage. V-shaped, with two wings sloping inward. Provides a modern aesthetic and good water collection. Requires precise construction and may be expensive. TYPES OF ROOF IMAGE SOURCE: ARCHITECTURAL DIGEST/ HOLMESWATERPROOFING

10. BONNET ROOF CURVED ROOF A Bonnet roof has two slopes on each side. The upper slope has a steeper pitch, while the lower slope, extending outward, has a gentler pitch. Ideal for providing shelter for a porch or outdoor area. Modern, with an arch or curve. Visually unique and allows for more natural light. TYPES OF ROOF IMAGE SOURCE: HOUZZ/ DISCOURSE.MCNEEL

11. SKILLION ROOF JERKINHEAD ROOF A single, sloping flat roof with no ridges. Often used in modern, minimalist designs. Economical and easy to construct; allows for good water drainage. A gable roof with clipped or truncated ends. Combines elements of a gable and a hip roof. Provides additional stability and wind resistance. TYPES OF ROOF IMAGE SOURCE: PINTEREST/ CIVILGUIDELINES

12. SALTBOX ROOF SAWTOOTH ROOF A long, asymmetrical roof with one side shorter than the other. Common in Colonial-style homes in New England. The sloped design aids in shedding snow and rainwater. A series of ridges with dual pitches, resembling the teeth of a saw. Traditionally used in industrial buildings to allow light through windows in the vertical sections. Provides ample natural light and ventilation. TYPES OF ROOF IMAGE SOURCE: PINTEREST/INHABITAT

13. PYRAMID ROOF DOME ROOF TYPES OF ROOF A roof shaped like a pyramid with all four sides sloping down to meet at a single point. Commonly used on small structures like gazebos or towers. Symmetrical and aesthetically pleasing. A roof shaped like a half-sphere or rounded arch. Associated with classical architecture, often used in   religious or monumental buildings. Allows for a spacious interior and iconic visual appearance. IMAGE SOURCE: FLICKER/LUGARDE

14. MATERIALS FOR ROOFING Presenter Name: SAANVI GUPTA, SHASHI BIND AND SHIVAM SINGH

15. MATERIALS OF ROOF COVERING

16. CLAY TILES CLAY TILES Clay tiles are flat, square or rectangular pieces of baked clay that are used for covering roofs  Types of clay tiles (According to shape) : Allahabad Tiles Mangalore or Corrugated Tiles Half Round Country Tiles SOURCE: WWW.ROCKWOOL.COM , IMAGE SOURCE:THECONSTRUCTOR.ORG 16

17. ALLAHABAD TILES Definition: Allahabad tiles are traditional clay tiles, made from high-quality clay found in and around Allahabad. These are primarily used for roofing purposes Material: Natural clay is the primary material, which gives the tiles strength and resistance to extreme weather conditions. Shape and Style: They come in a range of styles, but the most common are curved or flat tiles, often designed to overlap, ensuring water runoff and better insulation. SOURCE: WWW.ROCKWOOL.COM 17 MANUFACTURING

18. ALLAHABAD TILES Source: www.tileswale.com Image Sourced from : thecivilsutras.com 18

19. MANGALORE TILES Definition: Mangalore tiles are traditional roofing tiles made from terracotta clay. First manufactured in Mangalore (Karnataka, India) in the 1860s, they became popular due to their durability, water resistance, and heat insulation properties. Material: These tiles are made from high-quality terracotta clay, which gives them their signature reddish-orange colour. Shape: The classic Mangalore tile has a curved, interlocking shape, designed to ensure proper water drainage and enhanced stability . Source: www.rockwool.com 19 MANUFACTURING

20. MANGALORE TILES Source: www.tileswale.com Image Sourced from : thecivilsutras.com

21. COUNTRY TILES Definition: Half Round Country Tiles are traditional clay roofing tiles shaped like half-cylinders. They are typically used in a “barrel and trough” pattern, where one tile is laid with the convex side facing up (barrel) and another with the concave side facing down (trough). Material: These tiles are made from natural clay, which is fired in kilns, making them highly durable and weather-resistant. Shape and Design: As the name suggests, they have a curved, half-round shape, designed to provide efficient water drainage and a rustic aesthetic. Source: www.rockwool.com 21 MANUFACTURING

22. COUNTRY TILES Source: www.tileswale.com Image Sourced from : thecivilsutras.com 22

23. WAYS TO MANUFACTURE CLAY TILES

24. CONCRETE TILES Definition: Concrete tiles are roofing tiles made from a mixture of cement, sand, and water. Once moulded, they are hardened through a curing process, making them extremely durable and weather-resistant. Material: The primary components are Portland cement, fine sand, and water. Pigments can be added to achieve various colours. Shape and Design: Concrete tiles come in various shapes, such as flat, curved (similar to clay tiles), or interlocking, offering flexibility in design. Source: www.rockwool.com 24 MANUFACTURING

25. CONCRETE TILES Source: www.tileswale.com Image Sourced from : indiamart.com 25

26. WHITE CLAY ROOF TILES These are becoming more and more popular every day. The main advantages of white clay roof tiles are that they are baked at extremely high temperature (about 1200 degrees) and pressure (100 ton). They also add minute ceramic particles to increase the strength. They comes in several quality and the first quality brands like KPG ROOFINGS, have triple layer of color coating. This ensures maximum color permeability and gives 30 years color guarantee for the products. They are weather resistant and repels water. This makes them safe from algae and fungus infection. The glass coating ensures that the color gets maximum life. STANDARD THICKNESS: Most white clay roof tiles typically range from 1/2 inch to 1 inch (12 to 25 mm) in thickness. INTERLOCKING TILES: These may be slightly thicker due to their design, usually around 3/4 inch to 1 inch (19 to 25 mm). IMAGE SOURCE: INDIAMART 26

27. WHITE CLAY ROOF TILES ADVANTAGES Aesthetic Appeal: Provides a classic, elegant look. Energy Efficiency: Reflects sunlight, reducing cooling costs. Durability: Highly resistant to extreme weather; lifespan of 50+ years. Low Maintenance: Minimal upkeep; resistant to mold and mildew. Sustainability: Made from natural materials and recyclable. Fire Resistance: Non-combustible, providing excellent fire protection. Noise Reduction: Good insulation against noise. DISADVANTAGES Weight: Heavier than many roofing materials; may need additional structural support. Cost: Higher initial installation costs compared to other options. Brittleness: Can crack or break if walked on or hit hard. Limited Color Options: Fewer color choices compared to synthetic materials. Installation Complexity: Requires skilled labor for proper installation. Potential for Algae Growth: May show dirt or algae in humid environments, needing cleaning. SOURCE: CONSTROFACILITATOR 27

28. FIBRE SHEETS Fiber sheets are composite materials made from various types of fibers, which are bonded together using a matrix or resin. They are widely used in different industries due to their unique properties, such as strength, lightweight, and durability They are available in two types-PLAIN or ZIG ZAG SIZE- LENGTH :3m to 7m WIDTH :100cm to 120cm THICKNESS : 2mm SOURCE: OPEN AI 28

29. TYPES OF FIBRE SHEETS 29 FIBREGLASS SHEET Made from woven glass fibers. Commonly used for insulation, roofing, and boat construction. ARAMID FIBER SHEETS Made from aramid fibers (e.g., Kevlar), offering excellent durability. Commonly used in protective gear and high-stress applications. CARBONFIBRE Composed of carbon fibers, known for their high strength-to-weight ratio. Used in aerospace, automotive, and high-performance sporting goods NATURAL FIBRE SHEET Made from renewable materials like jute, hemp, or bamboo. Used in eco-friendly products and packaging . SOURCE: OPEN AI

30. PROPERTIES OF FIBRE SHEETS High Tensile Strength : Excellent ability to withstand stretching and pulling forces. Lightweigh t: Significantly lighter than traditional materials like metal or concrete. Durability: Resistant to moisture, UV rays, and extreme temperatures. Corrosion Resistanc e : Not prone to rust or chemical degradation. Good Thermal Insulation : Helps maintain stable temperatures in buildings. Electrical Insulation : Non-conductive, making them safe for electrical applications. Flexibility: Can be molded into various shapes for versatile design options. Aesthetic Versatility : Available in different colors, textures, and finishes. Eco-Friendly (for Natural Fibers): Biodegradable and sustainable. Low Maintenance : Easy to clean and requires minimal upkeep. Cost-Effective: Long lifespan can lead to savings over time. 30 SOURCE: OPEN AI

31. ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEET These are the sheets obtained by the combination of cement with about 15% of asbestos fibers. SIZE: Length-1M,1.5M, 2.5M, 3M. Width-1.05M Thickness-6MM COLOUR: Creamy White MATERIALS: Cement with asbestos fiber 31 SOURCE: SLIDESHARE

32. TYPES OF ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEET 32 CORRUGATED ASBESTOS SHEETS Fibrous cement created an easy and affordable alternative to corrugated metal panels. Corrugated asbestos sheets were used in the roofing and siding of all types of buildings, especially in factories and on farms. ASBESTOS FLATSHEET Fibrous cement is much more water-resistant than drywall. Flat sheets of asbestos cement found their way into the interiors of homes and businesses as walls and underlayment for flooring . ASBESTOS BOARD Also known as cement wallboard and asbestos millboard, asbestos cement boards were produced in sheets. They were used as a fireproofing material around boilers, heaters and wood stoves. Asbestos board was also used for automobile hood liners and as gaskets and washers in electrical applications. ASBESTOS LUMBER Also known as asbestos cement sheathing, this was a fireproof and electrically nonconductive alternative to wood. It was used for roofing and siding materials, such as shingles and false brick facing. SOURCE: ASBESTOS.COM

33. ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEET PROPERTIES 1. It is flexible, soft and non-porous. 2. It is fireproof and acid proof material. 3. It is a good insulator of heat and electricity. 4. When it is mixed with cement and water, it retains shape firmly. 5. Its color is brown or grey. 6. It can be cut into pieces or can be drilled. 7. It possesses high tensile strength in the direction of its fibers. 8. Its specific gravity is 3.10. USES 1. Asbestos cement sheets are the cheapest roofing materials. 2. Asbestos cement pipes are used as down take pipes of rainwater from the roof. 3. With bitumen it forms good damp proof layer. 4. It is used for preparing fireproof ropes and clothes. 5. It is used as covering material for fuse and electric switch boxes. 6. It is useful for insulating boilers, furnaces etc. 33 SOURCE: CIVIL4M.COM

34. ALUMINUM Durability : Extremely durable, resistant to rust, corrosion, and weathering. Lightweight : Aluminum is much lighter than other metals, making it easy to transport and install. Reflectivity : Reflects heat, making it energy-efficient by reducing the heat load on the building. Corrosion Resistance : Naturally, corrosion-resistant, especially in coastal areas with salty air. Low Maintenance : Requires minimal maintenance, often only needing occasional cleaning. Longevity : Can last 40-50 years or more. Environmental Friendliness : 100% recyclable, making it an eco-friendly option. Cost : More expensive than traditional materials, but low maintenance and long life offset this. 34

35. SLATES Durability: One of the longest-lasting materials (can last 100+ years), resistant to fire, water, and temperature fluctuations. Heavy: Slate is a very heavy material, requiring strong structural support. Weather Resistance: Resistant to extreme weather, including heavy rain, snow, and UV rays. Maintenance: Requires little maintenance due to its durability, but care must be taken with installation to avoid cracking. Environmental Impact: A natural, eco-friendly material. Cost: One of the most expensive roofing materials due to extraction, weight, and labor-intensive installation. 35

36. SHINGLES Affordability: One of the most affordable roofing materials. Durability: Typically lasts 20-30 years, though some high-quality options can last longer. Variety: Available in many colors and styles, allowing flexibility in design. Easy Installation: Lightweight and easy to install, making it a popular choice for residential roofing. Fire Resistance: Asphalt shingles are often rated for fire resistance, making them safer in areas prone to wildfires. Low Maintenance: Requires occasional cleaning and minor repairs. Environmental Impact: Not very eco-friendly, but some manufacturers offer recyclable options. 36

37. LAYING OF ROOF Presenter Name: SHIVAM TRIPATHI

38. PROCEDURE FRAMING SHEATING UNDERLAYMENT INSTALLATION ROOF COVER INSTALLATION WIKIHOW 38

39. MOUNT THE TRUSSES : •Ensure wall frames are level, plumb, and square. Use ladders or scaffolding for frame-based roof construction. • Hoisting trusses onto roof: Use multiple pairs of hands or a crane. • Space spacing: 12, 16, or 24 inches, depending on building codes and roof weight. • Without a crane, hoist trusses onto flat roof for easy installation. 39 WIKIHOW

40. INSTALL TEMPOPRARY BRACES: • Install temporary braces at the back wall center. • Nail a 16-foot long two-by-six board to the top of the outside wall. • The top half of the brace should extend over the roof for fastening to the first truss. • Nail another two-by-six brace six feet to the left and a third six feet to the right of the center brace. • Repeat the process for three temporary braces at the front of the building. 40 WIKIHOW

41. INSTALL THE END TRUSSES : • Install two end trusses at the building's front and back. • Follow manufacturer's instructions and affix them to temporary bracing. • Use a slightly longer batt en to nail to the back truss. • Attach the batten to the next truss as a temporary bracing. WIKIHOW

42. INSTALL THE STANDARD TRUSSES : • Install first standard truss according to manufacturer's instructions. • Nail new batten to end truss and first standard truss. • Install common or standard trusses at regular intervals. • Install longer batten ties as you reach end of batten. • Install a batten that spans roof length from one end truss to other. • Follow building codes for steel connector plates or hurricane clips. • Install permanent bracing as per truss manufacturer's instructions. WIKIHOW

43. SHEATH  THE ROOF : • Anchor and brace trusses. • Install sheathing lengthwise, starting at bottom corner. • Move sheathing across the bottom first. • Start at same end with half sheet for staggered sheathing. • Join panels over supports. • Panels should be one-eighth of an inch apart. • Fasten sheathing to frame using 8D common or deformed shank nails. • Fasteners should be three-eighths of an inch from edges, spaced six inches around edges, and 12 inches within each panel. WIKIHOW

44. INSTALL THE DRIP EDGE: THIS METAL FLASHING THAT WILL PROTECT THE BOTTOM OF THE SHEATHING FROM RAIN AND DIRECT IT INTO A GUTTER OR AWAY FROM HOUSE. WIKIHOW

45. INSTALL THE  UNDERLAYMENT : • Roofing felt, similar to tar paper but using asphalt, is the most common underlayment. • Roll the underlayment out lengthwise across the sheathing and staple it into place. • Roll out the next layer, working up towards the roof ridge, overlapping the layers by about six inches. • Continue laying the underlayment up to the ridge or within four inches of the ridge. • Repeat the process for the other side of the roof. • Roll out a final layer over the ridge, ensuring it overlaps the underlayment by at least eight inches. WIKIHOW

46. INSTALL THE  ROOF COVER : • Install lengthwise from bottom up. • Staggered shingles and overlap underlayment. • Work up to ridge on either side. • Finish ridge with ridge cap shingles WIKIHOW

47. WATERPROOFING Presenter Name: YASHASHVI YADAV

48. WATERPROOFING Waterproofing in construction is the process of making structures water-resistant to prevent water infiltration as water seepage can cause the following problems: 48 Sample Text

49. WATERPROOFING METHODS 1.Cementitious Waterproofing 2.Bituminous Membrane 3.Bituminous Coating 4.Polyurethane Liquid Membrane 49

50. CEMENTIOUS WATERPROOFING Cementitious waterproofing is a type of waterproofing system that is commonly used in construction to protect structures from water damage. Cementitious waterproofing materials involve applying a cement-based mixture to the surface of the building, which acts as a barrier to prevent water from penetrating through the surface. Material Cement and sand mixed with organic and inorganic chemicals. Silica based ingredients Properties •Resistance to weathering •Scratch resistant •Water vapour permeability Types Polymer modified •Base mixture is mixed with polymers to enhance adhesion, durability and with stand hydrostatic pressure. Acrylic polymer method •To enhance the elastic properties, the base mixture is mixed with acrylic polymers. •Polymer coatings are solid, elastic, durable and non- breakable Crystalline waterproofing •Cement, quartz or silica treated with chemicals are added for crystallization process. •Process develops crystals •Fills pores, cracks, and capillaries in concrete and prevents damage. Sample Text 50

51. BITUMINOUS MEMBRANE •Bitumen, also known as asphalt, is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. •Bituminous membrane waterproofing is a method of waterproofing surfaces using a sheet or membrane made of bitumen a type of asphalt and a reinforcement layer, such as fiberglass or polyester. •The membrane is applied to the surface to be waterproofed, typically using heat or a solvent to soften and activate the bitumen. •The reinforcement layer helps to give the membrane strength and durability. Bituminous Membrane have following features: • High puncture and fatigue resistance. Good heat resistance. • Good dimensional stability under tension. High tensile and tear strengths. • High chemical resistance. • Excellent resistance to positive water and vapour pressure. • Can accommodate structural movements because of excellent flexibility. • Premium solution for Roof Waterproofing Sample Text 51

52. BITUMINUOS COATING •Bituminous coating waterproofing is a method of waterproofing surfaces using a mixture of bitumen i.e. A type of asphalt and a filler, such as gravel or sand. •The mixture is heated and applied to the surface to be waterproofed, typically using a roller or brush. •The bitumen creates a waterproof barrier, while the filler helps to fill any cracks or gaps in the surface. Bituminous Coating have following properties: • Good adhesive properties • Corrosion resistance • Strong, waterproof, durable and economical • Resists harsh chemicals and UV light Sample Text 52

53. POLYURETHNE  LIQUID MEMBRANE Polyurethane is one of the versatile polymers. In the liquid form, this polyurethane is used as a waterproofing material •To apply, the roof surface is thoroughly cleaned, so that it should be free of dust, dirt, grease, and other debris. •The next step is to fix the cracks on the surface, followed by cleaning and filling with polyurethane-based crack filling compound and white cement in the ratio of 1: 2. •The next step would be to apply primer followed by polyurethane coats to the surface after 1-3 hours. •Three successive finishing coats must be applied using a brush or roller. Features of Polyurethane Liquid Membrane Waterproofing: •Long-term protection, •High flexibility performance, •Resistance to UV lights and weather conditions, •Highly load carrying capacity, •High resistance to abrasion and impact Products in the market: Iso flex – PU 550 Elephant Shield’s Liquid Rubber Dr.FIXIT 302 SBR SUPER LATEX Sample Text 53

54. GOLA, KHURRA AND LIME CONCRETE Presenter Name UTKARSH GUPTA

55. GOLA A Gola is a concave or semi-circular groove typically made at the junction where the parapet wall meets the roof slab. The primary purpose of the Gola is to facilitate smooth water drainage and prevent water accumulation at the junction, which could otherwise lead to seepage and structural damage Key Characteristics: •Material: Usually constructed from lime concrete, cement mortar, or polymer-modified mortar. •Shape: The Gola is formed in a semi-circular or concave shape, often referred to as a "15 cm half-round Gola." Sample Text 55

56. GOLA Location: Placed at the junction of the roof and parapet wall to prevent water from stagnating in the corner. Function: Facilitates smooth runoff of rainwater, preventing water from collecting at the parapet-wall junction. Reduces the risk of water seepage and dampness along the joint. Ensures longevity of the roof waterproofing system by preventing water penetration at vulnerable junctions. Installation Process: The junction is cleaned and prepared. A mortar mixture (lime or cement-based) is applied and shaped into a smooth, semi-circular profile. This gola is then integrated into the waterproofing treatment of the roof, such as the application of asphalt, bitumen, or membrane layers. Sample Text 56

57. GOLA

58. KHURRA A Khurra is a localized drainage outlet designed to collect and direct rainwater off a flat roof, usually into downpipes or drainage channels. The Khurra is essential for controlling water flow and preventing water from stagnating on the roof surface. Key Characteristics: Material: Typically made of cement mortar, concrete, or other impermeable materials. Shape: Usually a shallow, sloping tray or platform, often rectangular, that channels water towards an outlet. Sample Text 58

59. KHURRA Location: Installed at regular intervals on the roof surface, particularly in areas where water is expected to drain, such as near the parapet or edges of the roof. Function: Collects rainwater from the roof surface. Directs water into drainage pipes or downspouts, preventing standing water that can lead to leakage. Helps avoid water accumulation that may cause dampness, moss growth, or structural damage. Installation Process : A slight slope is created towards the Khurra to encourage water flow. The Khurra is installed at the required drainage points, usually connected to downspouts or drainage pipes. Waterproofing layers are applied around the Khurra to ensure it remains leak-proof. Sample Text 59

60. KHURRA

61. LIME CONCRETE COMPOSITION OF LIME CONCRETE LIME CONCRETE IN ROOFING TRADITIONAL USE OF LIME CONCRETE LIME CONCRETE IN GENERAL CONSTRUCTION MODERN USE OF LIME CONCRETE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LIME CONCRETE 61 CLAY TILES

62. COMPOSITION OF LIME CONCRETE 62 CLAY TILES

63. LIME CONCRETE IN ROOFING Insulation: Excellent thermal insulation due to its porous structure. Lightweight: Reduces roof load, ideal for roofing. Waterproofing: Can be waterproofed with pozzolanic materials (e.g., volcanic ash). Breathability: Prevents condensation by allowing moisture to evaporate. Flexibility: Accommodates thermal movement without cracking. 63 CLAY TILES

64. TRADITIONAL USE IN ROOFING Flat Roofs: Used in ancient flat roofs, laid over wood/stone supports with waterproof layers. Domes & Vaults: Ideal for creating curved structures due to flexibility and lighter weight. 64 CLAY TILES

65. LIME CONCRETE IN GENERAL CONSTRUCTION Walls & Foundations: Common in historical buildings due to durability and flexibility. Rubble Masonry: Binds stones with high flexibility, self-heals minor cracks. Floors: Lime concrete floors are durable and moisture-resistant. 65 CLAY TILES

66. MODERN USE OF LIME CONCRETE 66 CLAY TILES

67. LIME CONCRETE ADVANTAGES Sustainability: Lower carbon emissions than cement. Durability: Can last centuries. Self-healing: Re-hardens when cracks form, prolonging lifespan. Compatibility: Works well with natural materials (stone, brick, earth) DISADVANTAGES Slow Setting: Takes longer to cure compared to cement. Lower Strength: Not suitable for high-load structures without reinforcement Sample Text 67

68. MUD PHASKA AND COBA Presenter Name: YASH VARDHAN SHARMA

69. INTRODUCTION: DEFINITION: Mud phaska is a traditional roofing material that has been used for centuries in many parts of the world. It is made from a mixture of clay, sand, and water. Mud phaska is a durable and sustainable roofing material that can last for many years. Mud Phaska refers to a plastering method that uses natural materials like mud, clay, straw, and water to coat walls and roofs of buildings. This technique has been widely used in rural India to create strong, insulated, and aesthetically pleasing structures. It serves as a primary method for building homes in regions where modern construction materials are not readily available or are expensive SIGNIFICANCE: Mud Phaska is important because it offers several benefits that align with both economic and environmental needs: Eco-friendliness: It uses natural, non-toxic materials that are readily available and biodegradable, reducing the environmental impact. Cost-effectiveness: This method is inexpensive compared to modern construction techniques, making it ideal for low-income communities. Traditional Aesthetics: The use of Mud Phaska provides homes with a rustic, earthy look that aligns with the cultural and architectural heritage of rural India. It preserves a connection to the past while offering practical living solutions today. MUD PHASKA Source: open ai, Image source: builtconstruction.in

70. COMPOSITION: Mud (Primary Binder)(60-70%) : Mud is the key ingredient in Mud Phaska , acting as the main binder that holds the mixture together. It provides the foundation for the plaster, giving it flexibility and strength. The mud used is often local, which reduces costs and ensures that it is well-suited to the region’s environmental conditions, such as humidity and temperature. Straw or Dung (Provides Strength)(10-15%) : ​ Straw or cow dung is added to the mud mixture to enhance its strength and durability. These organic materials help bind the mud more effectively, reducing the chances of cracking as the plaster dries. Dung, particularly cow dung, also has antibacterial properties, which makes the plaster more resistant to pests and fungi. In some regions, rice husks or other local plant materials might also be used instead of straw.​ MUD PHASKA Source: open ai, Image source: Networkx

71. MUD PHASKA COMPOSITION: Clay (For Binding)(5-10%) : Clay is used to improve the bonding properties of the plaster. It acts as a secondary binder, adding a finer texture to the mud mixture. The clay content ensures that the plaster adheres smoothly to the walls or roof surfaces, reducing the risk of crumbling or flaking over time. It also helps make the plaster more waterproof, protecting the structure from rain and moisture. Water (To Create Plaster Consistency) : Water is essential for mixing all the ingredients into a workable consistency. The right amount of water makes the mixture malleable and easy to apply while ensuring that it dries uniformly. The plaster is mixed to a thick, paste-like consistency, which can then be spread across the surface by hand or with basic tools. Too much or too little water can affect the strength and adhesion of the plaster, so finding the right balance is important. Source: open ai, Image source: uretek-gulfcoast.com

72. APPLICATION PROCESS: Cleaning of roof: Cleaning of roof is done to remove small dust particles and different materials can easily make good bonding with the roof. MUD PHASKA Waterproofing: Waterproofing compound like DR FIXIT is mixed properly with cement and water generally in 1:5 ratio and then it is applied on the roof and left over night to dry Source: Youtube, Image source: Youtube

73. APPLICATION PROCESS: Spreading and leveling of Soil: Soil with cow dung is mixed and is properly spread over the roof and then leveled. Highest point of level is taken and soil is spread over the roof. Maximum height of about 50 to 60 mm is given to soil. MUD PHASKA Applying Bitumen layer: 2 coats of bitumen are applied one after another over the roof 6 to 7 hours are given for each layer to dry. Bitumen is a high heat insulating material used in mud phaska . Source: Youtube , Image source: Youtube

74. APPLICATION PROCESS: Mixing, spreading and leveling of Mortar: Mortar is mixed in either 1:6 or 1:8 ratio and then spread all over the roof according to the specified level. So that rain water can easily drain out And after and mortar is spread and leveled then cement punning is done so that cracks do not appear in future. MUD PHASKA Spreading of brick bats: Small particles of bricks are taken and spread over the roof evenly. And water sprinkled over it so as to improve its bonding with mortar. Source: Youtube , Image source: Youtube

75. BENEFITS : MUD PHASKA Eco-friendly: Mud Phaska uses natural, locally sourced materials like mud, straw, and clay, making it environmentally sustainable and biodegradable. Thermal Insulation: Provides excellent thermal regulation, keeping homes cool in summer and warm in winter, reducing the need for artificial heating and cooling systems. Cost-effective: A low-cost alternative to modern materials, ideal for low-income households due to the availability of local materials and minimal expenses. CHALLENGES : Frequent Maintenance: Requires regular upkeep, as the plaster may crack or erode over time, especially in harsh weather conditions. Less Durable in Rainy Conditions: Prone to damage in areas with heavy rainfall, requiring additional protection like waterproof coatings or overhangs. Limited Urban Adaptability: Difficult to integrate into urban construction, where modern materials and finishes are preferred for durability and aesthetics. Source: OpenAi

76. INTRODUCTION: COBA COBA stands for Cold Bitumen Adhesive, a roofing solution used primarily for waterproofing and sealing flat or low-slope roofs. Unlike traditional bitumen roofing systems that require heating or torch application, COBA is applied in cold form, making it a safer, more efficient, and environmentally friendly option. Key features of Coba: COBA is applied at ambient temperature, eliminating the need for heat or open flames, reducing the risk of fire during installation. COBA provides excellent waterproofing capabilities, creating a seamless barrier that protects against water infiltration, UV radiation, and weather damage. It can be used on a variety of surfaces, including concrete, metal, and wood, making it adaptable to different roof types and substrates. It is often combined with reinforcing materials such as polyester membranes, which enhance the strength and durability of the roofing system. COBA systems are resistant to harsh weather conditions, UV rays, and chemical exposure, ensuring long-term performance with minimal maintenance. The cold application process allows for faster installation compared to traditional methods that require heating, resulting in lower labor costs and quicker project completion. Source: OpenAi , Image source: Youtube

77. APPLICATION PROCESS: COBA Cleaning of roof: Cleaning of roof is done to remove small dust particles and different materials can easily make good bonding with the roof. Mortar : After cleaning a base coat of at least 20 mm of mortar is applied to the roof the ratio of mortar is 1:4 or 1:5 in which 1 part is cement and other is sand. Source: Youtube , Image source: Youtube

78. APPLICATION PROCESS: COBA Placing brick bats : Brick bats are placed on the mortar layer with at least 15 to 20 mm of distance between them according to the slope of roof Mortar : Again a layer of mortar is applied to the roof to fill the gaps between the bricks and cement punning is done. And grooves are made to avoid cracking. Ad then curing is done. Source: Youtube , Image source: Youtube

79. ADVANTAGES: COBA Safety and Easy Installation : COBA roofing requires no heat or open flames, minimizing fire hazards and creating a safer work environment. Its cold-application process is quick and straightforward, leading to faster installation and reduced labor costs. Superior Waterproofing and Durability : COBA provides a seamless, watertight barrier that protects against leaks, making it ideal for flat and low-slope roofs. It is highly resistant to weather conditions such as UV rays, rain, and temperature fluctuations, ensuring long-lasting performance. Low Maintenance and Cost-Effective : The durability of COBA roofing means minimal maintenance is required over time, and any necessary repairs can be easily handled by reapplying adhesive. Faster installation and fewer repairs result in significant cost savings in the long term. Versatility : COBA can be applied on various substrates, including concrete, metal, wood, and more, making it suitable for a wide range of roofing projects, including new installations and refurbishments. Environmentally Friendly : The cold-application process reduces harmful emissions associated with traditional hot-applied systems. Additionally, certain COBA top coatings can help improve energy efficiency by reflecting heat, lowering cooling costs for the building. Source: OpenAi

80. MARKET SURVEY

81. MARKET SURVEY Polycarbonate sheet 6mm - Rs 30 /- sqft 10mm – Rs 50/- sqft Profile sheet (0.35mm) 10ft by 3.5ft - Rs1100 10ft by 4.25ft - Rs1300-1350 12ft by 3.5ft - Rs1200-1250 12ft by 4.25ft - Rs1600 Acrylic sheet 8ft by 4ft – Rs3000 Plastic sheet 1mm - Rs 18 /- sqft 1.5mm - Rs 25/- sqft Clay tiles Rs-20 per piece Aluminium sheet 0.4 mm – Rs 80 /- sqft

82. Thank you 82